S6 11 (241>.2015 NG6N NGC &BdlS6NG 61
DAC DIEM NGf DVNG CUA
P H 6 N G BJ^TRONG MQT S6 TAC PHAM VAN HQC PHAP VA VIET
THE PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF HYPERBOLE IN LITERARY WORKS IN FRENCH AND VIETNAMESE
NGUYfiN THI THU T H O Y (ThS; Sfi b<fc Ngof i ngfi', fi^i hf c Bk Ning)
Abstract: Hiis article piesents tlie result of a contrastive study on pragmatic features of hj'peibole in literary worics in French and Vietnamese. Tlie result is intended to enable teachers and le^ners of French language to easily comprehend die message conveyed by Ae aulbors/writers wifli Ifae use of Iqpeibole. This is then hoped to bcililale tiien- qiproadi and acquisition of tiiis kind of poetic language.
Key words: rhetorical devices; hyperbole; pragmatic features; contexts; subject LD^tv^ndl
Theo M. Pougeoise [4], ph6ng d^i dugrc djnh nghta nhu "mdt bi?n phdp tu tii dimg cdch diin dgl cudng di^u nhdm idm noi bdt mdt ^ tudng hay mpt su Ihdl ndo dd". Dinh Tnjng I4C [5] djnh nghia rfing; «Phdng dgi (cdn gpi Id khoa truang, thdm xung, ngoa ngU, cudng dieu) Id dimg tH ngfi hodc cdch dien dgt di ndng lin gap nhiiu ldn nhiing thugc Itnh cUa khdch the hodc hien tupmg nhdm myc dtch idm nii bdt bdn chii ciia dii lupng can mieu td, gdy dn lugng ddc bi4l mgnh ml. Khdc hdn vdi ndi dieu, ndi khodc vi tinh chdl, dpng co vd muc dich, phdng dgi khdng phdi Id thii phing SV thdt hay xuyin lgc sif Ihdl di liia dii.
Nd khdng ldm cho ngudi la lin vdo diiu ndi ra, md chi col hudng cho ta hiiu dugc diiu ndi len».
Trong vfin hpc, ph6ng dai d u ^ xem nhu mOt "hi^n tugng tvr nhiSn" trong d6 tic gii sii dyng tit ngQ* ho$c cfich diln d^t d^ Mm cho tic phim trfr nto hi$u dvmg hon vi d&i khi dl nhln manh -j nghia muon chuyin tii. Trong tiing Phip Cling nhu tiing Vi^t, bi^n phip tu tik niy c6 nhilu chic ning da d^g : mi6u ti, nhii miuih m^t -j kiln hay cim xic, t(io ra hi^u qui giy cuM sing khoii, hay diln ti s) chim chQC siu cay,...Vi v8y, v i ^ nh|n d?ng, phin tich vi diln giii nhihig tJr ngO ph6ng d»i tiijt s\r khSng dl ding dii vdi nguM Vi$t hgc tiing Phip vi nguJri nude ngoii hgc tiing
Vi$t. Qua thuc tl giing d^y, ching toi nghidm thiy ring muln d^t dugc hi$u qui giao tilp v6i cich diln dat tit nhlt, ngufri hgc phii dugc trang bj kien thic vl "hi§n tugng" niy dl cd thl hilu r5 vi s i dyng chinh xic t i ngi phdng dai.
Xult phit t i nhthig vln dl If luin cung nhu thvic tien tr6n, bii vilt d^t myc tito lim rS nhfhig dfic dilm ngi dyng cia phdng dai, qua khio sit hon 200 mlu trong mgt so tic phlm vin hgc Phip vi Vi$t, nhfim giip ngudi day - hgc tiing Phip hilu rS vi s i dyng nhfhig t i ngft phdng dai.
2. D$c dilm ngfr dyng cua phdng dfi trong tiing Phip vi tiing Vi$t qua m$t sl tic phlm vfin hgc
Phdng dai cd thl dugc s i dyng dl bilu d^t tit ci cic nghta tiy theo tinh huing giao tilp cy thl nhu diln ti Idi khen hay thii d? mia mai, tao ra hi$u qui giy cudi hay bilu cim - cim xic,...
2.1. Diln taim khen
Dien ti Idi khen li cin thilt trong nhing tinh huong bfing ngiy. TrSn time tl, chinh nhfhig Idi khen him In trong giao tilp di lim dfp th6m cuOc sing. Vi till, ching ta thudng ding t i ngi phdng dai dl diln ti Idi khen.
Trong tic phim vfin hgc, nhi vfin thudng cd khuynh hudng ding bi^n phip tu t i ngi nghta niy dl giy hi$u ing vl mjlt cim xic khi muln
62 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG S6 i i (24i)-20is
nhan m ^ nhflng v ^ de lien quan den tinh ydu, cdi d?p,...Vf dy:
- Tiing Phtyj:
(1) Dufond de la cow de ricriation, tme petite fille lui offrait le plus beau sourire du monde. [8, tr. 30] (Td cuoi san choi, mpt cd b6 tjng cho anh mdt nu cudi tuoi nh^t frdn ddi.) [9.tr.31]
(2) L 'enfer oii tu seras, c 'est mon paradis^
ta vue est plus charmante que celle de Dieul [12, tr. 347] (Dja ngyc noi em d Id thidn dudng cua ta. nggm nhln em cdn tucri vui hon ng&m nhln Ch6a.) fl3.tr. 4251.
- Tiing Viet:
(3) Mpt bin vai do Suang bi xi ndt di hd ra mdng da thft con gdi. Cd ay thgt Id sdc nude huong trdi. [14, tr. 531
(4) Dii dd qua tuoi ngfi tudn nhung bd ay ludn dep tuvet trdn. [18, tr. 3]
(5) Ldn thu thiiy nit xudn son/ Hoa ghen thua thdm. liiu hdn l^m xanh/ Mdt hai nghiing nude nghiing thdnh/ Sdc ddnh ddi mdt, tdi ddnh hga hai. [15,b:. 30]
2.1.2. Biiu thi thdi dg mia mai
Dilu quan trpng vd ddng chili y Id nhQng nhd vdn Phdp vd Vi^t ddnh gid cao hi$u Ong mia mai cua td ngfiphdng dfu khoa truong hay mia mai cay ddc. Th^t khd phdt hito yeu td mia mai trong cdu vdn hay Idi ndi, bdi vl cdu phdt ngdn ndo ngodi nghTa co bdn, sd cd thtoi mdt nghia "b6 sung" khi ngudi phdt ngdn thay ddi ngft dito- ^uy nhidn, trong mdt chdng myc ndo dd, ngudi ta cd thl de ddng nghidm ra hi^u Ang mia mai qua td ngtt phdng d^i. Vf dy :
- Tiing PhSp:
(6) - Je pense que tout pourrait etre fini dans trois mois,...
- Dvis mois ? Vous comptez demolir cette cloison avec une cuillire a cafi? [8, tr. 74]
(- Tdi n ^ T rdng todn bp cdng vito cd thl dupc hodn thdnh trong ba thdng,...
- NhOng ba thdng ? Anh thih phd hue vdch ngfin ndy vdi mdt cdi thia cd phe d ?) [9, tr.79]
(7) Personne ne voyait jamais unsou dans cette maison oleine d'or. [6, tr. 115] (Khdng ai trdng th4y mdt d^ne xu trong cdi nha ^ v dp vdng cda dng ta bao gid.) [7, tr. 194]
- Tiing Viit.
(8) Thgt Id mgt ddm ma to tdt cd thi ldm cho ngu&i chet ndm trong quan tdi cQngphit mim cudi sung sudng. niu khdng edt t^ cdi
^ . . . [19.tr. 1763
(9) 0 ngudi ngdi cdi gi cUng cons, tie gdi sdng mUi din cdi luang tdm, tit cdi Itmg din cdixitkiin. [17, tr. 191]
2.1.3. Tgo ra hifu qud gdy cudi Dem din eho ngudi dpc nilm vui, sy thoii mdi khi dpc mdt d o ^ vdn ndo dd cQng Id m$t trong nhQng nhi^m vy quan trpng vd c6 y nghlk c i ^ vdn hpc. Vdn hpc khdng nhQng cung c ^ thdng tin cd ich md cdn Id hlnh thdc giii trf, t^o nto tiing cirdi cho ngudi dpc. Tito thyc tl, d l hodn thdnh nhi$m vy khdng thyc sy dl ddng ndy. trong mSi tdc p h ^ vfin hpc. nhi vdn thudng sd dyng phdng d^i dk truyin dft din ngudi dpc dilu mhih nghT. n h ^ ldm cho vito niidu td trd ndn Idi cu6n hon, hito qui hon, td dd c6 thl dem I^ tiing eudi sdng khoii nhSt cho ngudi dpc,... Vf dy:
-Tiing Phdp:
(10) La face humaine de Javert consistait en un nez camard, avec deux profondes narines vers lesquelles montaient sur ses deux joues d'inormes favoris. On se sentait mai d I'aise la premiire fois qu'on voyait ces dem forets et ces deux cavemes. [10, tr. 198] (CAi m$t ngudi i y d Giave nhu sau: mQi Giave tft, cd hai iS sdu hoim; hai bdn md hfin cd hai ehdm rdu r$m mpc ngu^c ldn din chto miii.
Lin diu nhln hai cdi rimg i v vd hai edi hang iy, ai cung thiy khd chiu.) [11, h>. 245].
(11) L'abbd Cnwhot, petit homme docbi, ff'assotullet, a perruque rousse et plate, d figure de vieille femme joueuse.... [6, tr. 48].
(Luih myc Cruysd Id mdt ngudi trdn tilhh, hoi bdo. diu mang md tdc gid b ^ mdu ndu dd, mdt mdv giong mdt mu gid tihig trdi.) [7, tr.
70].
- Tieng Vi^t.
(12) Nd md dt dgng mgnh, cd tda nh&_
rungchuyin. [I7,tr. 120]
(13) Bdhaiiiiyaimd chd biit kia chu. Kid bd iy bti&c di, chdng tdi cdr tudng dang donf
^ . [16.tr. 156]
sliiPlU^ois
NG6N NGC &B6BS6NG 632.1.4. The hien cdm xuc mgnh Khi xay dyng mdt nhin vit, nhi vfin ludn cd nhihig tinh cim nio dd dinh cho nhin vat cia minh. Hg cd till truyin tii tinh cim niy qua trung gian nhfhig t i ngi phdng dai, nhfhig t i ngft cudng di?u, lim ting gap nhilu iln tfnh cich nhin vit, nhim lim nli bit bin chit cia nhin vit, giy In tugng dfic bi?t manh m8 cho ngudi dgc. Vi dy:
(14) Cosetle ne faisait pas un mouvement quy ne Jil pleuvoir sur sa tele une erile de chdtiments violenis el immiritis. [10, tr. 184]
(Cdn Cdd^t, mSi iln dgng chin d$ng tay li mOt iln bi phat bi mine nhu tit nude vio mfit mot cich tham v6 Ifl [I I, ft-. 226].
(15) Elle cependani lui soia-iait avec ce.
sublime sourire auquel il manquait deux dents, [10, ti-. 229] (Cdn Phingtm till nhin vio dng mim cudi mdt nu cudi huvin dieu. tuy cd khuylt hai cii rfing) [21, ta-. 284].
- Tiing Vi4l:
(16) Dd hon thdng nay, cdi tiing rin rtcda dng cy hda ldn vdi liing riu rt cua siiu Ihuoc mi ldm anh Tu Ben rdu van ndi rudl. [17, tr.
159]
(17) Aflaj di khdc, gid di rin. Tdi chi ngdm hdne n^in mii sdu md Ididng biit td cimg ai.
[I7,tr. 125]
(18) Dau Idng ki d ngudi di/ Li roi Ihim dito chia rii lim. [I5,ti-. 106]
3.Kltlu$n
Cd thl tiily, cic nhi vin diu cd khuynh hudng si dyng nhftng cich phdng dai, trong tiing Phip vi ti-ong tiing Vi§t, nhfim lim cho tic phlm ti* nto hip dan hon, In tugng hon vi dat din cing nhfhig myc dfeh, trong dd phii kl din: diln ti mdt Idi khen, bilu tiij Uiii d0 mia mai, hay tao ra hi$u qui giy cudi, till hi^n cim xic manh,... Vi trong khudn khi di li$u tiiu diap dugc, ching tdi nhJn tiily rfing trong tiing Phip, nhi vin si dyng sl lugng Idn t i ngft phdng dai dl khen nggi hay mia mai; trong khi dd, phdng dai tao nto hi$u qui ggy cudi hay cim xic manh dugc si dyng nhilu nhlt trong tiing Vi?t.
Hi vgng bii bio cd tile giip ngudi hgc, trong mdt ching myc nio dd, vin dyng linh hoat t i ngi phdng d^i trong giao tilp vi cim tiiy dugc tic phlm vin hgc mgt cich siu sic hon.
T A I LIJU THAM K H A O 1. Catiierine, F. (2007), Les figures de style, Armand Colin, Paris, coll.«128 lettres ».
2. Fontimier, P.1968), Les figures de discours, Flammarion, Paris.
3. Marchand, F. et al.(l979), Manuel de linguislique appliqu^e, Delagrave, 6vreux.
4. Pougeoise, M .(2004), Dicliormaire de rhilorique, Paris, Armand Colin.
5. Bmh Trgng Lac (1995), SSPAuoJigrtfB va bi^n phdp lu lit liing Vi$l, Nxb Giio dye.
Hi NOi.
6. Honor6 de Balzac (1964), Euginie grandet, Gamier Flammarion, Paris.
7. HuJTih Ly (bi6n djch) (2014), Ogienl Grdngde, Nxb Vfin hda-Thdng tin .
8. Marc Levy (2006), Mes amis Mes amours, Robert LafTont, S.A Paris .
9. Hi$u Constant (djch) (2007), Bgn tdi ( M rdi, Nxb S i Ning.
10. Victor Hugo (1967), Les Misirables I, Gamier Flammarion, Paris.
11. Hujmh hS, Vi Sinh Lito, L« Tri Viln, Do Die Hilu (djch) (2014), NhOng ngudi khin khi, Nxb Vin hgc.
12. Victor Hugo (1967), Notre-dame de Paris, Gamier Flammarion, Paris.
13. Nhj Ca (djch)(2004), Nhd thd Bdc Ba, Nxb Vin hgc.
14. Chu Lai (1995), Bi llm dl vdng, Nxb Hgi Nhi vin.
15. Nguyin Du (2012), Kiiu, Nxb Thl gidi.
16. Nguyin Minh Chiu (1999), Tiiyin ldp Iruy^n ngdn, Nxb Vfin hgc.
17. Nguyin Cdng Hoan (2005), Tuyen chgn nhiing truyen ngin hay - Truyen ngin chgn /pc, NXB Vin hgc.
18. Nguyin Thj Nggc Ti (2004), Hgl mua sau, Nxb Cdng an Nhin din.
19. Vu Trgng Phyng (1990), Si dd, Nxb Vin hgc Hi Ndi.
