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DANH GIA NHANH NGUON THAI LVCBIA T A C DONG DEN MOI T R l / O N G BIEN
Tr^n Dinh Lan<", Nguyin " i ^ S ^ " " H L Minh'^' Nguy?n Chu H6i», Tir Thj Lan H u W " , Tong Th, Hong Mm
I'ViSn Tai nguyen va Moi truong bien
• 246 Da Nlng, Hai Phong l«T6ng cue Bien va Hai dao Viet Nam
Email: [email protected] Tom tat
Danh gia nhanh nguSn 6 nhilm biin tir luc Jia cho tMy: hang nana nguon 6 nhiim luc dia pha, sinh ,6i thiiu 2,90 trieu tan COD. 183 tneuian BOD. 1,11 trieu tin N-T: 287,2 nghin tSn P-T: 265,2 trieu Idn TSS: l,6nghn tan dau ma:
15 9 nghin tin HCBVTVva khoang 46.5 nghin tan kim loai nang cac loai.fac diim nong ven ba g6m: vimg biin ven ba Hai Phong - Quang Nmh, Da Nang - Quang Nam. Ba Ria - Vung Tau - thanh pho Ho Chi Minh va hai vung chau tho Ion song H6ng va song Ciru Long Mire do lac dong cua cac nguon 6 nhiem tir luc dia doi vai viing biin va viing ven ba ciia Viet Nam dang tra nen nghiem trong, trong khi do cac chinh sach, hanh dong quan ly lien quan chua dugc quan tam nhiiu. Vi thi, nhCrng giai phap va hanh dong mi lien can dugc cap bach Irien khai
RAPID ASSESSMENT OF LAND-BASED SOURCES POLLUTING MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Rapid assessment of land-based pollution sources in marine and coastal areas shows that every year, land-based sources discharge at least 2.90 million tons of COD: 1.83 million tons of BOD: 1.11 million N-T: 287.2 thousand ions P-T: 265.2 million tones of TSS, 1.6 thousand tons of oil and gases; 15.9 thousand tons of pesticides and about 46.5 thousand tons of heavy metals. The coastal hot spots include Hai Phong - Quang Ninh, Da Nang - Quang Nam, Ba Ria - Vung Tau - Ho Chi Minh City and two large deltas of the Red River and Mekong River. The impact of land-based pollution sources to marine and coastal areas of Vietnam are becoming more serious, while the policies and related management actions are not much interested. Therefore, solutions and priority actions must be implemented urgently.
MO DAU
Vimg ba va bi€n Viet Nam la noi tap trung gan nura s6 tinh thanh trong ca nuac (28/63) voi mat dp dan s5 cao va do thi hoa nhanh a phia BSc va phia Nam, cdc trung t^^, pjj^t triSn kinh te cung tap trung 6 cac tinh thanh ven bi6n. Silc ep va de dpa o nhiln, viing bo
Tieu ban Sinh thai, Moi tnr&ng va quan ly Bien
va bien cung nhu suy thoai tai nguyen bien va da dang sinh hgc do cac hoat done ciia con nguai o viing ba bien va cac viing luc dia phia trong dang tang len. Dac biet, nguon thai tir luc dja dang de dpa gay 6 nhiem moi trucmg bien, bao gom chu ySu la nuoc thai tir cac nguon sinh hoat (tir cac khu do thi tap trung va cac khu du lich ven bo), cong nghiep (tir cac khu kinh te, khu, cum cong nghiep ven bo, cac lang nghe, c^c co so cong nghiep....), nguon thai nong nghiep (do chan nuoi, nuoi thiiy san ven bo, nuoc rua troi cac hoa chat tir dong rupng) vi nguon vSt chat do song dua ra. Tuy nhien, nhihig danh gia tong the ve nguon 6 nhiem do luc dia dua ra bien tir cac hoai dgng tren cung nhu vice xay dung cac chinh sach quan ly, bao vp moi truang va tai nguyen bien true tiep lien quan den 6 nhiem bien tir luc dia van chua dugc quan tam dung miic. Bao cao trinh bay nhiing ket qua danh gia nhanh nguon thai tir luc dia tac dong den moi truong bien, g6p phan xay dung chien luge Quoc gia ve quan ly nguon 6 nhiem bien tir luc dia.
\. Tai lifu va phuong phap
Tai lidu phitc vu danh gia nhanh chii yeu thu thap tir cac nguon bao cao hang nam ve moi truang, bao cao ket qua ciia cac du an, de tai lien quan va so lieu thong ke cua ca nuac va ciia cac tinh thanh ven bien [2,3,4,6,7,8]. Thong tin va tu liSu con dugc thu thap tir cac dot dieu tra, phong van va khao sat thang 8 va 9 nam 2010 trong pham vi du an "T5ng cuong thyc hien ke hoach hanh dgng toan cau - Danh gia va long ghep viec quan ly nguon gay 6 nhilm bien va ven bo tir luc dia" do Chuong trinh Moi truang Lien hgp quoc tai tra [5].
Cac phuong phap danh gia nhanh chu yeu sir dung ciia WHO [1]. Cac chit thai dugc danli ^ia thong qua cac thong so sau: tai lugng BOD, COD, nito tong so (N-T), photpho ting s6 (P-T), ting chit rin lo limg (TSS), kim loai nang (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Co, Ni) va mot s6 hoa chat sir dung trong nong nghiep (phan bon, thuoc trir sau).
Pliam vi khong gian de tien hanh danh gia nhanh cac nguon thai tir dat Hen la dia phan hanh chinh ciia 28 tinh, thanh ph6 ven biSn Viet Nam. Ngu6n thai luc dja do song mang ra viing bien ven bo dugc chpn cho 6 he thong song Ion (tir Bic vao Nam) la cac he thong song: Thai Binh, Hong, Han, Thu Bon, Dong Nai va Cim Long.
2. Ket qua danh gia nhanh 2.1. Bank gia theo cac nguSn thai
Nguon thai sinh hoat lan hinh thanh chii y6u tir cac khu do thi va lugng khach du lich tap trung ven bien. l/oc tinh tong tai lugng thai tir nguon sinh hoat hang nam phat sinh o khu virc ven biln khoang 376,7 nghin tin COD; 215,2 nghin tin BOD; 39,2 nghin tin N-T;
11,1 nghin tan P-T va khoang 848,7 nghin tan TSS. Trung tam phat sinh Ion nhat la thanh pho Ho Chi Minh (153,6 nghin tan COD/nam) tiep theo la Da Ning, Hai Phong (m6i tinh 21-22 nghin tan COD/nSm), Quang Ninh, Khanh Hoa (moi tinh 16-17 nghin tan COD/nam), Ba Ria - Vung Tau (12 nghin tin COD/nam), Thira Thien Hul (tren 10 nghin tin COD/nam) (hinh 1).
Hinh I.Luang thai chclt huu ca tic cac trung idmphat sinh chdt thai sinh hoat lan a vung ven bien Viet Nam
Nguin thai cong nghiep a viing ven biln phat sinh khoang 316,8 nghin tin COD; 119 1 nghin tin BOD; khoang 42,9 nghin tin N-T; 5,2 nghin tan P-T; 218,6 nghin tan TSS, khoang 12,9 tin diu m& (trong do diu dong thuc vat khoang 11,5 nghin tan). Cac tinh co nguin thai cong nghiep vai tai lugng thai cac chat huu ca tuong duong tren 20 nghin tan COD/nam tra len gim co: tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau, thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh (xap xi 45 nghin tin m6i tinh), Ca Mau, Khanh Hoa (hon 27 nghin tan moi tinh), Kien Giang, Quang Ninh (21 nghin tan) (hinh 2).
45000 40000 35000 E 30000 I 25000
•p 20000 15000 10000
5000
¥
ncOD
• BOO
Kien Giang
Hinh 2: Lugng thai chdt hiiu co tic cac khu vuc phat trien cong nghiep ven bien Viet Nam Nguon thai nong nghiep 6 vimg ven bien mSi nam phat sinh khoang 2,21 trieu tSn COD; 1,49 trieu tdn BOD; 800,3 nghin tin N-T; 207,8 nghin tSn P-T; 14,2 trieu tin TSS (trong do co khoang 6,4 trieu tin la vat chit hitu co til thirc an thira) va khoang 155 nghin tin hoa chit bao ve thuc vat (HCBVTV). Trong do, Nghe An, Thanh Hoa, Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai, Thai Binh, Quang Nam va Ha Tinh co luong thai COD 1cm hon 100 nghin tin/nara. Cac tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An vira phat triSn manh dan gia sue, gia elm vita co dien tich dIt gieo tr6ng Ion nhit viing ba (hang nam luong thai COD khoang 230-295 nghin tin, HCBVTV khoang 1,1-1,4 nghin tan), tiSp theo la cac tinh Binh Din],^ Quang
Tieu ban Sinh thai. Moi tnr&ng va quan ly Bien
Ngai, Thai Binh, Quang Nam (lugng thai COD khoang 120-136 nghin tin, HCBVTV khoang 400-670 tiri/nam), dung thu bay trong viing la Ha Tinh (khoang 106 nghin tin COD va 470 tin HCBVTV/nam) (hinh 3).
1600 1400 1200 1000
£k
•ft i ^a n. srifc
B C O D C3BOD a HCBVTV (tAn)
TTiai Tlianh Ngh$ Ha Quang Quang Binh Binh Hoa An Tinh Nam Ngai Ojnh
Hinh 3:Luang thai mot so chdt 6 nhiem tu cac khu vuc phat trien kinh te nong nghiep Tai lugng 6 nhiem do song mang ra dugc uoc tinh tir 1995 cho cac he th6ng song trong ca nuac, bao g6m Cu - 18.083,9 tin/nam, Pb - 2.062,6 tin/nSm, Cd - 1.081,7 tin/nam. As - 21.739,1 tin/nam, Zn - 503,5 tin/nam, Co - 523,0 tin/nam, Ni - 2.406,8 tin/nam, Hg - 133,6 tin/nam, P04^" - 54.220,6 tin/n3m, NO3" - 191.579,0 tin/nam. K6t qua nay chic chin se thap hon so voi hien nay. LTOC tinh sau 15 nam (din 2010) vai toe do phat triln c^c nganh, kim loai nang do song dua ra bien cung tang khoang 6 lin, chit dinh duong trong nu6fc song tang khoang 2-3 lan.
2.2. Danh gia tai lugrng cac chdt 6 nhiem
l/oc tinli tong lugng 6 nhiem nguon luc dia phat sinh hang nam toi thieu khoang 2,90 trieu tin COD; 1,83 trieu tin BOD; 1,11 trieu tin N-T; 287,2 nghin tin P-T; 265,2 trieu tin TSS; gan 20,4 nghin tan dau mo; 15,9 nghin tan HCBVTV va khoang 46,5 nghin tin kim loai nang cac loai (As 21,7 nghin tan; Cu 18,1 nghin tin; Ni 2,4 nghin tin; Pb 2,1 nghin tan; Cd 1,1 nghin tan; con Iai Co, Zn, Hg tong cong khoang 1,1 nghin tin). Tren 63%
lugng dau thai phat sinh tir hoat dgng cong nghiep a khu vuc ven biln va gin 37% la npuon dau thai do song dua ra. Ty le dong gop ciia cac ngu6n vao tong lugng phat sinh ciia hau het cac chat 6 nhilm a khu yuc ven bien cho thay: nguon nong nghiep la nguon chinh dong gop tren 76%, nguon sinh hoat dong gop khoang 4-13% va ngu6n cong nghiep khoang 1,4-10,9% (bang 1).
Khu vuc miSn Trung la nai tap trung cac chat him co va dinh duong vai ty le khoang 47-52% tong lugng phat sinh. Mien Nam la noi phat sinh chu ylu cac chit thai diu mo, TSS va HCBVTV vol ty le khoang 45-69%. Ty le phat sinh cac chit 6 nhilm tir miln Bic khoang 7-25% tong lugng phit sinh o khu vuc ven biln.
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Chiit/thong so 0 nhiem
COD BOD N-T P-T Dau HCBVTV
Cu Pb Cd As Zn Co Ni 111!
COD BOD N-T P-T TSS Dau HCBVTV
Bi!ing 1. Tong m / / i r f m g « f c £ W ^ f f ! l ^ Tai lugng cac chJTo nhiem theo n g " - Jlari/riam)____--—
Sinh boat 376.662.6 215.150.6 39.215,9 11.085,3
.
Ty sinh hoat
13.0 11.8 4.4 4.9 5.6
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Cong NonS ""*" -l^
nghiep 316.813,7 _Ji\2a5bA_
42.909,9
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5.l72^5_l_£^ilii^i;;!^
T j T S T T 14 153.488,0
^ _ I 2 ; 8 5 2 J _
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15.513,4
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1 -
/^ dong gap tir ciic nguon a k Cong
nghiep 10,9
6,5 4,9 2,3 1,4 100,0
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Nong nghiep
76,1 81,7 90,7 92,7 93,0
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100,0
r) nguSn phat sinh 1 phat sinh
Song ra r
(230.650,9)
,
(54.220,6) 250.000.000 7.500 (400) 18.083,9 2.062,6 1.081,7 21.739,1 503,5 523,0 2.406,8 133,6
T o n g (tdn/nam)
2.902.495.3 1.827.740.8 1.113.053,2 278.245.1 265.220.812.3 20.352.1 15.913,4 18.083,9 2.062,6 1.081,7 21.7391
503.5 523.0 2.406,8 133,6 'lu virc ven bien (%)
Khu vuc ven bien 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0
TongCtan/nam) 2.902.495,3 1.827.740,8 882.402,3 224.024,5 15.220.812.3 12.852,1 15.513,4 Clui gmi l-l. CIma Unit. Itlang clang M' (230.710.5) NOj': IS4.220.6): POt: (400):DDT
Tong tai luong cac chat 6 nhiem do song mang ra bien thuong rat lan nhung chung dugc jjha loang trong nuoc song. Vi vay, nguon thai song it co kha nang gay 6 nhilm tire thai doi voi viing bien ven bo, ma chu yeu la tich tu mot so chat 6 nhiem^ben nhu cac kim loai nang, HCBVTV co clo, PAH, PCB, TBT... t?i doi ngung keo, ket bong, cac bai triSu cira song, ven biSn hoac tich luy trong co thS sinh vat. Nguon thai nong nghigp ^.^^^ ^^
luong phat thai Ion cac chit hiru co, dinh duong va HCBVTV nhung la ngufin ^^^^^ ^^^
tren d6ng ruong, co nhiSu kha nang gay 6 nhilm true tiep dat n6ng nghiep hon la anh
Tieu ban Sinh thai, Moi tru&ng va quan ly Bien
huong den moi truong bien. Tuy nhien, cac chat 6 nhiem ben hang nam dugc rira troi tir dong rupng ra bien cung dugc tich tu dan trong moi truong bien.
Trai Iai, nguon thai cong nghiep va sinh hoat thuong co tong lugng thai khong lan so voi hai nguon tren nhung chung la nhimg nguon thai diem, thanh phin g6m nhilu chit nguy hai, co nong dg chat 6 nhiem lan (lan hon nhieu lan so voi moi truong tiep nlian), thucmg tdp trung ven ba, xa true tiep nuoc thai ra song, bien kliong qua xir ly ho^c xir ly chua phu hgp. Hien tai, nguon cong nghiep va sinh hoat dang la nguyen nhan chinh gay 6 nliiem moi truang bien, dac biet la a nhiing khu vuc vira tap trung cac diem thai vira co dieu kien thuan loi cho tich tu cac chat 6 nhilm.
K E T LUAN
Cac nguon 6 nhiem nong nghiep va nguon chat 6 nhiem do song tai ra chiem ty trgng lan trong cac nguon 6 nliiem bien tir luc dia nhung kha nang gay 6 nhiem nhanh chong moi truang bien khong cao. Trong khi do, nguon cong nghiep l^i co nguy co 6 nhiem cao voi cac chat nguy hai, chat 6 nhiem ben doi voi moi truong bien. Cac diem nong 6 nhiem tap trung a cac trpng diSm phat trien Hai Phong - Quang Ninli, Da N l n g - Quang Nam va Ba Ria - Vung Tau - Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Ngoai ra, hai viing ven b o chau tho thugc song Hong va song Cim Long cung co nhung diem nong can quan tam lien quan d i n cac chat 6 nhiem nguon nong nghiep.
Thieu CO so phap ly va ke hoach hanh dong quan ly nguon 6 nliilm bien tCr luc dia la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan gay gia tang 6 nhilm bien, can xay dung ngay hanh lang phap ly va ke hoach hanh dong tren co so nhiing uu tien da dugc xac dinh.
Loi cam on
Cac tac gia chan thanh cam cm Tong cue Bien va Hai dao Viet Nam, Du an "Tang cuong thuc hien ke hoach hanh dong toan cau - Danh gia va long ghep viec quan ly nguon gay 6 nhiem bien va ven b o tir luc dia" da cung cap thong tin va tao dieu kien thuc hien nghien ciru nay.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. Alexander P, Economoponlos, 1993. Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution. WHO, Geneva.
2. Nguyen Thj Phuong Hoa, Hoang Viet, 1997. "Danh gia nhanh cac nguon 6 nhiem luc dia ven ba Vinh Ha Long". Tai nguyen va moi truang bien. Tap V.
3. Nguyen Thj Phuong Hoa, Nguyin Mai Anh, 2001. "Danh gia tai lugng cac chat 6 nhiem nguon l^ic dia dua ra mgt so khu vuc cua song, ven bien phia Bac" thugc nhiem vu quan ly nha nuoc ve bao ve moi truong "Danh gia mire dp 6 nhilm do nguon thai tir lye dja, d l xuat giai phap kilm soat, quan ly viing biln ven ba phia BSc".
Hpi nghi Khoa hocvaCdng nghe biin loan qudcJSLH^
4. Nguyin Thj Phuong Hoa, 2009 "Danh gia. dir bao tai luong 6 nhilm dua vao Vinh Ha Long - Bai Tu Long". D^ tai elp tinh Quang Ninh "NghiSn cuu danh gia sue tai moi truong va de xult cac gai phap bao ve moi truong Vjnh Ha Long - Bai Tu Long . Luu tai Vien Tai nguyen va Moi truang Bi6n.
5. Trln Dinh Lan, Nguyin Thi Phuong Hoa, 2010. "Banh gia nhanh nguon 6 nliiem biSn tir luc dia". Bao cao du an "Tang cuong thuc hien ki hoach hanh dong toan cau - Danh gia va Idng ghep viec quan ly ngudn gay o nhilm biln va ven bcr tir luc dia". Luu tai Tong cue Bien va HJi dao Viet Nam.
6. Pham Van Ninh va nnk, 1995. Bao cao ting kit de tai KT 03. 07. " 6 nhiem biln do song tai ra" Luu trir tai Vien Co hpc, Ha Noi.
7. UNEP, SCS, GEF, 2004. Bao cao quoc gia 6 nhilm biln tir dIt liln Viet Nam.
8. UNEP, 2007., 2007. Land-based Pollution in the South China Sea UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 10.
Ngudi dgc nhan xet: TS. Nguyen Thi Viet Lien
