D A N H G I A N A N G L U C C U A N G U O I HOC THONG QUA HINH THUfC DANH GIA SQTHirC HIEN
ThS. N G U Y E N THI T H A N H T R A *
X
u hudng cua giao dye tren the gidi hien nay la hudng vdo dao tao ndng lUe (NL) thuc hien eho ngudi hpc. Cdch dao tao nay tap tmng phdt trien vipc van dyng cdc kien thde, kT ndng, thdi dp cua ngucri hpe de giai quyet cdc nhiem vy cy the. Do dd, vipc ddnh gid (DG) ketqua hpe tap eua ngucri hoc cung dupe thay dd'i: thay vi cdch DG tmyen thdng (xem xet ngudi hpc hpc dupc nhung kien thde gi), ngudi ta ehii trpng OG each thdc ngudi hpc dp dung kien thdc nhu the ndo va dat duoc ket qua ra sao trong tdng edng viec cy the.Dd laDG dua tren suthuc hipn (perfonnance - based assessment) hay con gpi tdtlaDGsuthue hien.1. Phdn bletgiua "nang liic" v a " s i i t h u c hien"
1) Nang luc. Theo triet hpc macxit, hoat dpng la hinh thdc tdn tai cd ban eua eon ngudi. De thuc hien CO hipu qua mot loai hinh hoat ddng nao do, mdi cd nhdn can phaicd mpt sdphd'm chat tam li can thidlvd tdhpp nhung pham chat ndy dupc gpi la NL.
Cae dinh nghTa ve NL rat da dang vd phong phii:
- NL Id l a p hpp ode tinh chat hay pha'm chd't tdm li cua cd nhan, ddng vai trd la dieu kien ben trong, tao thuan loi cho viee thuc hien tdt mpt dang hoat dpng nhd't djnh" (1); - NL Id "tap hc^D nhung thude tinh tiem tang (cam xiic, nhdn thuc vd tam van) cho phep mpt ed nhdn thuc hien cdhieu qua mpt hoat ddng thudng duoc cho Id phdc tap" (2); - NL la mpt tap hpp cdc kien thdc, kT nang va thdi dp phii hpp vdi mdt hoat dpng thuctien(Bamett,1992)(3)...
Cdc djnh nghTa khde nhau ve NL deu neu ra nhdng diem ehung sau: - Ndi de'n NL Id noi den tap hpp nhung thupc tinh tdm li cua ca nhdn (cy the nhdng thupc tinh dd id tri thde, kT ndng vd thai dp) dap dng dupc yeu cau cua mdt hoat ddng eu the nao dd; - Nhung thude tinh nay giiip ca nhan cd kha ndng thuc hien cd hieu qua trong hoat dpng dd.Dieu do cho thay NL mdi chi de cap kha ndng tiem tdng (tiem ndng) eua mdi ca nhdn. Do do NL khong the quan sat tn/c tiep duae, khong do ludng va DG cac mtkdgdugc.
2) Sukhae bieigiua "nang luc"va "str^uc hien.
Tddien Oxford English Dictionary djnh nghTa suthuc hien (perfomiance) la "hoat dpng hoae qua trinh de tiai hanh mpt nhi^m vu hay mot chiic nang" (4).Theo Tddien thuat n g u Giao due hpc thi "suthuc hien la qua trinh hien thuc hda ndng lue" (2).
Nhuvay, suthuc hien nhan manh den cac hanh vi, den quatrinh hoat dpng cua cd nhdn de giai quyet mpt nhiem vy cy the dat ket qua cao.
Suthuc hien cua ea nhdn bj chi phdl bdi nhiduyS'u tdben trong vd ben ngodi, Theo mpt sd tde gia nhu Page & Fielding, ReUians, Ramsey (5), cac dae diem rieng cua ca nhan nhu kien thdc, kT nang, thai do, eung nhu eac ye'u td ve trang thai cam xiic, sdc khoe, mditnjcmg thuc hien edng vipc,., deu anh hudng den suthuc hien cua canhan. Chdng han, mpt canhan debj cdng thdng seanh hudng den suthi/c hi^n cong viec cua hp. S u ket hpp eao cua cacyeu tdtren lam cho St; thuc hien khdng on dinh, de thay ddi. Tuy nhien, cdc tac gia cung khdng djnh rang sy thi/c hien cdthequan sat duoe,DG duoc.
Suphan biet gida "NL"vd"suthuc hien"dupc nha ngdn ngu hpc N. Chomsky (1963) chi ra nhu sau:
"Chiing ta thiet lap mot su phdn biet co ban gida NL (kien thdc da cd trong ngdn td eua hp d nhung tinh hudng cu the) va suthuc hien (each hp sudung ngon td dd trong nhdng tinh hudng cy the)" (2). Nhu vay, Chomsky cho rdng trong ITnh vuc ngdn ngd hpc, NL la kha nang sudyng ngdn td; eon sutiiuc hien la vi$c su dung ngon td cua mdt ea nhdn, tue Id dieu md mpt ca nhdn thue si/ndi, bao gdm ca viee ndi npap ngiihg, that bai vd mdc loi. Tdm lai, N L Id "biet" gi ve ngdn Id va suthuc hien Id "lam" gi vdi ngdn tddd.
Korossy (1997) da dua ra each phdn biet gida NL vd suthuc hien. NL gdm nhdng kien thdc, kTndng ya thai dp chopliep mpt ngudigiai quyet mptvan dd nao dd, va khdng the quan sdt tn/e tiep. Suthuc hienja hanh viva cdthequan sat duoc, vi du nhu tra Icri dilu dupc neu ra (6).
* Kkoa Tte li - Giao doc, Tnrtiiis 6?! bpc stf pMn Ha N^i
30 Tap chi Gido due so 311
-(kil-6/2013)
Tucach hieu veNL, suthuc hien dtren cung nhu tdng hop nhieu sy so sdnh gida hai thudt ngd nay, cd the thay: "Ndng luc" (competence) thudng ndi de'n cac tri thdc vd kT nang, thai dp can thiet de hodn thanh cdng viec mpt each tdt dep, trong khi "si/thuc hien" (performance) ndi den nhdng hanh dpng, qud trinh tien hdnh de hoan thanh cong viee ay. NL tap tmng md ta trang thai ma cd nhan can cd de dat dupc myc tieu, cdn suthuc hien chiitrpng den hdnh vi thiie day edng viec thdnh edng; NL mieu ta ngudi ta CO the lam gi, cdn "su thuc hien" tap trung vao hp lam viec dd nhuthe ndo. Hay ndi each khac, suthuc hien Id qua trinh hien thue hda NL, dd la qua trinh van dung cdc thude tinh tam 11 cua N L de glai quyet mpt vd'n de nao do. Day la qua trinh bpc Id NL ra ngoai bdng hoat ddng.
S u k h a e biet giua s u t h u c hien so vdi NL ehu yeu d ede diem sau: - Suthuc hien CO the quan sdt duoc hodc do ludng duoc, con NL thi khong do ludng true tiep dupc; - S u t h u c hien nhan manh den cae hoatdpng va qud trinh hien thue hoa tri thde, kT ndng, thai dp; cdn ddi vdi NL, nhung yeu tddo edn ddang tiem a'n,
2.DG NL cda ngudi hoc thong qua hinh thuc DG stf thuc hl^n
Tdst/phan biet dtren, ed the tha'y NL vd suthuc hl§n cd mdi quan hd khdng kbit:
NL bao gideung gdn vcri mpt linh vi/c hoat ddng nao dd. Mudn OG NL cua ca nhan phal xem xet bleu hien cua no trong hoat ddng thue te cua ngudi dd cung nhu ket qua cua hoat dpng ay. Darvogne va Noye cho rdng: "si/bpclp cua NLthe'hIendket qua ta nhdn dupc trong cdc viec lam", vd rdng "chinh nhd vdo bdc tudng da xay xong md ngudi ta nhan ra NL cua ngudi thgr ne" (2). Nhu vay, ehi thdng qua cdc hoat dpng, viec lam, ca nhan mdi bpc Id NL cua minh, hay trong mot tinh hudng thuc te, NL chi duae bpc Id bdng nhung hdnh ddng cu the. Vi vay, mudn DG duae NL cua mdt ngudi, can pliaiOG gidn tiep qua suthuc hien cung nhu ket qua ma ngudi do dat dupe trong mdt viec Idm cuthe, ma ngudi ta gpi Id hinh thucDG suthuc hien.
DG su thuc hien (perfomnance assessment) la hinh thdc DG duoc nhieu nha giao dye tren thegkiride cap trong vdi thdp ki gan day. Hinh thde DG nay tap tmng vao DG vipc thuc hien mot nhiem vy nao do, md khi thuc hien nhipm vy ay ngudi hpe phai van dyng NL deed ket qua,
Co nhidu djnh nghTa khde nhau ve OG thue:
Popham cho rdng: DG suthuc hien nhdm tien tdi viec
(ki 1-6/2013)-
do ludng kha nang hpc tap cua hpc sinh bdng each eho hp thuc hien mpt viee lam cy the. Thong thudng bai kiem tra si/thuc hien ddi hdi giao vien chii trpng tdi quatrinh Oiuc hien vaOG hpc sinh ve viec lam cua hp (7); OG suthuc hien cho phep hpe sinh bde Id cai ma cae em ed the lam trong hoan eanh thuc (Wiggins, 1992) (8).
Van phdng Nghien eiJii va phattrien cua Bp Giao due Hoa Ki da dua ra djnh nghTa veOG suthuc hien bdng viee md ta cdch thuc bai lam ciia hpc sinh nhu sau:"OG suthuc hien lamptdangcuabaikiemtra yeu cau hpc sinh phai thue hien mot nhiem vy chd khong phai la lua ehpn mdt cdu tra ldi trac nghiem, Vi dy, hpe sinh cdthe duoc yeu cau giai thich mpt su kien Ijeh su, de ra mpt gia thuyet khoa hpc, lam mpt bdi todn, dich mot bai ngoai ngd hodc nghien cdu mpt de tdi khoa hpc"(9). Hiep hpi nghien cdu tam li gido due eua Hoa Ki lai dua ra djnh nghTa khde ve DG suthuc hien: "OG suthuc hien la si/DG dua tren hanh viva san pha'm tao nen bdi nhdng hoan canh mo phdng l^i nhdng tinh hudng trong cudc sdng thue ma nhdng kien thde, kT ndng cy the thudng dupc apdung" (9).
Qua nhdng dinh nghTa tren, ed the tha'y nhdng ddc tnj'ng co ban cua OG su thuc hien la: - Yeu cau ngudi hpe phai sang tgo, thiet ke hoae Idm ra mpt san pha'm chdkhong phai chpn hay viet ra mot cau tra ldi diing; -DG suthuc hien yeu eau DG eaquatrinh thue hien va ca san pham cua qua trinh do; - Nhdng nhiem vy kiem tra trongOG suthuc hien phai la nhdng nhiem vy cd tinh thuc tien eao. Dd Id nhdng nhiem vy md ta hoan canh thuc te hodc d i l n ra trong ddi sdng thuc; - Ngudi hpc dupe bde Id kha ndng van dyng kien thue, tuduy, kTndng, thaidptrong quatrinh giaiquyet nhiem vy dupe giao.
Hinh thdc DG nay cd uu diem la vda DG iuac muc dp nhan thdc cua nguoi hpe, vua DG duae qua trinh van dung kien thuc dd vao cudc sdng. Do dd, viec chdm tiai kiem tra, DG suthuc hien cung ddi hdi khdt khe han nhung hinh thdc kiem tra khae. Trong cudn sach eua minh, Popham cho ring mptbdiDG su thuc hien theo diing nghTa cua nd thi khi chdm diem phai dam bao 3 yeu tdsau (7): - Cd nhieu tieu chi DG, nghTa Id khdng nen ehi sddyng mpt tieu ehi de DG suthuc hien edng viec cua hpc sinh. Vi dy, de OG kha nang noi tie'ng Anh cua mdt hpe sinh, nen dua tren cdc tieu chi nhu phat dm, ngdphap v a t d vung; - Xac djnh ro cac chua'n OG cho tung tieu chi, nghTa la mdl tieu chi phai duoc giai thich mot each rd rang tn/de khi cho diem chat luong viec lam cua hpc
Tap chi Gido dye so 311 31
sinh; - DG phai khach quan, eong bdng, tranh eham bai mpt each may mdc, danh ddng kha ndng lam bai eua cac hpc sinh; DG suthuc hien phai xdc djnh dupe NL lam viee thuc sucua tdng hpc sinh.
Nhuvay, dede cap ttS cac loaiOGNL khde nhau, nhdng nha giao dye khde nhau deu sd dung thuat ngu "OG su thuc hien". Tat nhien NL ban than nd khong hoan toan Id hanh vl hay suthuc hien. Nhung ro rang Id subieu hien ra ben ngoai bdng hanh dpng, qua trinh, nhung eau tra Icri, nhung viec lam cu the, v.v... cho phep dat dupe hieu qua eao d nhiem vy 6uqc giao da tao nen sukhae biet d ngudi nay so vdi ngucri khac. Do dd viec OG tien trinh edng viee va ket quadat duoc khithuc hien viec do CO the eoi la su gidn tiep O G N L cua canhan.
Mac dii cd the D G N L thong qua DG suthuc hien nhung can ehii y su thuc hien khdng phai liie nao cung bleu hien diing NL thuc sucua mpt ca nhdn, bdi vi su tiiue hien cdn bj chi phd'i bdi nhieu yeu td ben trong vd ben ngodi khien no d i bj thay doi (Vi du, neu giao vien ra mpt de kie'm tra tdi thi hpe sinh se lam bai kiem tra do khdng dupc tdt mac dii hp da van dung het kha ndng cua minh khi Idm bdi). Do do, trong qua trinh OG suthuc hien, can thiet ke nhung bai kiem tra phii hap, sat thucte dengudi hpc the hien diing NL eua minh,d6ngthcriehiiygidmthieutdida nhdng yeu tdanh hudng tdi suthuc hien de'edthe'OG chinh xac NL cua ngudi hpc.
Ngupe lai, mdted nhdn mudn thuc hien mpt cong viec thi phai cd NL ve van de do (nhu kien thdc, su hie'u biet, nhdng kTnang nhat djnh...); neu khdng cd NL, cd nhdn khd c6 the Wiue hien thanh cong cdng v l ^ do duae. Bdi vay, frong day hpc, can eoi trpng bdi dudng NL eho ngucri hpc vi do la dieu kien can de ngucri hpe glai quyet td'i nhung nhiem vy day hpc.
Tdm lai, gida NLva suthuc hien cua ednhan cd mdi quan he qua lai chat ehe (mac dii khong hoan todn ddng nhd't). Vi vay trong qua trinh day hpe va OG, giao vien can bdidudng NL cho ngucri hpc, ddng thdi phai to chuc ede hoatdpng, eac nhiem vu thue te de'ngudi hpc bdc Id duoc NL eua minh. Chi nhu vay day hpc mc^ dam bao &ii/e hien diing theo ldi day cua Bdc Hd "hoc di doi vdi hanh". •
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SUMMARY
By analysing the connotation of concept'compe- tence", the researcher has identified the differences and relationship between "competence" and'perform- ance". Thereby, the researcher asserts that in order to assess a student's competence, it is essenUal that assessment be done through his performance as well as the results he achieves in a task, a particular job.
which is performance assessment.
Danh gia cua hpc sinh, sinh vien...
(Tiep theo trang 19)
2. Durrant J., Hart. ChSfm diil trumg phat thfln thf S. et al, 2005.
3. Ennew - Plateau. Nghien cihi \k tnhig phat than the va tinh than tre em. Resource Handbook, 2004.
4. Michaelson, Reina. Xam hai t r i em tgi Vi^t Nam.
H. 2003.
SUMMARY
This article reflects students'assessment results from six provinces of Vietnam IHanol, QuangNinh, Da Nang. Khanh Hoa, Ho Chi Minh City and Vung TAu) atxiut the consequences of school violence. Con- sequences are showed in two aspects: physical health and mental health, which are reviewed by education level variables.
