SEBUAH TINJAUAN AWAL
TEORI GOVERNANCE
Elemen Studi Jenis Teori
The Subject Matter (Focus)
Setting Kontekstual Kemunculan
Konten Material
Dimensi
The Locus
Metodologi dan Aksiologi
Teori Deskriptif- Eksplanatif
Teori Normatif
Teori Asumtif
Teori Instrumental
Governance as a Field of Study
Governance theory helps to better frame an understanding of how the processes of collective decision making fail or succeed in our societies.
The study of governance is focused not just on aiding a better understanding of part of our world, but also has a concern with how the functioning and operation of that world could be made better.
Governance theory is interested not just in offering explanation, it also seeks to provide advice. It has the character of being both concerned with ‘what is’ and ‘what might be’.
Governance scholars are interested in how governance arrangements are chosen (intentionally or unintentionally), how they are maintained or how they are changed
The Rise of Governance
Science
Scienti fic
Validity
Policy Relevan t
Respond to The Changing
Environment
Public
Administratio n
Scienti fic
Validity
Policy Relevan t
Economic (development) Globalization
The Spread of Democracy
Inf-Knowledge Based Society
Unsatisfactionary of NPM
Use Gidden (2000)
illustration as “The Third Way”
The end of 20th or the
beginning of 21th
Stoker (2009: 8) :
Contextual of The Rise of Governance
Something fundamental is happening to our economies and the umbrella term ‘globalisation’ is a good one to capture what is going on. There has been a strong trend towards a world of more rapid world-wide communication, closer connections between peoples and organsations and a greater sense of interconnectedness. Economies appear to be more interconnected, patterns of migration have taken on powerful and challenging directions, environmental pressures on the world’s resources seem to be both more intertwined and more pressing than in the past and the speed and pace of communication and the sharing of ideas and practices throughout the world appears to be offering new opportunities but also threats. We live in a world where there is a significant further development towards a global market in which patterns of production and consumption are organised by transnational companies and other related organisations, operating across national boundaries. Global finance markets and patterns of international trade in turn influence the shape of national economies.
What Governance tells us???
It describes changes in the nature and role of the state—a shift from bureaucracy to markets and networks.
It also denotes a program for global reform
Governance describe and theorize changes in our world (This language has spread across numerous disciplines, including political science, economics, sociology, and public administration)
Governance also remakes our world
The key themes for the future of PA:
(Bovaird, 2001)
1. Governance, not just government—‘‘power to the stakeholders’’
2. Stakeholder-based analysis, not just public sector perspectives
3. Network analysis—public service and public interest organizations that are joined up, not just stand-alone
4. Self-organizing within complex adaptive systems, not just
‘‘restructuring’’
5. Evidence-based policy and management—‘‘what matters is what works’’ —not just performance measurement
6. Organizational learning and innovation, not just ‘‘reforms’’
7. User and community coproduction, not just professional and political paternalism
Sebagai suatu sistem hirarki dalam struktur organisasi, governance dimaknai sebagai perubahan hirarki yang fleksibel dari pucuk pimpinan atas ke bawah.
Sebagai suatu sistem networking menunjuk pada suatu titik dimana pelibatan semua elemen masyarakat sangat dikedepankan dan munculnya jejaring kebijakan.
Sebagai sistem pasar, governance lebih menekankan
terjadinya mekanisme kerjasama antar stakeholders dalam memecahkan masalah bersama tanpa ada pihak yang
dirugikan dan peran pemerintah tidak mendominasi.
Governance dapat dipandang sebagai :
(John Pierre dan B. Guy Peters, 2000).
Governance’s definitions
‘‘Governance’’ will be interpreted to mean the set of rules, structures and procedures which give stakeholders some power to influence the decisions which affect their welfare (Bovaird and Loeffler, 2001)
Governance is about the rules of collective decision- making in settings where there are a plurality of actors or organisations and where no formal control system can dictate the terms of the relationship between these actors and organisations (Stoker, 2009)
the way state power is used in managing economic and social resources for
development and society.” (The World Bank)
“the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a
nation’s affair at all levels. It is the complex mechanisms, process, relationships and
institutions through which citizens and
groups articulate their interests, exercise
their rights and obligations and mediate
their differences” (UNDP,1997)
5 Proposisi penting dalam mewujudkan Governance (Stoker, 1998) :
1.
Menunjuk pada seperangkat institusi dan aktor yang berasal dari dalam maupun diluar birokrasi pemerintah
2.
Governance mengakui batas dan tanggungjawab yang kabur dalam menangani masalah sosial
ekonomi
3.
Governance mengenal adanya saling
ketergantungan di antara institusi2 yang
terlibat dalam tindakan bersama
Lanjutan :
4. Governance berkenaan dengan jaringan kerja berbagai aktor yang mandiri dan otonom
5. Governance memahami kapasitas untuk menyelesaikan semua masalah yang tidak
sepenuhnya tergantung kewenangannya, tetapi governance percaya pemerintah mampu
menggunakan cara2 dan tehnik2 baru untuk
mengarahkan dan membimbing
Government dan Governance
Government (Stoker, 1998) menunjuk pada :
1.
Institusi negara yang resmi
2.
Monopoli kekuasaan pemaksa yang sah
3.
Kemampuannya untuk membuat keputusan dan kapasitas menegakkan pemberlakuaanya
4.
Proses2 formal dan institusional yang
berlangsung pada level negara nasional untuk
menjaga ketertiban masyarakat dan
memfasilitasi tindakan bersama
Governance lebih menunjuk pada :
1.
Perubahan makna pemerintah
2.
Menunjuk pada proses memerintah yang baru
3.
Kondisi tata cara memerintah yang berubah
4.
Metode baru bagaimana masyarakat
diperintah
Government & Governance
Perbandingan Government Governance
Pengertian Berarti badan/ lembaga/fungsi yang dijalankan oleh suatu organ tertinggi dalam suatu negara
Dapat berarti cara, penggunaan atau pelaksanaan
Sifat hubungan Hierarkhis, dalam arti yang memerintah berada di atas, sedang WN yang diperintah ada di bawah
Herarkhis, dalam arti ada kesetaraan kedudukan dan hanya berbeda dalam fungsi
Komponen yang terlibat
Sebagai subyek hanya ada satu institusi yaitu pemerintahan
Ada tiga komponen yang terlibat : state, privat dan society
Pemegang peran
dominan Sektor pemerintah Semua memegang peran sesuai dengan fungsinya masing-masing
Efek yang diharapkan
Kepatuhan warganegara Partisipasi warganegara
Hasil akhir yang diharapkan
Pencapaian tujuan negara melalui kepatuhan
warganegara
Pencapaian tujuan negara dan tujuan masyarakat melalui partisipasi sebagai WN maupun sebagai masyarakat
www.themegallery.com
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PERBEDAAN PERSPEKTIF NPM & GOVERNANCE
NPM = Corporate Values + Public Sector MNG Gov = Public Need + Democracy
NPM = outcomes (the how much of results) Gov = process (the how of policy)
NPM = Institutionalism & Public Choice (eco) Gov = Relationship government + society (pol)
NPM = Replace bureau with corporate management
Gov = Retain government capacity to control public sector resource
NPM = Market based cultural revolution
Gov = Cooperative arrangements with private sector
Democratic citizenship
Model komunitas dan civil society
Bertindak Demokratis dan akuntabel
Deliberative and shared value
Serving not steering
Political participation and civic engagement
Power sharing and democratic
Collaborative- participatory process
Corporate governance,
citizen/communitari an governance
NPS dan Governance
NPS memiliki basis nilai yg sangat mirip dengan governance
Menunjuk pada varian model governance yg ada, NPS cenderung mengarah pada apa yg disebut Box (….) dengan Citizen Governance atau communitarian governance, dan apa yang disebut Bovaird & Loffler dengan Public Governance
Demokrasi merupakan titik temu utama
antara NPS dan Governance
GOVERNANCE &
DEMOKRASI
Dimensi Politik Governance :
Interconectedness politik & dimensi governance lainnya
Decision making context
Kekuasaan dan distribusinya
power over society
power equal society
society over power (governance paradigm)
Proses asosiasi, artikulasi, dan kontestasi kepentingan
Involving lembaga politik
Tata hubungan, relasi, antar kelompok kepentingan atau stakeholder
Demokrasi sebagai nilai dasar governance
Demokrasi : Indikator Utama Politik
Tumbuh-kembangnya political institution
Government (‘s monopoly) failure
Demokrasi sebagai agenda utama
pembangunan dan transformasi politik
Kemajuan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi dipandang berkaitan dengan demokrasi
Penguatan entitas non-negara
Nilai Dasar & Indikator Demokrasi
Perluasan ruang publik
Transparansi
Relasi antar aktor
Akuntabilitas publik : eksternal-internal
Citizenship
Partisipasi
Law and social equity and equality
Rule of the game
Relasi Governance & Democracy (Jon Pierre , 2000)
DEMOKRATISA
SI GOVERNANC
E
Five
governance Area
Redefinisi Demokrasi
Ecoomic
DevInstitutionalis mCorpo. gov
NPM
Network, Partnership,
&
Deliberative
Penjelasan : menurut Pierre, area ke 3, 4, dan 5 yang menjadikan pentingnya demokrasi bagi governance
Relasi Governance & Demokrasi
David Beetham (1992) ‘a mode of decision-making about collectively binding rules and policies over which the people exercise control, and the most democratic arrangement to be that where all members of the collectivity enjoy effective equal rights to take part in such decision-making directly
Robert Dahl (1971) ‘a key characteristic of democracy is the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals’;
Menurut Dahl ada dua dimensi di dalam demokrasi, yaitu public contestations dan the right to participate
Robert Dahl (1971) ‘a key characteristic of democracy is the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals’;
Menurut Dahl ada dua dimensi di dalam demokrasi, yaitu public contestations dan the right to participate
Relasi Governance & Demokrasi
Terletak pada nilai dasarnya
Semua stakeholder adalah entitas politik
Demokrasi adalah alasan sekaligus prasyarat terwujudnya governance
Multidimensi dan kompleksitas governance
menuntut perubahan konsep demokrasi
Representative Associative
Through formally political institution
Formally political mechanism
Limited political actors
Indirect political relation
Majority decision making
Legal and constitutional approach
Formal and non formal political institution
Formal and non formal mechanism
Unlimited and extensive political actors (pluralistic)
Collaborative relation
Deliberate decision making (dialogue or discourse)
Representative dan Associative Democracy
(Jon Pierre, 2000)
Deliberative Democracy
Demokrasi Liberal Demokrasi Republikan Demokrasi Deliberatif
Demokrasi hanya sebaga penghubung aparat politik- masyarakat
Negara hanya sebagai pelindung (pasif)
Basis nilai kebebasan individu
Tugas individu menyusun struktur pasar
Basis nilai adalah peleburan individu dalam komunitas dan suara mayoritas
Negara dipandang sama dengan organisasi masyarakat
Masalah untuk suara minoritas Jurgen Habermas, (1989)
Deliberative Democracy
Tidak berdasar kebebasan individu dan suara mayoritas
Menekankan pada rasionalitas yang mumpuni dalam proses memutuskan kebijakan, saling mengerti, partisipan
Tidak bergantung pada aksi kolektif, tapi pada terlembaganya keterhubungan prosedur komunikasi
Individu sebagai citizen yang diskursif
Diskursif secara inklusif dan menjadi kuasa paling utama (kuasa komunikasi)
Consensus orientation
Proses-proses deliberatif juga disuarakan Denhardt & Denhardt
Pasar dan Demokrasi
Pasar bukan sekedar institusi ekonomi, tetapi juga politik yang memiliki tanggung jawab
demokrasi
Demokrasi pasar dijalankan dengan
“Exit-voice” theory
Kompetisi
a perfect market can produce perfect regulation
Demokrasi pasar melihat pilihan publik
sebagai agregasi kepentingan individual
GOVERNANCE & NETWORK:
G O V E R N A N C E A S N E T W O R K A N D G O V E R N A N C E O F T H E N E T W O R K
Key Words:
Non Hierarchical
Negotiated Interaction
Interorganizational relation
Rooted : Political and Organization Theory
Emperical Background : widespread of
fragmentation, complexity, dynamic
governance network as:
1.
a relatively stable horizontal articulation of interdependent, but operationally autonomous actors;
2.
who interact through negotiations;
3.
which take place within a regulative, normative, cognitive and imaginary framework;
4.
that is self-regulating within limits set by external agencies; and
5.
which contributes to the production of public
purpose
1. How can we explain the formation,
functioning and development of governance networks?
2. What are the sources of governance network failure and the conditions of success?
3. How can inter alia public authorities
regulate self-regulating governance networks through different kinds of metagovernance?
4. What are the democratic problems and
potentials inherent to network governance?
INTERDEPENDENCY
interorganizational medium for interest mediation between interdependent, but conflicting actors each of whom has a rule and resource base of their own
GOVERNABILITY
a horizontal coordination between autonomous actors who interact in and through different negotiation games
INTEGRATION
as a relatively institutionalized field of interaction between relevant and affected actors that are integrated in a community defined by common norms and perceptions
GOVERNMENTALITY
an attempt of an increasingly reflexive and facilitating state to mobilize and shape the free actions of self-governing actors. Governance networks are construed as a political response to the failure of neo- liberalism to realize its key goal of ‘less state and more market’