6i2 NHitNG VAN BE NGHIEN CUV CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG
DA DANG SINH HOC CA 6 KHU BAG TON THIEN NHIEN
• •
VAN LONG - HUYEN GIA V I I N - TJNH NINH BINH
Nguyin Xuan Huan, Nguyin Viet Cudng, Thach Mai IHoang Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tunhien, DHQG Ha Not DAT VAN OE
Khu Bao ton dat ngap ni/6c Van Long la mot vung dat ngap nLf6c difOc hinh thanh vac dau nhufng nSm 1960 sau khi mot con de dirdc xay dL/ng. Day la mot vung trung thuoc 4 xa : Gia Thanh, Gia Van, Gla Hoa, Gia HLfng. Khu VL/C n^y bao gom cac dam nu'dc d^i, rong nam giCra con d§ va cac day nui da v6i: Dong Quyen, Uho Cao, Ho^ng Quyen. SUxam thuc cilia nifdc qua cac day nui da vol da hinh thanh nen nhieu hang dong sau va dai, thong triTc tiep ra dam. Mat khac, khu vUc nay con bi chia cat bcli mot s6' con dap nhuTig do cac dap nay thap hoSc c6 cong lu'u thong nen c^c dam va mot so hang dong tai day luon ngap nu'dc quanh nSm tao nen mot vung dat ngap nude kha rang. Nguon nUdc chinh cung cap cho vung n^y chCi yeu la suoi Tep, bat nguon iii huyen Lac Thuy, tinh Hoa Binh. Ngoiii ra, khu viTc dam Van Long con nhan them ntrdc ti/ song Day va chi lu\j cCia no la song Boi va song Ho^ng Long do vao Dam Cut.
ThSnh phan cac loai ca cCia Van Long di/dc nghlen cCfu Ian dau tien trong khuon khd dU an: "Xay dLfng Khu bao ton thien nhlen dat ngap nude Van Long" qua chuyen khao sat tCf ngay 21 den 26/ 09/1999. Tuy nhien, danh luc ca vung dat ngap nUdc Van Long duy nhat di/dc cong bo dau tien vao nSm 2001, gom 44 loai thupc 14 ho trong 7 bp [3].
THOI GIAN, B!A DIEIVi VA PHLfONG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU Thdi gian va dia diem nghien curu
Sau nghien cCfu dau tien nSm. 1999, chung toi da tien hanh dieu tra, thu mau bo sung vao hai dot: dot 1 dL/dc tien hanh tif ngay 04/ 8/ 2000 den ngay 10/ 8/ 2000 (mua nu'dc xuong) va dot 2: tir ngay 20/ 04/ 2001 den ngay 30/ 04/ 2001 (mua nude len) tai: dam Van Long, dam Cut, suoi Tep, hang Bong, hang Vong, hang Djn.
De bo sung day dij hdn vao danh sach ca cua Khu BTTN Van Long, trong dot thi/c dja dUdc tien hanh tLf ngay 26 den 31 thang 9 nam 2002, chung toi da khao sat lai mot so v| tr( cu va them mot so vj tri khac nhu: cac nhanh suoi do vao suoi Tep, cac con mUdng tai khu vi/c cong dam Van Long, cac dam ntfdc ci ngoai cac cCfa hang.
Phi/dng phap nghien curu
Chung toi tien hanh thu mua mot so mau cCia cU dan dia phUdng chuyen danh ca tren dam bang ludi, dang, cau, v6,... va thue dan danh bat trong hang, doc suoi. Mot so mau chung toi thu triTc tiep bang vcft va ludi. NhiJng loai khong thu dUdc mlu, chung toi dieu tra ky qua dan dia phuong, dac biet nhOrng ngifdi thLfdng hay di danh ca, tren co sd mo ta ciii tiet, kem theo anh minh hoa hinh ve rieng cho tCmg loai. Mau thu hang ngay dUpc chup anh va c6 dinh bang formalin 10 %.
Mau diTdc dinh loai dUa vao hinh thai ngoai theo cac khoa phan loai di/a tren 4 tai lieu chinh:" Dinh loai ca nude ngot cac tinh phia Bac Viet Nam" (Mai Dinh Yen, 1978); "Dinh loai cac loai ca ni/dc ngot Nam B6"
(Mai Dinh Yen va cong su, 1992); va "Ngu loai phan loai hoc" (Vurong DT Khang, 1962); "Fishes of Cambodian Mekong" (W. J. Rainboth, 1996).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU Tinh da dang cac loai ca
Tong so loai ca dieu tra dUdc trong vung dat ngap nufdc Van Long la 54 loai: trong do, thu mau tn/c tiep dUdc 27 loai, dieu tra true tiep trong dan 26 loai va quan sat ngoai thuc dia 1 loai. So v6i chuyen dieu tra nam 2001, dot khao sat nam 2002 da bd sung them cho danh sach ca VSn Long 10 loai thuoc 3 ho va 2 bp. Trong sd nay, mot sd loai c6 the mdi di nhap vao tCf song nhU: ca Sac {Trichogaster trichopterus), ca Bdn vl {Tephrinectes sinensis L.), ca Ven (Megalobrama terminalis), ca Ngan (Leucosomachinensis).
Trong tdng sd 54 loai ca khao sat dUdc (nam trong 9 bp, 17 hp va 42 gidng) thi bp ca chep (Cypriniformes) c6 sd lUdng loai nhieu nhat v6i 29 loai thuoc 2 ho (chiem 53.7% tdng sd lo^i), tiep ddn la
Bang 1. Thanh phSn cSc loai cd ci KBTTN Vfin Long - Gla Stt T6n bo
1 CLUPEIFORMES 2 CYPRINIFORMES 3 SILURIFORMES 4 OPHIOCEPHALIFORMES 5 SYNBRANCHIFORMES 6 PERCIFORMES
7 MASTACEMBELIFORMES 8 PLEURONECTIFORMES 9 CYPRINODONTIFORMES Tong so
So lirong ho 2 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 17
VIen So luong giong
2 24
3 1 1 8 1 1 1 42
- Ninh Binh . So Wong loSi
2 29
5 4 1 10 1 1 1 54
NHiyNG VAN DE NGHIEN CVV CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG ^^^
bp ca vUdc (Perciformes), gom 10 loSi thupc 5 hp (chiem 18.5% tdng sd loai).Trong 7 bp c6n lai thi bp ca nheo (Siluriformes) c6 5 loai thupc 3 hp (chiem 9.3% tdng sd loai), bp
ca chudi (Ophiocephaliformes)
CO 4 loai thupc 1 hp
(chiem 7.4% tdng sd loai), bp ca trich (Clupeiformes) c6 2 loai thupc 2 hp (chiem 3.7% tdng sd loai). Cac bp ca khac chi c6 1 loai.
So sanh vdi thanh phan cac loai ca d nhiJng thuy vUc c6 loai hinh tUdng tu nhUng thupc dja phUdng khac thi sd lUpng loai ca dUdc phat hien cl KBTTN dat ngap nUdc Van Long ngheo hon so vdi ho Thac Ba (62 loai) [6] nhUng nhieu hdn khu he ca Ben En (45 loai) [2] va khu he ca ho Cam Sdn (50 loai) [1].
Theo ong Nguyen Van Manh, mot ngudi dan danh ca hang ngay tai khu vUc cdng dam Van Long, trong thang 3 nam 2002, ong c6 bat dUdc mot sd loai ca sdng tai vung cCfa song nhU: ca Lanh canh trSng {Coilia grayii Rich.), ca Bdn vi {Tephrinectes sinensis L.) nhung sd lUdng rat it, chi bit dUdc mot vai ca thi. Theo danh gia nhan xet cua chung toi thi thong tin tren la chinh xac vi mua kho chinh la thdi diem c6 sU xam thUc ci!ia nUdc tai khu vUc cCfa song Day dd vao dam Van Long va mot sd loai ca tai vung cCfa song c6 the vao day sinh sdng. Ngoai ra, mot vai ngu dan khac con cho biet rang hp van gap mot sd loai ca nhU: ca Ngan (Leucosmoma chinensis Osbeck), ca Ven (Megalobrama terminalis Rich.), ca Chay (Squaliobarbus curriculus Rich.), ca Ngao {Culter erythropterus Basil.) song cac loai nay hien nay rat ft gap.
Odi vdi mot sd loai ca nuoi nhU: ca Trim c6 {Ctenopharyngodon idellus Vai.), ca Mh tring (Hypophythalmichthys molitrix S.), ca Troi An Dp (Labeo rohita Richardson), ca Troi Mrigan (Cirrhina mrigia Hamilton), ca Tram den (Mylopharyngodon piceus Rich.) tuy khong thu mHu nhUng chung toi da quan sat truc tiep dUdc chung tai dam Cut. Day la cac loai ca nuoi quen thupc va la nguon cung cap thuc pha'm cho nhan dan dja phUdng trong vung.
Sir phan bd
Do cac thuy vuc lidn he true tiep vdi nhau n§n nhidu loai ca tai dam Van Long c6 mat trong dam va ca trong cac hang dong. Khu vUc dam Cut, dam Van Long la noi phan bd phd bidn cac loai ca thupc gidng:
Acanthorhodeus, Rhodeus, Puntius. Cac loai ca trSn dUdc ngudi dan dia phUdng gpi chung la ca "dong tidn" va phan bd nhieu tai nhiJng sinh canh c6 nhieu quan thd rong dudi cho, rong vai, rong dudi chdn. 6 nhiJng khu vue khac, cac gidng ca tren phan bd it hdn. Ngoai ra, tai hai dam con c6 mot sd loai ca khac nhu: ea R6 dong (Anabas testudineus Bloch.), ca Mai spc (Rasbora cephalotaenia N. & P.), ca MUdng {Hemiculter leuciculus Basil.), LUdn {Monopterus albus Zuiwe), Chach bun (Misgurus angulicaudatus Cantor), Bdng den {Eleotris fusca BI. et Sche.). Hang Djn, hang Bong, hang V6ng la ndi phan bd chu yeu cCia eae loai ca: Dam dat (Ostelochilus salsburyi N. & P.), ca Mai {Rasbora cephalotaenia steineri N. & P.), ca Dong dong {Puntius sp). NhlJTig loai tren thudng phan bd nhieu tai cac CLfa hang ndi c6 cau tao nen day la bun da't vdi muc nude phd bien tU0,5 - 1 m. Cac loai ca Tre {Clarias fuscus Laeep6de), ca Tr^o ddi {Channa asiatica Linnaeus), ca Chudi {Channa maculatus Lacepede) phan bd tai eae vuc nude tTnh sau trong hang. Cac loai ca Diec {Carassius auratus Linnaeus), ea R6 {Anabas testudineus Bloch.), ca MUdng {Hemiculter leucisculus Basil.), ca Duoi cd {Macropordus opercularis Linnaeus), ea Sae {Trichogaster trichopterus) thUdng bat gap tai cac con mUdng nho thong trUc tiep ra edng Van long.
Khu VUc sudi Tep la ndi phan bd chu yeu eua eae loai: ca Chach da {Barbatula sp), ea Chudi sudi (Channa gachua Halminton), ca Bdng da (Rhinogobies hadropterus Jor. et al & Snyder), ca Bdng den tdi {Eleoths fusca BI. Et Sche), ca R6 mo (Coreoperca whitcheadi Boul.), ca Mai spc (Rasborinus lineatus Pellegrin).
Tinh trang va mat do
Nhin chung nhCfng loai ca c6 kieh thude Idn va gia tri kinh te cao nhU: ca Chay, ca Ngao, ca Nheo, ca Chudi, ca Tre, ca Bo deu c6 sd lUpng ft. Nhufng loai eo mat dp cao d vung dat ngap nude Van long la cac loai ca nho. c6 gia tri thap ve kinh te nhu ca MUdng, ca Dong dong, ca The be, ea Budm, ea Duoi cd Nhan dan quanh vung gpi chung la ca lep. Mot sd loai ea c6 kfch thudc trung binh van duy tri dupe mat dp tUdng ddi cao la ca Diec, ea Chep, ca Mai.
^ NHffNG VAN BE NGHIEN CLfU CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG Ngudi dan dia phUdng trong vung cho biet rang mot sd loai ca do nhiJng nam gan day danh b i t qua nhieu hoac do benh djch da giam di dang ke nhU: ca Xpp, ca Tram den, ca Ngao, ca Chay. Ri§ng ca Xop nay khong c6n thay xuat hien trong vung, day cung la loai ca da dUdc xep trong Sach Do d m(tc T (Threatened) can dUdc bao v#.
KS'T LUAN Kit luan
- Tdng sd loai ca da gap 6 vung d^t ngap nudc Van Long gom 54 loai, thuoc 42 gidng, 17 ho va 9 bd ca khac nhau. Trong do, chiiem uu thd ve sd lUdng loai va sd lUdng hp la bp ca chep Cypriniformes.
- So vdi thanh phan loai ca 6 cac thCiy vUc tUdng tU thupc mot sd dia phUdng khac, t(nh da d?ng v4 ca 6 vung d^t ngap nUdc Van Long 6 mCfc trung binh.
De xuat
De duy tri dUdc tinh da dang loai cCia ca d vung da't ngap nUdc Van Long, chung toi xin d l xu^t mot sd y kien sau:
- Tim cac bien phap hijli hidu cdm hoan toan viec dung kfch di§n danh ca, tidn tdi c^m viSc danh ca bang dang, dd, ke ca trong dam, doc sudi va trong cac hang dong.
- Chi cho phep cau ca giai tri va du Ijch tren dam, trong cac hang rong va s i u (hang ca, hang Bong...) dudi sutd chtrc va kiem scat chat ch§ cCia dja phUdng.
- Tien hanh nghien CLTU de c6 the tha dinh ky hang nam mot lUdng ca con cCia mot sd loai nhU: ca Troi, ca R6 Phi, Tram den. Trim c6 va ca Chep de phue vu cho du Ijch tan dung nguon thCfc an trong dam.
- Nen CO che dp dieu tiet nUdc phu hdp sao cho cac dam va cac hang dong luon ngap nUdc quanh nam. Can tiep tuc duy tri lUu thong nUdc glutei dam, hang dong vdi cac con song va sudi Tep.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Nguyen Xuan Huan, 1997. Thanh phan Ccic loai ca va tinh hinh khai thac ca tai vung h6 Cim San. BSo c^o khoa hoc de t^i "Thong ke, danh gia mUc do ton that, suy thoai mot so vung dat ngap nU6c quan trong cl mien B i c Viet Nam" MS Noi, tr 12-15. [
2. Nguyen Xuan Huan, 1999. Thanh phin cac lo^i ca Vadn qu6c gia Ben En, tinh Thanh H6a. Tap chi sinh hoc, tSp 21, so 18. Ha Noi, tr 1 3 - 2 1 .
3. Nguyen Xuan Huan, 2001. Thinh phSn cac loai cd d Khu Bio t6n thiSn nhiSn ait ng$p nude V&n Long, Gia Vi6n, tinh Ninh Binh. Tap chi sinh hoc
4. Vuong DT Khang, 1962. Ngu loai phSn lo^l h<?c (Nguyin B6 MSo dich). Nxb Khoa kt- V^ sinh ThU^ng HSi.
5. Nguyen ThSi Tu, 2000. Thanh phin cic loiii cd Vudn qu6c gia Phong Nha - KS Bdng. Tap chf Ba dang sinh hpc BSc Trudng Son.
6. Mai Dinh YSn, 1972. Danh sdch cdc lodi cd thu^c vung h6 Thdc Bd trade khi cho ng$p nude. Thdng b&o khoa hpc sinh vat. TSp 1, OHTH. Ha N6i, tr 13 -17.
7. Mai Dinh Ydn, 1978. Dinh loai cd nMc ng<?t cde tinh phIa B^c Vi$t Nam. Nxb KH&KT, Ha N6i.
8. Mai Dinh Ygn et al, 1992. Dinh lo?i cdc lodi cd nUdc ngot Nam B6. Nxb KH&KT, Ha Ndi.
9. 86 Khoa hoc, C6ng nghe va M6i trudng, 2000. Sdeh Dd Vi$t Nam (Phin ddng v$t). Nxb KH&KT, Ha N61.
10. H6i KH - KT LSm nghiep ViSt Nam, 2001. Vudn Qu6c gia Bach MS. Cac VUdn Qudc Gia Vi6t Nam. NXB N6ng nghiep.
11. Maurice Kottelat, 2001. Freshwater fishes of Northern Vietnam.
12. Rainboth W.J, 1996. Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong.
SUMMARY
THE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF FISHES IN VAN LONG NATURE RESERVES
N g u y e n X u a n H u a n , Nguyen Viet C u o n g , Thach Mai Hoang University of Natural Sciences, VNU, Hanoi After conducting three surveys in August 2000, April 2002 and September 2002 at the field of Van Long Nature Reserves, we have identified 54 species and subspecies of fishes in total belonging to 42 genera, 17 families and 9 order. The most dominant order in species composition is order Cypriniformes with 29 species, accounting for 53.7 percent of species number total. The second rank is the order Perciformes with 10 species, making up 18.5 percent.
The order Siluriformes contains 5 species belonging to 3 families, covering 9.3 percent. The order Ophiocephaliformes has got 4 species belonging to 1 family, making up 7.4 percent; order Clupeiformes contains 2 species belonging to 2 families and accounting for 3.7 percent. Four other orders were encountered only 1 species.
Comparing with similar waterbodies of other localities, the species composition of fishes in Van Long Nature Reserves is ranked into the medium level.
NHUNG VAN BE NGHIEN ClfU CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG ^^^
DA DANG DI TRUYEN NGUON GEN MON SO
• •
{COLOCASIA ESCULENTA)IHEO VUNG DjA LY SINH THAI
Nguyen Thj Ng9C Hue, NguySn HOfU NghFa, Vu Linh Chi Vi^n Khoa hgc Ky thu$t N6ng nghi$p Vi$t nam, B^ NN&PTNT DAT VA'N
o i
d nude ta khoai mdn sp (Colocasia esculenta) dUdc ngudi ndng dSn trdng phd bidn tC/ ISu ddi ca d trong vUdn nha cung nhu ngoai rupng, nUdng, 6 mpi vung sinh thai tCrddng blng tdi cao nguySn nhd dSic tInh thfch nghi rong, d i trdng, de nhan va bao qu^n gidng ddn gian. Hinh thuTc suf dung chung l^i da dang : lam rau, lUdng thUc, thCre an gia sue va lam thudc truydn thdng. Tai nhidu tinh mien nui, khoai mdn sp ddng vai trd quan trong trong su d^m bao an toan lUdng thUc cCia hp gla dinh nong dan. Ngoai ra, khoai mon sp edn la ngudn thu dang ke cCia mot sd vCing trdng taiydn thdng nhU Y§n thuj' tinh Hoa binh, Y6n quang tinh Ninh binh, Thuan Chau, tinh Sdn La. Tuy nhien, cung vdi sU phat thin cOa nin ndng nghiSp hi§n dai va each mang xanh, san xudt khoai mon sp da bit dau giam d i n , chCi ylu do thidu khau che tiiln va thj trudng.
Kit qua dieu tra da dang sinh hpc cCia Trung tam Tai nguy§n Di truyen ThUc vat cho thdy cac gidng khoai mon sp trong san xuat dang bi mat di mot each nhanh chdng. Vi the viec thu thap, danh gia va bao ton ngudn gen khoai mon sp ban dja la het sifc cap thiet va c6 ^ nghla chien lUdc.
Nghi§n curu da dang di truyen tap doan mon sp theo vung dja ly sinh thai la mot phan cOta nghi§n c(M chien lUdc bao ton va sCrdung ngudn gen cay mon sp d Vi6t Nam. Bdi le:
Vijng sinh thai dja ly c6 anh hudng dang k l ddn suda dang ngudn gen.
Tren cd sd phan ti'ch da dang theo vung dia ly cua cac ngudn gen, de xuat ke hoach thu thap, cac giai phap qui vung san xuat hang hoa va bao ton nong trai da dang sinh hpc nong nghiep.
MgC DiCH VA NOI DUNG NGHIEN CQU
Nghi§n curu sU phan bd ngudn gen mon sp thu thap dUdc tai cac vung sinh thai trong ca nude. Ve ban dd phan bd ngudn gen mon so d Viet nam bing cong cu GIS.
Nghi§n CLfu da dang di truyin tap doan mon sp tr6n cd s6 cac dac didm hinh thai -a phan tfch ding men( isozyme). Xac djnh cac ngudn gen trong tap doan phuc vu cho khai thac siJdung.
NghiSn cCru sU khac bi§t v l da dang di truyin giufa cac vijng thu th$p.
Tren cd sd xac djnh dUdc vung eo sU phan bd da d?ng di truyin cao, lap k l hoach thu thap hpp ly va d l xua't vung bao ton in situ cho ngudn gen cay mdn sp d Vi§t nam.
VAT LigU vA PHUONG P H A P NGHIEN CLfU
Tap doan mon sp nghien cifu bao gom 201 mau gidng, dupe thu thap trong ca nude dang luu giuf bao quan trSn ddng rupng tai Vien KHKTNNVN, Thanh tri, Ha noi.
Toan bp thong tin tCr cac philu dieu tra dUde sCr ly, phan tich de xac djnh vijng phan bd dja ly cCia cac miu gidng thu thap. SCrdung GIS de ve ban dd phan bd.
cac dac diem v l hinh thai nong hpc dupe md ta danh gia theo tai lieu cCia Vi§n Tai nguyen Di tnjyln ThUc vat Qudc te.
Phan ti'ch isozyme 201 mlu gidng sCf dung 6 he enzyme la malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphogluco isomerase (PGI), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), 6-phosphoglueonate dehydrogenase (PGD), mallie enzyme(ME), and shikimie-
dehydrogenase (SKDH) theo phUdng phap cCia Lebot va Aradhya (1991).
Toan bp sd lieu mo ta va danh gia da dupe sir ly thdng ke vdi chUdng trinh NTSYS-pc (Numerical Taxonomy and multivariate Analysis System version 1.80) de phan loai nhom gidng.
De danh gia da dang kieu hinh cua moi
//•=-^p/logP/
1=1
Trong dd: H': chi sd da dang kieu hinh
Pi: ty le quan sat tim thay d loai i (Pi=fi/n) k: sd eCia loai, hang quan sat
^16
NHITNGVAN BE NGHIEN CUV CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC SI/ SONG
vung sinh thai, chi sd da dang chuan Shannon- Weaver (H') da dUdc tinh cho timg tinh trang va dac diem cCia m§u gidng.Kg'T QUA vA T H A O LUAN
Sir phan bd cua cac m i u gidng mon so theo cac vCing sinh thai dja ly
Phan tfch thong tin tL/ eae phieu dilu tra cho thay tap doan 201 mau gidng da thu kha dai dien cho ngudn gen khoai mdn sp d Viet nam. Khoai mdn, sp cd mat d tat ca cac vung sinh thai cilia ddt nUdc til ddng bang ed dp cao 1-2m cho d i n mien nui eo dp cao tren 1500m. Qua dilu tra khao sat dUdc biet rang hau nhu tat ca cac nhdm dan toe tren dat.
NUdc ta, ke ca ddng bao eae dan tpc thieu sd ed kiln thiTc canh tac va sif dung khoai mon sp rdt phong phu va da dang. NgUdi nong dan nhanh chdng gpi ten dja phUdng va phan biet dUdc cac gidng khoai mon, sp dang cd trong cong ddng.
NhuTng vung eo sU phan bd Idn cCia khoai mon, sp 6 nUdc ta la vung Tay bac, Ddng bac va Bac trung bp. Cac tinh thu dUde nhieu gidng ed nhieu kieu hinh thai khac nhau la Cao Bang, Hoa Binh , Sdn la, Lai chau, Quang Ninh va Quang Trj. NhUng vung nay rat da dang ve he sinh thai nong nghiep va da dang v l van hoa dan tpc. Phai chang day cung la mot nguyen nhan gop phan lam tang tinh da dang ve loai va gidng cCia loai cay lay cu nay.
Da dang di truyen tap doan mon sp tren cd sd phan tich cac dac diem hinh thai nong hoc (NTSYT- pc) va phan tich dang men
Ve kieu gen, tap doan mon sp bao gdm cac mau gidng thupc dang trdng, dang ban hoang dai va dang hoang dai, trong dd 90% sd mau gidng thupc dang trdng trot. Cay thupc dang hoang dai thUdng cd dai bd dai, phat trien v6 han, eCi nho dai, rat ngifa. Vung nui Ddng bac va Ddng bang sdng Hdng c6 ca 3 dang ngudn gen cua trdng trpt, hoang dai va dang ban hoang dai. Cac vung sinh thai con lai chi cd dang trdng.
Kit qua md ta danh gia 50 chi tieu v l dac diem hinh thai-nong hpc cho tha'y trong tap doan mon sp hien c6 3 kieu biln dang thue vat. Dd la nhdm khoai mon (Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta): 97 m l u gidng, nhdm khoai sp(' Colocasia esculenta var antiquorum) cd 59 mau gidng va nhdm kieu trung gian giija 2 dang tren vdi 45 mau gidng. SU khac biet ro net giiJa khoai mon va khoai sp la kfch thudc cii cai va cu eon. Kieu gen khoai mon dUde dac trUng bcli cu cai to va cCi con ft, nho. Khoai sp c6 cCi cai kich thUde tif nhd den trung binh, cili eon nhilu va kha to so vdi cCi cai.
Phan tfch thdng ke bang chUdng trinh NTSYS-pc cOa 22 dac dilm hinh thai- ndng hpc quan trpng cd tinh di truyin cao v l cCi, doc va la cho kit qua ed 11 nhdm kieu hinh chfnh dUdc phan ra ti/ 201 m l u gidng vdi he sd tUdng ddng la 0,60. Bilu dd cay phan loai cho thay tap doan 201 m l u gidng cd sU da dang di truyen cao, ft mau gidng trung lap. Mot sd nhdm gidng cd dac tfnh quf da dUdc phat hi§n nhU: Nhom khoai ICii ngin ngay, nang xuat cao (nhdm 35, 58), Nhdm khoai mdn miln nui, chat lUdng cao(13, 33), Mon.cCi dai, rupt tfm, ngan ngay(67), Gidng khang cao vdi benh sUdng mai(68)D Day la nhufng ngudn gen quf cd the sLf dung cho cac chUdng trinh ehpn tao gidng mdn sp.
Kit qua tap hdp nhdm tren ed sd cOa bien ddng enzyme cho thay trong tap doan 201 m l u gidng tdn tai 74 kieu zymotype.Trong sd dd ed 39 zymotypes dac trUng chi ed 6 Viet nam. Dieu nay cang khlng dinh tfnh da dang di truyin cCia tap doan khoai mdn sp dang nghien cifu va gia djnh cho rang Viet nam cd t h i la mot phan cCia trung tarn khdi nguyen cCia cay mdn sp la ed cd sd. C6 9 kieu zymotype (2,7,9,19,20,23,25,28 va 46) vUdi sd mau gidng chilm 47% tdng sd mau gidng trong tap doan. Ba kieu zymotype sd 7(AADAAA), sd 9 (AADDAAC) va sd 23 (AADQAA) cd mat cl hau h i t cac viing sinh thai.
Bieu dd minh hoa chi sd tUdng ddng cCia cac mau gidng mdn sp cho thay Viet nam cd 2 kieu nhdm gen khoai mdn sp ro ret. Mot nhdm mang cac kieu gen cua miln nui phfa bac tUdng tu nhU cac gidng cCia Van nam Trung Qudc. Nhdm kia bao gdm eae kieu gen dac trung cCia vung Ddng Nam a dUdc phan bd nhieu d vung ddng bang. Ban dd phan bd eae kieu gen theo tCmg tfnh trang dUdc xay dUng nlid cdng cu GIS se giup cac nha khoa hpc lap ke hoach thu thap cho cac vung cd ngudn gen da dang cao dang cd nguy ed xdi mdn gen cao nhu Quang ninh, Cao bang.
Su phan bd cua eae kieu zymotype tai cac vung sinh thai cCia Viet nam cho thay cac tinh d mien nui phfa bac cd sUda dang di truyen cao hdn cac vung khac (bang 1).
Nhu vay, nghien etru da dang di truyen trong loai Colocasia esculenta bang phUdng phap phan tich dang men (isozyme) kit hdp phUdng phdp danh gia dac diem hinh thai ndng hpc cho thay tap doan 201 mau gidng khoai mon sp dang luu giucd sUda dang di truyen cao. Nhilu ngudn gen qui, dac san da duoc phat hien de gidi thieu cho khai thdc sCf dung. Miln nui phfa bie cd sUda dang di truyen cao hdn cac vung sing thai khac.
NHJONG VAN BE
NGHIEN CVV CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG 6i7
Bang 1. Bien dong
So luong kieu hinh So luong kilu zymotype Chi so bien dong S6 zymotype 3&c thu
% zymotype ddc thu So luuong zymogram MDH
PGI ICD PGD ME SKDH To ng so
isozyme cua Tay bac Oong bac Trung du
78 43 0,55
11 26 3 3 3 8 6 4 27
40 33 0,82
10 30 3 2 4 7 5 2 23
22 16 0,73
4 25
3 2 3 5 3 3 19
tap doan m&n so ci Viet nam DBSH
10 6 0.60
2 33
3 1 3 4 1 3 15
Bac trung bo
33 21 0,64
8 38
2 2 3 6 3 2 18
Nam trung bp
9 8 0,89
2 25
2 2 2 3 1 2 12
Tay nguyen
5 5 1,0
1 20 2 1 2 3 1 2 11
0 8 Nam bo
4 3 0,75
1 33 1 1 2 1 2 2 9
Tdng so
201 74 0,37
39 53 5 3 4 10
7 4 33
Bang 2. Chi so da dang Shannon-Weaver (H') cua tap doan mon sp -|-_ VCing dja ly
sinh thai
1 Vung nui Tay Bac 2 Vung nui Dong BIIG 3 Trung du phia bac 4 Dong bing Song Hong 5 Bic Trung Bo 6 Nam Trung Bo 7 TSy nguyen 8 OB Nam Bo
Tdng sd / Ca nU6c
So mau giong
78 40 22 10 33 9 5 4 201
nong
% cCia tdng 38,0 20,0 11,0 5,0 16,5
5,0 2.0 2,5 100
hoc
H' cua cac dac diem hinh thai
0.3908 0,3553 0,3518 0,3477 0,3875 0,3157 0,0182 0,1947 0,3941
tren co sci dac diem hinh thai H' cCia cac dac
diem nonq hoc 0,3846 0,4340 0,3412 0,3382 0,3865 0,2723 0,2719 0,1579 0,4194
ThirtUda dang
2 1 4 5 3 6 7 8
"
Phan tich ch? s d da dang kieu hinh Shannon-Weaver (H') theo vCing dja ly sinh thai
Cac gia trj eCia chi sd Shannon- Weaver giua cac vung va cac dac diem hinh thai- ndng hpc quan trpng dUdc trinh bay trong bing 2. Nhu vay, xet v l da dang tdng the tren tat ca cac tfnh trang, dac diem hinh thai tfnh trung binh theo vung thi ngudn gen mdn sp da dang cao nhat d vung Ddng bie (H'= 0,3553 ), tilp theo la Tay bie (H'= 0,3846 ), va Bie trung bd (H'= 0,3865). Vung Tay nguyen ed su da dang thdp nhit (H'=0,0182 ). Phan tfch suda dang theo ti/ng dac dilm, tfnh trang nghien ciru cho thay, trong tap doan 201 mlu gidng, da dang ve hinh dang eCi dat gia trj cao nhat (H'= 0.7504), tilp theo la mau dilm ndi giua cudng va la (H'=0,7401) va mau dpc la( H'= 0,5593). Mau thit eCi va hudng phien la it bien ddng nhlt (H'<0,1). Trong sd cac dac tfnh ndng hpc. Chit lUdng an ei!i, kha nSng chdng bdnh sUdng mai va thdi gian sinh trudng cd chi sd H' cao hdn ca. Tuy nhien nlu phan tfch su da dang cOa tUng tfnh trang, dac diem theo tUng vijng dja ly sinh thai thi sU bien dong cCia chi sd H' ra't khac nhau.
V l kieu gen, dilu kien sdng, biln dang thue vat, kha nang chdng benh sUdng mai, chieu cao cay, mau dpc la va hinh dang ci!i vung Ddng bie ed ehl sd H' cao nhat. Ddng bang Nam bp ed chi sd H' thap nhat d hau het eae tfnh trang va dae dilm. Chi sd H' cao nhat v l thdi gian sinh trudng, mau diem ndi, gde la va hinh dang ei!i dUdc phat hien d vung Bac trung bp.
Gia trj H' giUa eae vung va cac dac tinh ndng hpc trong bang 2 cho thay xet ve tdng the da dang tren tat ea cac tfnh trang, dac diem thi ngudn gen mon sp cung cd sU da dang cao nhat d vung nui Ddng bie (H'=0,4340) , tilp theo la vung Bac trung bp (H'= 0,3865) va vung nui Tay bie (H'= 0,3846). Vung Ddng bang Nam bp ed sU da dang thap nhat (H'= 0,1579).
Nhu vay, kit qua danh gia dua tren gia trj chi sd Shanon-Weaver cung trung vdi ket qua phan tich thdng ke NTSYT va phan tfch isozyme cho phep kit luan Vung Ddng bie, Bie trung bp va Tay bie la 3 vung ed sUda dang nhat v l ngudn gen mon sp d nUde ta.
KET LUAN vA OE NGH!
Kit qua nghien cifu da dang di truyin tren ed sd cac dSc diem hinh thai kit hdp vdi phan tfch isozyme khang dinh Viet nam cd sU da dang cao ve ngudn gen mdn sp. Trong tap doan mdn sp 201 mau gidng ed sU biln ddng Idn v l cac tfnh trang, dSe diem nghien cufu. Dieu nay cho thay trien vpng Idn trong edng tac chpn tao gidng mdn sp d nude ta.
^^^ NHUNG VAN BE NGHIEN CtfU CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG K i t qua danh gia dUa tren gia trj chi sd da dang Shannon-Weaver (H') va cac ban 66 phan bd theo GIS cho thay cd sU bien ddng kha ro net tai cac viing dja ly sinh thai v l cac dSc dilm hinh thai ndng hoc. Trong cac vung sinh thai, vung Ddng bie, Bie trung bp va Tay bie cd sU da dang di truyin cao hdn ca cho loai Colocasia esculenta. Cac vijng nay cd t h i chpn de xay dung dilm nghi§n ciTU bao tdn in situ cho ngudn gen mdn sp c) nude ta. Viing ed nhilu ngudn gen quf nhU Ddng bie va Trung du cd t h i qui hoach xay dung thanh vijng san xult hang hoa va c h i biln d l phat triln ndng nghi§p va ndng thdn b i n vOfng.
Trong tap doan cd nhilu ngudn gen qui nhu Nhdm khoai iCii ngin ngay, nSng xu^t cao (nhdm 35, 58);
Nhdm khoai mdn miln nui, chdt lUdng cao (13, 33), Mdn cili dai, rupt tim, ngin ngay (67)... da dUdc xac dinh, day la ngudn vat lieu khdi dau qui gia cho cdng tac chpn tao gidng mdn sp d nude ta.
T A I L l i U THAM K H A O
1. Lebot, V and K.M Aradhya, 1991. Isozyme variation in taro Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott from Asia and Ocania.
Euphytica 56: 55-56.
2. N.N.Hue, N.V.Viet, M.S. Prana, 2002. Taro germplasm collection in Vietnam. In ; Potential of root crops for food and industrial resources. Proceeding of Twelfth Symposium of the Intemational Society for Tropical Root Crops(ISTRC), Sep.10-16,2000, Tsukuba, Japan. Printed 2002, P. 502-506.
SUMMARY
EGO-GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY IN VIETNAM TARO (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) COLLECTION
Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hue, Nguyen Huu Nghla, Vu Linh Chi Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute A study of the genetic variation existing within and between 8 eco-geographic regions of Vietnam was conducted. Overall 201 cultivars held in Taro germplasm collection, have been characterised using 50 morphological descriptors and isozyme characterized using six enzyme systems (MDH, PGI, ICD, PGD, ME, SKDH) and 74 distinct zymotypes were identified in the country. A wide variation of taro accessions within the collection indicates that collection' genotypes could be utilized further for variety improvement through breeding programs. At the isozyme level there is significant genetic variation in Northern east. Northern west and North central regions and limited variation in Highlands and-South delta. Geographical distribution of accessions encompassed 32 provinces of Vietnam. There were significant differences in the Shannon-Weaver diversity values among the different regions.
Phenotyphic diversity was found to be highest in Nothern east, Next are North central and Northern west. These regions can be used for in situ conservation site study of taro germplasm. The valuable genotypes were introduced to users.
NHUNG VAN BE
NGHIEN ClfU CO BAN TRONG KHOA HOC Slf SONG ^^^
BU6C DAU AP DUNG MO HINH TOAN XAC DINH
• •
HAM LUONG VA SU CHU CHUYEN CUA FENVALERATE
• •
TRONG MOT SO DAM AO NUOI CA TAI THANH TRI, HA NOI
Liru Lan HUdng, Ng6 Quang Du Trudng D?i hgc Khoa hgc Tt/nhi§n, DHQG Hi Ndi DAT VAN
Di
Vi§e sCf dung mpt each khoa hpc cac hoa chat bao ve thuc vat (HCBVTV) d i u la nhufng yeu cau can thilt nhim dap ifng cho sU phat triln cCia xa hoi va da thu dUde nhufng thanh tUu quan trpng.
B§n canh do, mot van d l nay sinh ngoai mong mudn cCia chung ta dd la sU tdn dU cac HCBVTV d trong mdi trudng ddt, nude, khong khf cQng nhU trong cac loai ndng san d nUde ta hien nay da lam mlt tinh on djnh, su can bing he sinh thai bj de doa, gay nhilu tac hai khong nho din ddi sdng con ngudi. Cd nhilu nguy§n nhan gay ra tinh trang tdn duqua nhieu cac HCBVTV d trong mdi trUdng. Mot trong nhung nguy§n nhan quan trpng la viec sif dung mot each tuy ti§n, bCra bai chiing trong hoat ddng trude va sau thu hoach cOa ba eon ndng dan vi chay theo Idl fch kinh t l ddn thuan da khong tuan thO cac quy trinh ky thuat vaquy e h l sCf dung.
Fen la chat trUsau thupc nhdm pyrethroit da dUde dang ki sif dung d nhilu nude tren t h i gidi va dang dUde SL^ dung rong rai d Viet Nam d l trU sau hai tr§n nhieu loai cay trdng, dac biet la cay lUdng thi/c, thue pham. Day la loai thudc ed hieu lue trU sau cao, phd rong va dang la loai thude dung d l thay t h i cdc loai thudc trU sau khac.
Chinh vi t h i chung tdi ehpn Fen la ddi tupng cho de tai: "Butib diu ip dung md hinh toin xic djnh hdm luong vii si/chu chuyen cua Fenvalerate (Fen) trong mdt s6 dim ao nu6i ci vung Thanh Tri - Hi N6I" vdi hy vpng gdp phan tim hieu va giai quylt tUng budc van d l du lupng thudc Bio vd thue vat.
061 TUQNG VA PHUONG P H A P NGHIEN CLTU Ddi tUdng nghien cufu
Fen cd danh phap hoa hoc theo lUPAC la: (RS)-a-xiano - phenoxibenzyl (RS)-2-(4-Clophenyl)-3-metyl- butyrat.Cong thCre phan tCf la: C25H22CINO3. Phan tCr lupng la 419, 9.
Fen la chat cd phd trU sau rdng, chung ed hoat tfnh trU sau cao ddi vdi nhilu loai sau hai nhU sau td, sau khoang, rSp, nh§n dd hai rau, trC/ r$p sap, nh^n dd hai cay an qui, trU sau ve bua hai cam quyt, sau xanh [4]. Theo Pham Binh Quyin thi Fen phiin bd trong cac thanh phan mdi trudng vdi t^ 16 la: dit chilm 25,5%; nude chilm 69,7%; khong khf la 0,128% edn lai la trong thUe vat, dpng vat va cung chfnh vi Fen ed ai lUc chO y l u vdi mdi trudng nUdc do vay chung tdi chpn Fen lam ddi tUpng d l lap md hinh sUchu ehuyin trong mdi trUdng nUde (ao nudi ea vung Thanh Tri -Ha Ndi) [4].
Phuong phap nghlen curu Phuong phip ki'thita
Day la qua trinh thu thap sd lieu da edng bd eCia cac tac gia (Pham binh QuyIn [4], Pham Thj Phong[3]...). Cac sd lieu thu dUde chung tdi tien hanh thdng k6, phan tich d l ap dung vao md hinh.
Phuong phip md hinh toan
Dua vao cac dac tinh ly, hoa eiia Fen, dilu kien mdi trudng, khf hau viJng Thanh Tri[5], dac biet dUa vao phUdng phap md hinh toan eCia Jorgensen [6] cung nhu cac mdi tUdng tac trong he sinh thai. Chung tdi da xay dung md hinh chu chuyin cCia Fen trong he sinh thai ao, ho gdm cac thanh phan: Fen hoa tan trong nUde (F„c). trong tram tich (F„),trong ddng vat (F^J, thue vat (F,^) va trong eae hat Id lilrng (F,,).
Phuong phip xurly sdlieu
Md hinh lap ra theo phUdng phap tren dupe xuf ly bang phan mim Stella 11.3.0.6. Day la phan mem chuyen dung trong viec md phdng cac md hinh toan vdi ky thuat giai sd theo phUdng phap Euler, Runge- Kutta.
