I NGHIEN cim l l LUAN
NANG LUC HOC TAP VA DANH GIA KET QUA HOC TAP CUA SINH VliN THEO TIEP CAN NANG LUC
; j
T R ^ KHANH DlilC • men Sir pham Ki Hiuat - Bai HQC Bich k h u (U Ml Email: l([email protected]
NGUriN L i HANG - nen Khoa hgc Giio dye net Nam Email: [email protected]
Tdm tdt: Ndng luc hge tdp cua smh vien vda Id ket qud cua qud trlnh ddo tgo trong giai dogn hge dai hoe, vda Id nft rdng de thich dng vdi hogt ddng nghe nghiep sau ndy. Ddnh gid kit qud hgc tdp theo tiep edn ndng lac Id mdt gud (rart ddnh gid daa tren muc tieu va ngi dung hgc tap nhdm xdc dmh mde dd cde ndng lac daae hinh thdnh d ngadi hge. VIk ddnh gid nang lae hoc tdp eua smh vien cdn nhgn dlen day du viddc diem cdu true, ndi dung ndng lac hge tdp; cdch thtt thang diem vd quy trinh ddnh gid kit qud hgc tdp
Tdkhda: Ddnh gid ndng lac hoc tap; ddnh gid kit qud hgc tap; tiip edn ndng lac; sinh vien.
(Nhdn bdi ngay 14/6/2016. Nhdn kit qua phdn bien va ehinh sda ngdy 04/7/2016; Duyit ddng ngdy 27/9/2016).
l . D a t v a n d e
Nghl quyet 29/NQ-TW ve Odi mdi can ban va toan dien giao due (GD) Vi^t Nam da xac dinh ro: "Ddi vdl GD dai hpe (DH), tap t r u n g dao tao [DT) nhan lUc trinh do cao. bdi d u d n g nhan tai, phat trien pham chat va nang luc (NL) tU hoe, tU lam giau tri thde, sang tao eiia ngudi hoc,,,. Danh gia (DG) ket qua DTOH theo hUdng chu trong NL phan tich, sang tao, t u cap nhat, ddl mdi kien thdc; dao ddc nghe nghiep, NL nghien eUu va d n g dung khoa hpc va edng nghe; NL thuc hanh, NL to ehdc va thieh nghi vdi mdi trudng lam viec" [1 j . NL hoc tap INLHT) cua sinh vien (SV) vda la ket qua eua qua trinh DT t r o n g giai doan hoc DH vda la nen t i n g de thich dng vdl hoat ddng (HD) nghe nghiep sau nay. Do d d , van de nhan dien dac diem cau true, ndi dung NLHT cua SV va DG ket qua hoc tap (KQHT) cua SV theo tiep can NL da va dang la van de cap baeh,
2. C i c d i e d i e m cCia h o a t d 6 n g hoc t a p va n i i n g life hgc t ^ p
2.1. Hoc tdp vd hogt dgng hgc tdp Hoc tap (HT) la mdt mat HO c o b ^ n cua qua trinh day hpc va la m o t HO mang tinh doc lap cao t r o n g qua t n n h t u hpe, Theo Td dien GD hoe, HT duoe g i l i nghia la
"Qua trinh tie'p t h u kien thde va ren luyen ki nang (KN) duo. suday bao. h u d n g dan ciia nha giao HT luon di d o i v l g i n hen vdi HD giang day cua nha giao va hop thanh HD day-hoc trong linh vUe su pham "(2, tr 195].
HO HT ed eac dac diem sau La mdt HO nhan thdc hoac nhan thdc - hanh ddng ed tinh d m h h u d n q cao (muc dich. mye tieu HT); Chl ed hieu qu3 cao khi xuat hien nhu cau, dong co HT tieh cue, Ooi hdi ed sU ke't h o p ehat ehe gida HD t u d u y logic va t n tue e l m xuc gida t d tue va tmh cam, gida nhan thde va hanh d o n g ; Cd t l n h mrJ, ' M T S " K - ^ ^ l ' ^ ' ' ' " ' ' ' ^^'^S' '^' P^o, eua mdi truong HT,The hien duoc ket qua va hieu qua t h d n g qua
3 S * KHOA HOC 6 U D DUG
qua trinh van d y n g vao t h u c tien.
2.2. Ndng life vd ndng lijtc hgc tdp Co nhieu quan n i e m , d j n h nghia k h l l ni#mv4NL n h U ; " 1 / K h i nang, dieu kien ehu quan hoae t d nhif n sin CO d e thuc hien m d t HO nao d d . 2/ Pham c h i t tam 11 vJ sinh If tao cho eon n g u d i khS nang h o l n thanh mdt HS nao d d vdi e h i t luong cao". " K h i nang ddOc hlnh thJnfi va phat trien, cho p h e p eon n g u d i dat dupe t h i n h edng t r o n g m d t HD the lUe, t r i lUe hoac nghe nghiep. NLdi/pc the hien vao k h i nang thi hanh m p t HO, thue hi^n mOt n h i e m v y " [ 3 ; t r , 272].
NL bao g d m kha nang d a p dng dUOc nhO'ng dil hdj/yeu cau phde tap qua viee no lUe sCr dung tdt dt kien thde, KN, huy d o n g dupe cae n g u d n thich hOpvS phat huy e l c dae trUng tam-sinh li cua mdi ci nhSn trong tirng h o l n eanh eu t h e . Cd t h e noi. NL la k h i nSng tifp nhan v l van d u n g t o n g hpp. co hieu quS mpi t l l m nSng cua con ngUdi (tri thdc, KN, thai dp, thfi' lUc, niem tiaj de thue hien ed c h i t l u o n g va hieu q u i cong vific hojc ddl p h d vdl m o t t i n h h u o n g , t r a n g thai t r o n g cu^csdng, lao d p n g n g h ^ nghi6p t r o n g cac dieu kien, moi trirtrng eu the va theo cae c h u i n mUe nhat djnh. Co nhi^u eieh phan b a i NL khac nhau, t r o n g do cd eae each phSn lo?l chil yeu sau,
- NL ehung [Genera! Competences). La nhiing NL CO b i n . thiet y^u hoac cot l d i . , . . l l m nen t i n g eho mjl HD cda con ngUdi t r o n g cude song va lao ddng ngh*
n g h i g p n h u : NL nhSn thde, NL t r i tue, NL v^ ngdn ngiJvi t i n h toan; NL giao t i ^ p , NL van d d n g , . . cac NL nky S\J<fc hinh t h a n h va phat tnen dUa tren ban nang di truydn oia con n g u d i , qua trinh GO va t r i i nghi&m t r o n g cude sfing.
- NL chuyen biet (Special Competences): L^ nhflng NL rieng duoe hlnh t h i n h va phat trien t r ^ n cosdclcNL ehung theo d i n h h u d n g chuyen sSu, rieng bifit trong dc loai hinh HD, cdng viec hoae t i n h hudng, linh vde hay
I»*l
moi tn/dng lao dong nghe nghiep dac thci, mon hoc NL CO the dooc phan loai thanh cac NL thanh phan nho_NL xa hoi. NL ca nhan, NL vi phuong phap »a NL nghe nghiep. Qua tiinh lao dong nghe nghiep phan ra cac loai NL ve y tucmg-thle-t ke, thi c6ng-»an hanh; giam sat vJBG„-nieo TUdle'n Tam lihpc-NLHT dac ttung duoc hmh thanh trong cuoc song cua ca nhan hoc sinh the hien o nhOng NL linh hgi thong tin khoa hoc, thuc hien HB HT.
nghl rihdtii lieu HXgiii quye't nhiem vu thuc hien nhiSig dang kiem tra HT khac nhau va tu kiem tra-"
Theoquandie-mHO.NLHTchinhlanhUngkhanang
^- thuc hien dugc CO hieu qua cac HB HTda dang (bao g6m
• ca HO tu hoc) nhu nghe giang tren Idp. tim kiem va doc
»- tai liSu; lam bai tap. lam thi nghiem, thuc hanh Cacl^L f. HB HT tren dua vao nen tang cua cac dang thUc thong
™ „ 1"° " ' " " "••'"• '-' " ' " ' f t 0' "' «"* IH. Gamer 1983) da chl rd tinh da dang cua tri thong minh con nguoi (khdng chi IQ) tao nen NL nhan thUc-hanh donq trong HB HT va lao ddng nghe nghiep Cac ca'u phan co ban, cot loi cua NLHT la:
NL tri gidc: KhS nang quan sat va nhan dang cac dac diem, dac tinh, cac mdi quan he, cac qua trinh cOa I cat su vat, hien tuong trong tu nhien, xa hoi va cac HB .^ san xuat-dich vy.
n NL Ihinh gidc: Kha nang ti^p nhan va xU II cac nguon am thanh. tieng ndi... trong mdl trudng tu nhren - HT. giao tiep xa hoi-cuoc sdng va lao ddng nghe nghiep p "'""''O',-Kha nang phan tich. tdng hop. suy luan
! »9ic, tinh toan, khai quat hda, he thdng hoa. cac v3n ' de.quandiem.sukien,hientuong..
NL ngdn ngit: Kha nang sU dung ngdn ngO nhu la he thong tin hieu thd 2 trong cac HB giao tie'p, dien dat lap luan; thuyft trinh. Km bai luan.thuyft phuc. ISng nghe.dongcam.thehiencamxuc ..
NLthich dng: Kha nang nhay cam. xCl li lmh hoat tinh huong. di chuye'n KN de thuc hien cac HB mdl chia s^. bien hoa; phdi hop. lam viec nhdm
NL hdnh dgng/hdnh nghi: Kha nang thuc hien cac thao. ddng tac .. sU dung thanh thao cac cdng cu phuong tien, thuc hien cdng viec, quy trinh hanh ddno' kien tao san pham; BG. )
3. Danh gii vi (tanh gia nang luc hoc tap 3.1. Khdi niim ddnh gid
BGJa qua trinh thu thap thdng tin, chUng cU ve ddi tugng can BG va dua ra nhdng phan xet, nhan dinh ve muc do dat duoc theo cac thang do hoac cac tieu chi dUdc dua la tiong cac tieu chuan hay chuan muc BG cd the la OG dmh luong (quantitative) dua vao cac con sd hoac dmh tinh (qualitative) dua vao cac y kien va gia tn
TheoTUdie'n GO hoc - NXB TU die'n Bach khoa2001 thuat ngUBG KQHT duoc dmh nghia nhdsau:-xac dinh muc dd nam duoc kie'n thUc, KN, ki xao cua hoc sinh so VOI yeu cau cua chuong trinh de ra". BG KQHT la su so sanh, doi chieu kien thdc, KN, thai dd thuc te dat duoc d nguoi hoc vdi cac kft qua mong doi dS xac dmh tronq muctieu day hoc de tim hi& va chuan doan (diagnostic)
NGHItN cm Li UliNCQ
trudc va trong qua trinh day-hdc (formative) hoac sau mot qua trinh HT (OG ket thuc - summative).Sin pham cua HO day- hoc. cua lao ddng su pham tren ldp hdc. tiong phdng thi nghiem. xudng trudng. bai tap. rat da dang va phdc tap. khd xac dinh. San pham la nhdng ngudi hoc da thay ddi it hoac nhieu trang pham chat va NL cua ho sau mot thdl gian HT nhat dinh hay da CO cac gia tli gia tang. Bd chinh la KQHT cua ngudi hgc.
3 J. Cdc loai bdi kiim tra vd ddnh gid ndng tac hoc Dua vao muc tieu, nhiem vu. chU de HT theo cac mdn hoc de thift ke cac dang bai BG theo NL sau: Nhan dang, phan loai va phan tich. nhan xet, giai tich, binh luan,... cac su kien. hien tuong mdi quan he trang tu nhien. xa hdi va nghe nghiep; Xd li thdng tin/tlnh hudng/
giai quyet van de trang ki thuat; Tinh toan va suy loan logic, van dung cac quy luat/nguyen ll/lithuyft khoa hgc va kl thuat. Ve va thift ke'. sCr dung cac loai tieu chuan/
kl hieu/quy udc/sodd/hinh anh/mau sac/hinh khdi/klch thuoc... trong ki thuat; Dien dat va lap luan bSng ngdn ngu nohviet (bai luan/thuyft trinh/trao ddl ) cac ndi dung kl thuat; Phan tich. phan loai. so sanh va van dung cac phuang phap. cdng cu va quy trlnh ki thuat ThUc hien cac thao tac. ddng tac hanh ddng (van hanh. sda chua/bao duong cac dung cy. trang thiet bi) [4; tc 717],
3-3. Cdc phuang phdp ddnli gid ndng IUc hdc tdp BG NLHT cua hoc sinh/SV sd dung kft' hop nhieu phuong phap OG (tu luan, trSc nghiem khach quan va'n dap, phdng va'n; thuc hanh cdng viec... Tuy nhien, trang kiem tra va BG NLHT tren mang online, cac phuong phap chu yeu duoc sddung la trSc nghiem khach quan
_ Kiem tra vd OG kien thiilc Muc dich kiem tra BG kien thUc la xac dinh xem ngudi hoc da bift gi, d mdc do nhan tliuc nao ve cac ndi dung da hoc dac bift la NL van dung tong hdp cac loai tn thdc Tuy theo muc deu HT ma CO nhung mUc do yeu cau khac nhau td don gian nha't la tai hien duoc (ke, md ta, trinh bay) de'n ap dung duoc so sanh, phan tich. giai thich. DG va sang tao... He thdnq tn thdc bao gdm cac thanh td CO ban sau: Tri li; Tri su Tri hanh;Tri nhan.
Kiim tro vd BG KN Muc dich kiem tra BG KN la xac dmh xem ngudi hgc da Mm dudcgl vddmdccJdndo trong cac ndi dung da hoc Cac KN co ban bad gdm' KN tu duy; KN hanh ddng; KN giao tie'p; KN quan li MUc do yeu cau ngudi hoc iam duoc cung tU don gian nha't la to ehuoc duac den iam dung, chuon xdc rdi den Idm nhonh vothon/i ,haa. tuddng hoa (klxao).BG KN khdng chl la KN hanh dgng ma cdn ke't hop cac KN tuduy trana hanh dong. cac KN mem..
Kiim Ud vd OG thai dd: Ve linh vuc thai dd hinh thanh mot nhan each trang qua trinh GD dddc BG thdnq qua cac HB cua ngudi hgc trong qua tnnh tham gia HB d truong lop, trang cac budi sinh hoat tap the va d cac p o n g thl nghiem. cac co sd thdc tap. Cac tieu chi BG muc do bieu hien ve thai dd nhu sau- Cha'o nhan n i „ dng -OG - -? thdc- Bleu thi tlnh each ' ^ " " ^ " • " " ' " ' P
0132-Il«ll69aiu.33
Q NGHIEN cmi ULUAN
3.4. Mo hinh ddnh gid ket qud hgc tap theo ndng ldc DG KQHT theo dinh hUdng phat tnen NL dUOc x e m n h u m o t trong nhdng hudng tiep can chu yeu cua OG KQHT hien nay, Theo d d , HD nay dUoc idng ghep va gan bd mat thiet vdi qua trinh day hoe tren eo sd phan tich CO he t h d n g nhdng t h d n g tin ve KQHT cua ngUdi hoe t h u duoe b i n g nhieu phuong phap, hinh thdc va eong eu khac nhau nham dua ra nhan d m h (Judgement) ve mde d o dap dng muc tieu HT cua ngUOi hoe theo chuan N L C a c h D G n a y c o t a e d u n g x a e n h a n , dieu chinh va tao dong lue thuc day sU phat tnen NL cua SV trong HO HT theo cac chu de
Chil di ITT: La m o t hinh thdc the hien khac eua ndi d u n g m d n hoe, trong d o ed su ehon loe va hen ket eae khdi kien thde, KN thanh m d t cau true t u o n g ddi hoan chlnh, mang tinh khoa hoe va thuc tien, thuan toi cho viee giang day - HT va DG KQHT theo dinh hudng phat trien NLeua ngUdihoc.
Nhiem vu HT: La mdt don vi cau thanh dae biet eua mdn hpc, duoe thiet ke tren co sd tieh hop DG KQHT vao chil de HT dudi dang eac eong viee ma ngudi hoc p h l i thue hien va hoan thanh trong/sau qua trinh HT
Mot so nhiem vu HT chu yeu ma bat Id m d n hoc nao trong chuong trinh DT deu cd t h e xay dUng va y^u cau ngudi hoe thUc hien nhU: Nhiem vu tieh luy tri thde khoa hoc CLia m o n hoc; nhiem vu ren luyen NL nhan thdc va pham ehat tU duy, nhiem vu ren luyen cac KN HO eo ban, nhiem vu ren luyen cae KN thUe hanh ehuyen m o n , nhiem vu ren luyen cac pham chat nhan each,
Tuy thudc vao dae trUng cua nhiem vu HT ngUdi hoc phSi thUe hien eae cdng viec thiet yeu de hoan t h a n h mpt (hay mot sd) nhiem vu HT cu the. Nhin chung, ed nhifng cong viec sau: Hgc tren Idp; t u hoc (hoe ea nhan dgc lap)/lam tieu (uan; lam viec n h d m ; thao luan/thuyet trlnh/tham gia dUan/HD sam vai/md phdng/thUe h a n h / thuc te/the hien KN; lUu trUva m m h chdng hd so HT; tU DG ket q u i thUe hien eae nhiem vu HT,.,. Cau true va
DGKOHT DGKOUTlh,
Hinh 1- Cdc yeu to edu true trong md hinh BG KQHT theoNL
3 4 . NHOA HOC GlAO DUC
hen he gida cac t h a n h t o ca b i n t r o n g m d h l n h BG l«JU theo d m h h u d n g phat trien NL (Xem Hinh 1),
Oiem mdl trong m o hlnh OG KQHT qua mon h^
theo d i n h hUdng p h a t t n e n NL dUoe t h e hieu q u a ^ noi d u n g sau:
DGKQUT qua .\UI thm djidi hu^ng PTM. ciji S^-
Eii
g i i
HifMl
N$i b i m k h i i nifm DGKQHTIilfnnay
I b l f • K Q i r r n J i nguiri hfc l l i »
d-''.farX^".^'ki'i!i° Ih^ " k i
Coi DGKOHT nhu l i 1 k h i n
'^'JtJT'
aiaf lur n u ngvoi l i ^ .
n i n g Dnli bfli >B rfn d ^ i ^ y ^ Ibov. 1 ^ nlng Ibfing <(ii. cic Jd^i
t I G k Q H T cAn dufT csi i i k l l l l CDBg t u daj hflc duor ilcb h n i l l QTMIl. gta h i l c h i l cbt v4i b ^ dnng pang cbi v v i b9C l i p ,
Hinh 2- Md Kmh DG KQHT theo dinh hadng phdt trlenUi 3.5. Cdc logi thang diem ddnh gid vd quy M ddnh gid ndng lUc hgc tap cda sinh vidn theo tiip di\
ndnglUc
3.5.1, Cdc logi thang diem ddnh gid Tuy theo d d i l u o n g , mue dieh, t i n h chat DG macii su d u n g nhieu ioai t h a n g OG khac nhau. Thdng thi/flng CO ba hoac nam trinh d o / b a c O G duoe m d ta ehi tiet miic do dat duoe eae tieu ehi, tieu chuan d m o i bac.
a/ Thang DG dfnh danh: Vi d u . 5, Lfu tO, dat dupc tat ca cae tieu chuan; 4 Rat t o t , dat dupe h l u hetdt tieu ehuan; 3. Tot, dat dUoc m o t sd tieu chuan; 2. Dat, dal duoc m d t so it tieu chuan; 1. Kem, Khong dat ti&u chuk
b/ Thang diem sd: Theo diem so t d 1 den 5 hojc den 10; 100; 1000,2000; ,.
c/Thang diem chd: Can c d v a o quan he giita d i ^ t h d (dung duoe 1 diem, sai duoc 0 diem) va sd clu hil eiia bai t r i e n g h i e m , Theo each xay dung thang d^ra nay, y nghia xep hang n h u sau: Ihm d u n g 95-100% cho d i e m (xep hang) A (Xuat s i c ) ; 85-94% dat B (Gi6i); 7S- 8 4 % dat C (Kha); 51-74% dat D (Trung hlnh); 0-50% fl?t F (Khong dat). Thang diem chCf va phan loai nay thay fli t i i y theo eac loai hlnh DG khac nhau.
3.5.2. Quy trinh xdy dang ngdn hdng cdu hdi ddnhgli ndng lae hoc tdp
Quy trinh xay d u n g n g i n hang eau hdi OG NLHT
Hinh 4: Quy trlnh xdy dang ngdn hdng edu hdi BG NLHf
* 11 dUdc thuc hien td vi#c phan tich chua'n dau ra, muc tieu iI,s„noidung chuong tnnh BT; he thdng cac tri thdc KN cda m i j.cac mon hoc/hoc phan; cac cho de, nhiem vu HT. de xav
ddhg Khung NLHT cdt Idi la Cd sd de thiet ke cac ca'u hdi mt,, bai tap BG KQHT theo NL (Xem Hlnh 3)
>«^ 4, Ket luan
- * 5 , _ HT la mdt loal hinh HO cd ban trong ddi sdng cua . t ; - """' " "^"- ° ' " * • !<'*'" <»•> "«n tac NL cd ban cua . J J . moi con nguoi nhSm dap dng cac nhu cau cua tUnq ca
nhanvaxa hoc NLHT vda la ke't qua cua cac giai doan HT
^ . ;mhat dinh vua la tien de de- mol ca nhan tiep tuc HT d giai
^*.,doan tiep theo trong qua trinh HT sudt ddi: OG KQHT
^ ^ theo tiep can NL la mdt qua trinh OG dua tren muc tieu t t ' ' . \ " ' u ' f "9 " ^ " ' • ^ " ' " ' «i"h mdc dd cac NL duoc hlnh
^.;;thanh d ngudi hgc qua mdt qua tnnh HT nha't dinh Ke't . . . . qua OG KQHT dua t,en NL tao co sd de cdng nhan mdt - , m u c tnnh do dat dddc va kha nang tiep tuc HT sau mdt
ciiUiiLuiNQ
qua trinh/ glai doan BT d cac bac hoc trang he theng GO quocdan.
TAI Lilu THAM KHAO
11]. Bang Cong san Viet Nam, Nghl quyet 29/NQ-TW ve Boi mdi cdn bdn vd todn dien gido due vd ddo tao.
[21. Bui Hien (Chu bien), (2013), Tudien GIdoduchac.
NXBTUdien Bach khda. Ha NdL
[31 Nguyen Van LOy-Le Quang Sdn. (2009). TUdien Tdm 11 hoc. NXB Giae due Viet Nam. Ha Ndi.
[4].Tr3nKhanhBdc. (2015),Ndng/ucrati/duysdng too trong gido due dal hoc. NXB Bai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ndi Ha Ndi.
[51 Tran Khanh OUc, (20141 Gido doc vd phdt triin nhdn luc trong thi kl XXI. NXB Giao due Met Nam, Ha Ndi.
STUDENTS-LEARN,NaCOMPETENCVAND0UTC0«EASSESSMENTTOWARDSC0MPETENCy
I ''>^-'>o'^n9lnee.l„gPedagdgy-HdnoiUn,.ers,.ya,ScleJaTdT^foZ
^ », , ^""'''•f'ducl 954mahoo.com Nguyen Le Hang - The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences
w ^'"°if-"[email protected]
•ibasing on objealve and learning c o n , e n 7 , ™ S T S ™ S ^ T r T r r ' ' ™ " ' ' " ° ' ' ™ " " ' ° " » « ' ™ ™ « stude„ts7edmmgcompe,enc,„fedsr,y:d t cu^Xt'^^^^^^^^^ " " " > " " ' ' • ^"-^ "-'"««0" of r. balance and process to osiess learning outcomes '""""""'""""'" ""d contents of learning competency: ways, scare II ' ^ ' * ' f » ' " " « " ^ ' - ' " 9 c o m p e , e „ c ^ a * o n „ g , e o m i „ g o „ , c o m e s ; c o m p e , e „ c y - W „ p p r a o c . , s , „ d e „ .
