DEXUAT
PHUONG PHAP LfNG DUNG GIAI PHAP B I M
Ths. Bui Dtfc Dung*
Tom tit: Building Information Modelling (BIM) dugc biit din nhu la mpt nhdm giii f^ip vi cdng nghe va qui trinhthucthicaccdngviicnhimhPtrgtiiuucicgiaidoan thiit ki, xiy Up va van hanh cua mat dUin xiy dtfng. Vdi tinh nang UU viit cda minh, giii phip BIM da thu hut stf quan tim cda gidi khoa hgc han 20 nim nay, BIM di dang ngay cang tfng dung phi biin tai cic quic gia - vimg lanh tho phit triin nhU. My, Canada, Chau Au, Singapore hay Hongkong. Viic tfng dung BlflA vio trong hi thing xay dung cung ein ed nhtfng chiin lugc vi phuemg phap hgp /)?. Trong bai hao niy, tic gii se di xuit mdt phuang phap tfng dung BIM stf dung "The BIM Project Execution Plan"eCta CIC (Computer integrated Construction Research Program).
Nhtfng vin di quan trgng nhU cic bUtfc tiin hanh eung nhu nhiing dieu kiin di thtfe thi si dUtfc tam rd va phan tich. Qua do, cd thecal t}ai bao la mpt ggi'^ cung nhu kinh nghiim trong viic ip dung giii phip BIM.
Tit Idida: Giii phip BIM, ki hoach thtfe hiin dtfin BIM Abstract: Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been knovm as a group of solutions about technology and process of conducting work in order to have an ultimate assistance to the periods of designing building and executingofacon5tructianproject.Withitsadvantages,over the past 20 years, BIM, which has attracted the attention of xientists, fias tieen widely applied in developed countries and territories such as: America, Canada, Europe, Singapore or Hongkong. It Is necessary to have proper strategies and methodologies to apply BIM into construaion system, in this article, the author proposes an application of BIM, using "The BIM Project Execution Plan" by CIC (Computer integrated Construction Research Program). Important issues such as executing approaches as well as conditions to conduct will be clarified and analyzed. Therefore, this article can be considered as a suggestion as well as an experience in applying BIM solution.
Key words: BIM solution. The BIM Project Execution Plan Nhan ngiy 15/12/2014, chinh stfa ngiy 18/12/2014, chapnhan ding ngay 05/01/2015
5 8 HOC V I ^ N C A N B O Q U A N L ' ? X A Y DI/NG VA DO T
M O T A TRUNG T A M
CHI^N Lt/pC PHATTRILN BIM I
B
IM (Building Information Modelling) dupe djnh nghia l i giil phap md hlnh thdng tin dy i n . BIM t)an dau dupe phattriln la mfit cfing cu mdl d l hd trp cho nhu d u d p bach trong cfing tie thilt k l nhu phin tfch kien tnic, kit d u v i chi t i l t ddi vdTi nhQhg edng trinh phdc tgp. Nguyen tic chfnh eua md hlnh BIM la tat d cac thdng tin tQ kiln true kit d u , MSiE cung nhU thdng tin ve gia thanh, t i l n dp cQa d c d u kidn trong cdng trinh sd dupe bao him trong mdt mfi hlnh 3D duy nhlt cQa cdng trinh Giii phip BIM se eung d p md hlnh mdt each tdng the, tryc quan, chfnh xac va giim thieu tdi da nhdng sai sdt trong t i t c i cac giai dogn eua vdng ddi mpt dy i n xiy dUng.Cungvdi sy phit triln cCia BIM v i nhQng lpi fch cung nhuvUdng mac trong viec sd dung giii phap BIM, cic nha khoa hpc nhan ra rang vide Qng dyng BIM khong dOn giin chf la vide sddung nhQng phln mem, tidn fch, hcJn nda dd edn l i mfit qui trinh thay ddi trong each tilde lam vide trong quin h^nhin iuc ning eao ky thugt va khi ning cdng tie gida d c thinh vidn trong nhdm.
Kymmell (2008) chf ra 3 yeu td can thilt cho vide dng dyng giai phip BIM:
• Dien giai phUong thdc hoat dfing cQa g i i l phap BIM
trong cfing ty j
• Ndu rfi nhdng glal dogn d n thilt de hoan thinh md hinh BIM |
•To chQc nhdm edng t i c bao gdm nhQng nhan vien phD J
hpp vdi 2 yeu td trdn 1 SuQng dung cCia giii phip BIM, xix. mfit cich toan didn l i sy thay
ddi phuong thut lim vide eua cdng ty d l thfch nghi vdi cdng nghd v i phuong tidn mdi. Chfnh vi 1^ do niy, theo Lynch (2003), 6e hoan thanh myc tidu thay ddi phuong thOt lim wee cOa bat ki tfi chdc nao d n phii trii qua 3 giai dogn sau: Gia bang trgng thai hien tgi (unireeang the present state); thay dfii din trang thai mdi (change to a new level) va dfing bang trgng thai mdi (refreezing at the new leveO- Trong bai vilt nay, t i e g i i se tap trung vio giai doan thd 2 la gial dogn dng dung giii phap BIM v i o mdt don vj g i i tddng l i Cdng ty A (li don vj t u van t h i l t k l phln kit d u cdng trinh) dda theo k l hogch d l xult bdi CIC (2010) ed tdn la "The BIM Project • Execution Plan", trong giai dogn niy t i c g i i sd neu ra nhdng bude va nhdng dilu d n luu y trong qui trinh dng dyng BIM.
T I I N TRlNH AP DUNG GlAl PHAP BIM
Nhu de cap d cic phln trUdc t i c g i i se ap dyng chien lupc dupe dua ra bdi CIC (2010) trong giai doan nay cd tdn la
"BIM Project Execution Plan" (gpi t i t l i BIM Plan).
Theo CIC (2010), cd 4 bUdc trong chiin lupe BIM plan dupe the hidn tai H-l,dd la x i c djnh myctieu v i Qhg dyng cQa BIM trong dy i n ; t h i l t ke cic giai doan eiia BIM plan;
phat trien he thdng trao doi thdng tin va x i c djnh nhQng v i n de eo b i n khic ho tro eho BIM plan.
Hinh 1: Cic bUtfc cda chiin iugc BIM Plan (CIC. 2010}
1. Xac ^ n h muc tidu va ihig dung cQa BIM Day la budc r i t quan trpng trong vide lap ke hogch phit triln BIM, muc dfch cda glal doan niy l i xie djnh nhijrng gia trj t i l m nang cda BIM, qua dd ban linh dao dPn vj sd 6e ra dupe phuong hudng cung nhu cich phat triln mfit cich hdp ly.
Theo Eastman (2011), CIC (2010), giii phap BIM ed the cd 25 dng dyng trong vfing ddi 1 dU i n xiy dyng nhu t h i hidn dudi H-2.
Tuy nhien, trong bai viet nay t i c g i i se g i i thuyit giii phip BIM sd dupe i p dyng cho don vj tU v i n t h i l t k l , chd y l u cho cic cfing doan v l t h i l t k l , phin tfch ket d u .
Sau khi xie djnh dupc myc tidu Qng dyng eua BIM, nhiimg muc tidu d n dgt dupc khi Qng dyng BIM d n dUoc xie djnh. Nhdng mue tieu nay d n lidn k i t chat che vdi nhidm vy 6e ra eQa duan cQng nhU nang lye cQa dPn vj. Sau
dd, tdng muc tieu d n dupe phan logi l i d i n h g i i mdc dfi UU tien trong qua trinh phit triln. Mue dich eda cdng dogn nay la tgo n l n t i n g eho vide phin tfch, d i n h g i i rQi ro cung nhu cic g i i trj dat dupe eua tQng mue tieu cho dOn vj. Qua dd, chlln lupe i p dung BIM sd dupe thue hien mdt d c h hidu q u i v i diy dii hPn.
BIng 1, midu ta nhdng mue tieu can dgt ra cho don vj trong su phat trien BIM dUa vao chien lupc cQa CIC:
Phan 1091(1-3) 1 - Quan tr^ng
2 1 3 2 3 1
Muc tieu de ra NaDg cao tinh hif u qua cua thietke Md hinh 3D chinh x ^ Theo dot va sica doi Ihiet ke tiong qua trinh Ihi cong Qua trinh xem xet l^i thiel ke Nhanh chong dira ra nhung thay doi vl khdi Iti^g, gia thanh khi thilt kl thay doi Loai bo nhung bat va c h ^ b^l hep ly giiia cac cau k [ ^
dng d^mg BIM Quan ly thiet k^, Dinh vj 3D Luu trii mo hinh, Dinh vj 3D MaMnh4D Quan 1J thilt kl DUtoan BujhvjSD Bing 1: Muc tieu cua BIM Bude t i l p theo cQa ehiln lupc la thiet k l cic cdng doan de dng dung BIM.
2. Ldp sd do cho t i l n trinh BIM
Trong giai dogn nay, tac g i i se xay dUng nhdng so dd t h i hidn eie edng doan trong t i l n trinh i p dung BIM cho dPn vj.
Cd 2 d p dd ciia so do se dUOc t h i hidn:
• d p dp 1 (SP do dng dyng BIM tdng thi): Muc dfch cda so dfi niy l i cung elp cai nhin tdng t h i eho t o i n bd qua trinh Qng dung BIM, su trao dfii thfing tin giQa eie bdn tham gia dy i n . Qua dd, tat e i cie thanh vien cQa sd cd c i i nhin chfnh xic v i rd rang v l nhidm vy d n trien khai va su phoi hpp giQa cic edng vide khie nhau dupe d i m nhgn bdi d e bdn khie nhau trong dy an.
• Cip dd 2 (So dfi ehi tilt): Sau khi so dd tfing the dupc hoan thanh, cac sP dd chi t i l t dng vdi mfii Qng dyng cQa BIM d n dupe t h i l t lap. SP dd chi tiet d n d i m b i o t h i hidn toan bd nhdng cdng vide ridng Id dupe thyc hien bdi 1 nhdm hoge thgm chf nhilu nhdm k i t hpp Igi. Vdi Cdng ty A, ehde ning chfnh la t h i l t k l k i t d u , cho ndn trong giai dogn niy t i c gii sd 6e cap d i n 2 dng dung cda BIM choTT la Phan tieh k i t cau (Structural Analysis) v i Quin 1^ t h i l t k l (Design Review).
Nhdng y l u tfi can phii dgt dupe trong so do tong the la:
• Qng dyng cda BIM d n dupe d l cap trong SP dfi
• Td ehQe eae Qng dung cQa BIM theo mfit trinh tU chfnh xie uhg vdi d y i n
• Chi djnh cic nhdm thuc thi nhQng cfing vide trong so dfi
• Sutrao ddi thdng tin glQa cie bdn tham gia l i p md hinh BIM cQa d y i n
H-3, t h i hidn so do tfing t h i cQa vide ap dung giil phip BIM trong cfing trinh x i y dUng. 0upe the hien dudi dang sP dd ngang v i dupe the hien bing ehucJng trinh Microsoft Visio2007.
Hinh 2: tfng dung BIM (CIC, 2010}
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Hinh 3: So do tSng thi cCia qua trinh ip dung BIM
Bude thd 2 trong giai dogn niy la thiet lap so dfi chi tilt cho tQng dng dung cCia BIM se dupe i p dung. Nhu de cap d phln tren, se ed 2 so dd chi t i l t dupe t h i l t l i p dd la: Phan tieh k i t ciu v i Quin ly thiet k l . Cd t h i thay rang, sd ed nhieu each de xiy dUng cac sP dd chi tilt niy bdi vi tdy theo tdng dy i n se cd nhdng sy thay ddi eho phQ hop. Tuy nhien trong bai v i l t nay, eic so dd chi tilt diln hinh cho eie dng dung BIM se dupe t h i l t l i p nhung van can dat dUOc nhdng myc tieu sau:
• Cin d i m bao tat ca nhdng giai doan quan trpng eho tdng dng dung BIM deu dupe bao him trong sP dd.
• Cic giai doan can sap xep, bd tri theo trinh tU hop I;?.
• Mpt trong nhQng dilm quan trpng nhlt la xac djnh ludng thfing tin dUOc trao ddi trong sP dd.
Qua dd, chiing ta cd the de dang biet dupe nhdng loai thfing tin nio d n thiet eho tdng cfing vide eu the (vidy: Sfi lidu dja chat, t i i trong v..v). Ngoai ra, k i t q u i c^n dat dupe cho mdl edng vide cCing sd duoc 6i cip.
• Cd t h i nhan thay cie sP do nay deu ed the tai sd dung cho cic dU an khie, vl t h i cac sO dd can dupe luu trQ va xem xet tai nhdng thdi dilm khae nhau cCia q u i trinh i p dung BIM. Ngoai ra, cie so do cd the dupe cap nhgt va thay doi cho phii hop vdi tdng giai doan khac nhau ciia tdng d y i n . Sau khi cie so dd ehl tilt duoc hoan thanh, do chinh la nhdng co sd de kiem tra cung nhd quin ly cae cdng vide dupe tien hanh mdt each ehinh xie va hpp ly.
BIM Map level 2: Design Review
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Hinh 4: Phan tfch kit ciu 'CAN BO QUAN LY XAY Dl^JG VA OO THI
• Nhdng thdng tin d n t h i l t p h i i dgt dupe (thdng tin d i u vio, d i u ra); ehUPng trinh md hlnh v i mdc dd chfnh xie cQa md hinh.
• Chi rd don vj cung cap va chju trich nhiem vdi cic thfing tin ddpc dua vao sddung (kiln tnic su, ky sU, cae nha t h i u v..v).
4. Phiit trien nen t i n g cho viec ihig dung BIM D i y l i budc cufii cQng cQa ehiln lupc phat t r i l n BIM, p h l n niy bao gdm 2 mye ldn, dd l i sU thay doi v l q u i trinh sin xuat va viec l i p nhdng nhdm thyc thi g i i i p h i p BIM.
a. Qud trinh sdn xuat
Theo nhu Kymmell (2008), vide ning eao kha nang hpp t i e v i giao tiep gida cae nhdm tham gia dy an trong q u i trinh xiy ddng v i k i t hpp cac md hinh chfnh la sU sfing edn d i m bao eho vide t h i n h cdng cQa gial p h i p BIM. Vdl g l i l p h i p BIM, thdng thudng sd ed mfit n h i t h i u thay mat chQ dau tQ chuydn ve viee q u i n ly v i c i p nhat md hinh v i k i t ndi cie bdn lidn quan.
Cie nhdm xiy dyng md hlnh cCing d n thudng xuyen gap nhau 6e dda ra cac phuong i n cung nhU dfing gfip ^ kiln cho vide xiy dung mfi hinh. D i l u nay khic vdi phuong thdc hidn nay khi cie n h i thau sd lidn lac thfing qua qua chQ dau tU hoic n h i thau chinh. Dieu nay ed k h i n i n g g i i m thieu dfi chfnh xac cda eae thdng tin dupe eung cap bdi cic n h i nhdm thfing qua chd d i u tu.
V i n de thd 2 trong vide thay dfii cich sin xuat la
sy Qng dyng cac edng cu, p h i n m i m Qng dung BIM.
Hidn nay, dViet Nam cQng nhu trdn the gidi cd 2 p h l n mem ndi t i l n g cho md hinh k i t c l u liTekla Structure v i Revlt Structure. Day d i u l i nhdng p h l n mem da va dang ddpc dng dyng tai nhilu edng ty trong nude.
Tuy nhien, bat ki phan m i m n i o dupe sd dyng, Cfing ty A deu d n t h i l t p h i i nang cap va trang bi he thdng miy tfnh v i he thdng truyin t i i dQ lidu eho phu hpp vdi ydu eau cQa cdng vide. Mue dieh cQa vide nang e l p nay de d i m b i o cho vide hop tac va truyin t i i thfing tin gida eie bdn tham gia dU i n dupe n i n g eao mdt cich d i n g ke.
b. Van decon ngUtfi
Cd 3 y l u tfi d n quan t i m trUdc tidn do la: Lya chpn eie t h i n h vidn trong nhdm dng dung BIM, td chdc cac thanh vidn va dao tao.
Trudc tien la viec lua chpn cic thanh vidn, theo y kiln t i c g i i , eic thinh vien trong nhdm khdng can thiet p h i i toan bfi l i nhdng nhan vien cd kinh nghidm Iiu nam hoic nhdng nhan vidn quan trpng cQa trung tam. Thay vao dd trung tam ndn k i t hpp nhdng nhan vidn cd trinh dfi va nhdng nhin vidn trd cd nhidt huyit va tinh than hpc hfii. Hon nda, trong qua trinh thd nghidm, Cdng ty A van cin d i m b i o hogt ddng binh thudng d nhdng edng vide khie. Tuy nhien, theo Sign (2011), trudng nhdm thuc hidn can thiet la thanh vien quan trpng cQa Cdng ty, ed kiln thQe v i kinh nghidm trong ITnh vUc t h i l t ke; tidu chi lua chpn cac t h i n h vidn
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theo Kymmell (2008) la cau t i l n , nang ddng, hpp tac va Tilng Anh.
Diem thd hai la to chdc nhdm cfing tic. Nhdm lam vide can dupe td chdc de dam bao cho tat ca cac thanh vien deu rfi rang ve trach nhiem ciia minh va vai tro eiia minh trong nhdm. Cau tnic nhdm ciing can xay dyng dya tren khi nang thUc te ciia tdng thanh vien va dieu quan trong nhat van la sy cpng tac, ho trO va lien lac gida cac thanh vidn. Van hda lam viec trong nhdm la van hda ho trp vl muc dich chung (Task Culture), d i l u nay gdp phan nang cao -^ thdc va trach nhiem cQa tdng thanh vien va la dfing luc de cac thanh vien cd the vUOt qua nhdng khd khan cung nhU bd ngd cho viec Qng dung giii p h i p BIM. Mot diem can lUu y dd l i , hau h i t eic thanh vidn trong nhom deu chUa ed hoac cd rat it kinh nghidm trong ITnh vue BIM, ehinh vi the vai tro cda trUdng nhdm la rat quan trong trong vide theo ddi, ddn dfic va dpng vien cac thanh vien mfit each sat sao.
Cudi eung la vide dao tgo ky nang sd dung phan edng va phln mem cho cac thanh vidn. NhU da biet, giii phap BIM se sd dung he phan mem hoan toan mdi vdi tU duy lam vide khic han so vdi phuong thdc hidn hanh. Cac thanh vien sd hoan toan thUe hidn vide xay dyng mfi hinh sd dyng cic phan mem md phdng 3D (Revit, TekIa v.v..).
Tit c i cac ban ve phue vu cho cdng t i c thiet ke co sd va thiet ke thi cdng deu dUOc t y dpng xuat bin t d md hinh 3D. Cfing viec cCia cac ky sU liie nay la hieu chfnh ban vd xuat ra td mfi h'mh 3D eho phu hpp vdi ydu d u . ThUc te chdng minh r§ng viec lap md hinh 3D hoan toan khong phdc tap hon so vdl each lam hien tgi (trien khai cac ban ve 2D bang AutoCad) tham chi cd phan de dang hon vi tinh true quan va cac cong cu ho trO tot hOn. Tuy nhidn, van can cd thdi gian v i kinh phi nhat dmh de cac ky sU cd the sd dyng mdt each thanh thao v i trOn tru cac phan mem 3D nay.
Sau khi hoan thanh mdt dU an, vdi kinh nghiem tich luy, nhdm nghiem hoan toan dii kha nang truyen dat lai nhdng kiln thdc va kinh nghiem cho cac nhan vien khae trong toan Trung tam. Bieu quan trpng nda la kha nang lam vide vdi cfing nghd mdi trong mdi trudng hop tac (collaboration) va mdi trUdng nhdm (team w/ork) se dupe nang Ien dang ke. Vi dy, nhUng cude hpp thudng kl hoac hop t d xa thdng qua he thong Video Conference se dUOc sddung.
Khi BIM da dUOe dUa v i o sd dung nhU mfit phuong thdc lam vide mdi tai trung tam, giai doan cudi cung la giai doan ddng bang trang thai hidn tai (refreezing at the new level). Muc tidu cua giai doan nay la ciing co va tang cddng nhdng kit q u i da dat dupe sau khi ap dung giai phap BIM. Can tao ra mdt moi trUdng lam viec thoai mai va cdi md de khfch le cac nhan vien cd the de dang trao dfii cic van de ve cdng viec va dac bidt la ve giai phap BIM. Qua do mpi ngUdi se nhan ra tam quan trong va
tuong lai tUPl sang ma edng nghe BIM sd mang Igl cho tdng ca nhan cung nhu cho c i tap the. Dat dupc dieu nayi tQc la toan bp nhin vien se ed trich nhidm va ddng lUc cCing nhau phat trien giai p h i p B!M trong toan TT, nhU vay Trung Tam da h o i n toan thanh cdng trong vide Qng dung BIM vao day chuyen sin xuat cda minh.
Tren day la bai viet trinh bay ve mdt phUong phap v i qua trinh de ap dyng giai phap BIM vao trong cfing ty, lay hinh mau l i Cfing ty A (chuydn nganh tUvan thiet ke k i t cau cfing trinh). Bai v i l t nay vdl myc dieh cung d p mdt cai nhin tong t h i ve cac budc va ydu d u cQa tdng budc trong qua trinh ap dyng g i i i phap BIM. Hgn che cua bai viet chinh la sd t h i l u kinh nghiem thdc t l cQa t i e gii trong linh vyc BIM, hau h i t kiln thdc trong bai dupc tich IQy va nghien edu dya trdn cic tai lieu, bai bao hPn la dya tren cie kmh nghiem thUc te. Chinh vi the, dfii chd cd the kem phu hpp vdi thye te. Chien luoc dupe de cap ehung, khdng gan vdi dy an cy the nio. Tuy nhien, chien lupc de ra cd the xem xet la xdPng sdng cho sU ap dyng BIM vao mdt to ehde nao do.
*Cue Quin iy Hoat dpng xay dtfng - Bp Xiy dtfng
Tai lieu tham khio
1 Eastman, C, Teieholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K.
(2011). BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modelling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors (2nd Edition ed.). New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, inc
2 Kymmell, W. (2008). Building Information Modeling:
Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3 Singh, V, Gu, N., & Wang, X (2011). A theoretical frameworkofaBIM-based multi-disciplinary collaboration platform. Automation in Construction 20.134-144.
4 CIC Research Group, 2010. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide [e-book]. Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University. Available at: <www.engr.psu.edu/ae/cic/bimex/> [Accessed June 2012].
5 BIM Manager. Process Map: BIM Model exchange.
Available at: <http://www.bimmanager.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/11/BiM-Process-Exehange-IDM.
pdf> [Accessed: June 2012]
6 Naoum, S. (2001). People and organizational management in construction. London: Thomas Telford .
7 2 HOC VI^N CAN BO QUAN LY XAY DL/NG VA DO THj
