LUAT
DIEU KIEN AP DUNG CHI DINH THAU
• • •
XAY LAP - KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE VA KHUYEN NGHI DOI V6l VIET NAM
NGUYEN HUTU MANH
TOM TAT:
De phat huy hieu qua dau thau, thong le qudc te luon htfdng tdi viec to chiJc dau thau c6 tinh canh tranh cao. Vi vay, hinh thiJc chi dinh thau la hinh thiJc khong c6 tinh canh tranh, chi difdc ap dung trong nhi?ng tnfdng hdp he't siJc dac biet. Bai viet nay de cap mot so" quy dinh ve ap dung chi dinh thau theo thong le qud'c te. Tren cd sd do, de xua't mot so'khuye'n nghi ve bo ban miJc du'dc ap dung chi dinh thau; yeu cau cong khai tren mang dau thau qudc gia cac trUdng hdp chi dinh thau; tang cu'dng giam sat ben trong va ben ngoai do'i vdi toan bo qua trinh dau thau; xu* ly nghiem cac hanh vi vi pham chi dinh thau.
Tuf khoa: Dau thau, chi dinh thau, ban miJc chi dinh thau.
1. Dat vafn d^
De lijfa chon nha thau thifc hien cac cong trinh xay difng, c6 nhieu hinh thiJc difdc can nhac lifa chon. Hinh thiJc dau thau rong rai la hinh thiJc khong han che cac nha thau difdc tham gia canh tranh, qua do nang cao hieu qua kinh te' cua hoat dong dau thau. Ve nguyen tac, hinh thiJc dau thau rong rai du'dc vtu tien ap dung, cac hinh thtfc khac chi du"dc ap dung khi du dieu kien ap dung nhat dinh. Trong thifc te', hinh thiJc chi dinh thau khong CO su* canh tranh, c6 hieu qua tiet kiem ngan sach tha'p lai du'dc ap dung phd bien. Bai viet nay de cap mot so' quy dinh ve ap dung chi dinh thau theo thong le quoc te'. Tren cd sd do, de xua't mot so' khuye'n nghi hoan thien phap luat va ap dung phap luat ve chi dinh thau d Viet Nam hien nay.
2. Kinh nghigm qu6'c td'v^ di^u kien ap dung chi dinh than xay lap
Theo Luat mau ve dau thau cua Uy ban Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Thifdng mai qudc te (UNCITRAL, 2011), hinh thiJc chi dinh thau du'dc
ap dung khi: ddi tu'dng mua sam chi c6 mot nha thau CO doc quyen cung iJng va khong c6 each nao thay the'; hoac do su' cd, c6 nhu cau cap bach ddi vdi cong tnnh xay lap, khong c6 thdi gian de ap dung cac phu'dng thiJc dau thau khac; hoac do sif tu'dng thich, dong bo vdi cong viec mua sam tnidc day; hoac vi bao ve an ninh thiet yeu qudc gia; hoac theo yeu cau cua mot cd quan nha nu'dc cd tham quyen, cd thong bao cong khai viec ap dung chi dinh thau de thiTc hien chinh sach kinh te xa hoi, vdi dieu kien khong cd nha thau khac thuc day chinh sach do.
Theo Hiep dinh mua sam cong cua To chiJc thu-dng mai qudc te (WTO, 2012), hinh thiJc chi dinh thau chi ap dung trong nhiTng trifdng hdp het siJc dac biet, nhif: khong cd nha thau nao tham gia dau thau rong rai hay dau thau han che, hoac khi cac ho sd duf thau du'dc nop la thdng thau, hoac khdng dap iJng du'dc cac yeu cau cd ban cua hd sd mdi thau, hoac cac nha thau khdng tuan thu cac dieu kien tham gia; hoac vi ly do cap bach, khdng the ap dung hinh thiJc dau thau rdng rai hay dau
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thau han che; hoac khi md rdng ddi vdi hdp ddng dang thifc hien, viec lap dat bdi mot nha thau khac khdng dap iJng cac yeu cau ve tinh tu'dng thich vdi thiet bi va dich vu hien cd; hoac khi hdp ddng duTdc trao cho ngi/di du'dc giai trong cac cuoc thi thiet ke; hoac cac cdng trinh nghe thuat chi cd the du'dc cung cap bdi mot nha thau cu the; hoac khi cac gdi thau xay lap bd' sung hoac gdi thau xay lap tu'dng t\X nhif gdi thau da hoac dang du'dc nha thau thifc hien.
Theo quy dinh ve dau thau khi svt dung vd'n vay cua Ngan hang Phat trien chau A (ADB, 2015), hinh thiJc hdp ddng trifc tiep cd the du'dc ap dung khi cac cdng trinh xay lap du'dc thiTc hien la su" keo dai tif nhien cua mot cdng viec tru'dc day, hoac dang thiTc hien va cd the chi^ng minh rang viec thue tiep nha thau cii se tiet kiem hdn va se bao dam tinh tifdng thich trong ket qua cha't lifdng cdng viec hoac trong trifdng hdp ngoai le de khac phuc hau qua thien tai va cac tnTdng hdp khan cap.
Theo hu'dng din ve dau thau cua Cd quan Hdp tac Qud'c te Nhat Ban (JICA, 2012), hinh thiJc chi dinh thau cd the du'dc ap dung trong tru'dng hdp mua sam khan cap. Theo quy dinh ve dau thau khi sur dung ngudn vd'n cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB, 2017), hinh thiJc chi dinh thau ap dung khi: (1) mot hdp ddng xay lap hien tai, cd the du'dc ngan hang chap nhan them gdi thau cd tinh chat tu'dng tif, neu nd la hdp ly; khdng cd Idi the' nao cd the dat du'dc thdng qua canh tranh; va gia cua hdp ddng bd sung la hdp ly; (2) cd mot yeu cau chinh dang de giao cho nha thau da hoan thanh mot hdp ddng tru'dc dd, trong vdng 12 thang, de thUc hien mot hdp ddng cd hinh thiJc tu'dng ty va cac bang chi^ng cho tha'y rang cdng ty thifc hien thda dang trong hdp ddng trifdc, khdng cd Idi the cd the thu difdc bdi canh tranh; va gia hdp ddng trifc tiep la hdp ly; (3) theo nhu' ke hoach mua sam, viec dau thau dat du'dc gia tri tha'p; (4) tnfdng hdp khan cap. Trong tat ca cac tru'dng hdp chi dinh thau phai dam bao rang: gia ca hdp ly va phu hdp vdi miJc gia thi tru'dng dd'i vdi cac mat hang tu'dng tif; va khdng du'dc phan chia thanh cac gdi thau nhd hdn, de tranh da'u thau canh tranh.
^ Nhu" vay, cac tru'dng hdp du'dc ap dung chi dinh thau theo quy dinh cua cac td chtfc qud'c te, ngan hang qudc te thu'dng gdm cd:
Thi^ nhat, khi chi cd mot nha thau cung iJng vi cac ly do nhat dinh, nhu': khi khdng cd nha thau
nao tham gia da'u thau rdng rai hay da'u thau ban che, hoac khdng dap iJng du'dc cac yeu cau cd ban cua hd sd mdi thau, hoac cac nha thau khdng tuan thu cac dieu kien tham gia; hoac khi dd'i tifdng mua sam chi cd mot nha thau cd doc quyen cung iJng va khdng cd each nao thay the; hoac khi hdp ddng du'dc trao cho ngu'di du'dc giai trong cac cuoc thi thiet ke; hoac cac cdng tnnh nghe thuat chi cd the duTdc cung cap bdi mot nha thau cu the.
Thvc hai, khi phai chon nha thau da thifc hien tnfdc day de bao dam sif tu'dng thich, ddng bd vdi cdng trinh xay difng tnfdc day; hoac khi cac gdi thau xay lap bd sung hoac gdi thau xay lap tufdng tif nhu" gdi thau da hoac dang difdc nha thau thifc hien, de tie't kiem chi phi td chiJc da'u thau.
Thic ba, khi phai chon ngay mot nha thau vi ly do khan cap, cap bach khdng cd thdi gian de ap dung cac phifdng thiJc da'u thau khac.
ThiJt tu, vi cac yeu cau dac biet cua nha nifdc, nhifbao ve an ninh thiet yeu qud'c gia; hoac theo yeu cau cua mot cd quan nha nifdc cd tham quyen, cd thdng bao cdng khai viec ap dung chi dinh thau de thifc hien chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi, vdi dieu kien khdng cd nha thau khac thiic day chinh sach dd.
Ngoai quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua ben td chiJc da'u thau trong viec lifa chon hinh thiJc chi dinh thau, cac td chiJc qud'c te va cac ngan hang qudc te cdn quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua ben td chiJc dau thau giai trinh, chiJug minh cac can ctJ khi ap dung hinh thufc chi dinh thau, quy dinh viec tham dinh va phe duyet ddi vdi phu'dng an lya chon hinh thufc chi dinh thau do ben ben mdi thau de xua't. Viec tham dinh la cd sd de ngifdi cd tham quyen hoac td chiJc tai trd vd'n phe duyet hinh phifdng an lifa chon hinh thiJc chi dinh thau, nham ngan ngufa hanh vi lifa chon khdng dung hinh thiJc dau thau phii hdp.
3. Quy dinh phap luat va thrfc tiln ap dung chi dinh thau xSy lap d Vi$t Nam
Theo Dieu 22 Luat Da'u thau 2013, chi dinh thau difdc ap dung trong cac tru'dng hdp sau: (1) Gdi thau can thifc hien de khac phuc ngay hoac de xu' ly kip thdi hau qua gay ra do sif cd' bat kha khang; gdi thau can thifc hien de bao dam bi mat nha nu'dc; gdi thau can trien khai ngay de tranh gay nguy hai trifc tiep den tinh mang, siJc khde va tai san cua cdng ddng dan cUtren dia ban hoac de khdng anh hifdng nghiem trong den cdng tnnh lien ke; (2) Gdi thau ca'p bach can trien khai nham muc
LUAT
tieu bao ve chu quyen qudc gia, bien gidi qudc gia, hai dao; (3) Gdi thau xay difng tifdng dai, phii dieu, tac pham nghe thuat gan vdi quyen tac gia tiJf khau sang tac den thi cdng cdng trinh; (4) Gdi thau cd gia trong ban miJc du'dc ap dung chi dinh thau theo quy dinh cua Chinh phu. Theo Nghi dinh sd' 63/20I4/ND-CP ngay 26/6/2014 quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh mot sd' dieu cua Luat Da'u thau ve lifa chon nha thau, han miJc nay difdc quy dinh dd'i vdi gdi thau xay lap khdng qua 01 ty ddng.
Trong thifc tiln, hinh thiJc chi dinh thau du'dc ap dung phd bien. Theo sd lieu tdng hdp cua Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu", hinh thuTc chi dinh thau nam 2017 chiem ty le cao vdi 153.287 gdi thau (chiem 69,21% tdng sd gdi thau), gia tri tiet kiem cua cac gdi thau theo hinh thiJc chi dinh thau dat tha'p nhat tiet kiem chi 1.954 ty ddng, tu'dng du-dng 2,6%
(BIch Thao, 2018).
Hau qua cua viec lam dung hinh thiJc chi dinh thau xay lap anh hifdng den chi ngan sach nha nifdc, de^n Idi ich hdp phap cua cac nha thau tham gia da'u thau, den mdi tnfdng kinh doanh va Idi ich cua ngu'di su: dung cdng trinh. Neu nhU hinh thiJc da'u thau rdng rai, cd sif canh tranh giiJa cac nha thau ve gia, ty le tiet kiem ngan sach cao, thi hinh thiJc chi dinh thau, do ban chat khdng cd sif canh tranh, nen ty le tiet kiem tha'p. Hien tu'dng lam dung hinh thiJc chi dinh thau ciing xam hai den quyen tif do difdc tham gia da'u thau, quyen difdc canh tranh de gianh viec thifc thi gdi thau. Nhieu nha thau cd du dieu kien, nang life thifc hien cdng tnnh xay lap deu khdng difdc tham gia. Chi cd nha thau du'dc chu dau tif lifa chon du'dc thifc hien cdng tnnh xay lap. Viec mat di cac cd hdi tham gia da'u thau cung la mat di cac cd hdi kinh doanh cua cac nha thau xay difng. Cd hdi tham gia it di, ddng nghia vdi thu nhap giam siit, ganh nang ve lu'dng nhan vien, lai tra ngan hang, chi tieu Idi nhuan...
lam cho cac nhan vien quan ly, dieu hanh doanh nghiep phai tim moi each nham xoay chuyen tinh the', tim moi each lien lac, thdng ddng vdi chu dau tif de du'dc chi dinh thau. Hinh thtfc chi dinh thau, do khdng cd sif tham gia canh tranh cua cac nha thau, nen khdng cd sif so sanh de lifa chon cac nha thau cd nang life, kinh nghiem va phifdng phap thi cdng tdi ifu. Them vao do, y lai vao mdi quan he vdi chu dau tif difdc tao ra tif tnfdc khi nhan thau cdng tnnh, nen nha thau thifdng thi cdng vdi chat lu'dng khdng td't. Nhffng cdng trinh xay difng.
thifdng cd thdi gian suf dung dai, cang tao tam ly nang ne cho ngu'di su' dung, khi phai su' dung cac cdng trinh xay difng kem chat lu'dng.
Hien tifdng ap dung phd bien hinh thffc chi dinh thau bat ngudn tff mot sd nguyen nhan sau:
ThvC nhat, do quy dinh ban mffc dffdc ap dung chi dinh thau chffa phu hdp. Theo quy dinh, cac gdi thau xay lap cd gia tri khdng qua 1 ty ddng van dffdc ap dung chi dinh thau mac du khdng thuoc cac trffdng hdp vi ly do cap bach, khan cap hay sff ddng bd ve ky thuat cua gdi thau. Chu dau tff cd nhieu each ly giai khac nhau de bien minh cho tinh phu hdp, sff hdp ly ve viec chia nhd gdi thau.
Thvchai, hien tffdng ap dung hinh thffc chi dinh thau phd bien cdn do cd che' giam sat trong da'u thau xay lap chffa hieu qua. Quy trinh da'u thau gan nhff khep kin, mdi chi cd giam sat tff ben trong cua td chffc tham dinh va ngffdi cd tham quyen ddi vdi ke hoach da'u thau, chffa cd cd che' giam sat tff ben ngoai dd'i vdi qua trinh da'u thau. Phap luat ciing khdng cd quy dinh bat budc cdng khai thdng tin ve cac gdi chi dinh thau tren mang da'u thau qud'c gia de tao cd sd cho viec giam sat dd'i vdi cac gdi chi dinh thau trai phap luat. Theo bao cao tdng ket cua Bd Ke'hoach va Dau tff, hoat ddng thanh tra, kiem tra da'u thau chffa nhieu, chffa dffdc coi trong dung mffc, ndi dung kiem tra da'u thau chu yeu long ghep trong boat ddng thanh tra, kiem tra tdng the ve dau tff xay dffng cd ban. Cac cuoc thanh tra, kiem tra cdn ban che' ve thdi gian, nhan life va chu yeu thffc hien thdng qua cac bao cao cung nhff Iffa chon ngau nhien ddn vi hoac dff an de kiem tra.
- Thvc ba, viec xff ly hanh vi ap dung chi dinh thau trai phap luat chffa hieu qua. Giai doan trffdc day, Bd luat Hinh sff 1999 chffa quy dinh cu the ve tdi pham trong ITnh vffc da'u thau va dau tff xay dffng. Mot sd' trffdng hdp cd hanh vi vi pham ve lam dung chi dinh thau sai quy dinh dffdc quy vao Tdi cd' y lam trai quy dinh ciia Nha nffdc ve quan ly kinh te gay hau qua nghiem trong; Tdi Idi dung chffc vu, quyen ban trong khi thi hanh cdng vu. Tdi vi pham quy dinh ve da'u thau gay hau qua nghiem trong mdi dffdc quy dinh trong Bd luat Hinh sff 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017) bat dau cd hieu life tff ngay 01/01/2018. Viec xff ly hanh chinh cffng gap khd khan, khi phat hien ra vi pham thi viec dau thau da thffc hien xong, thdi hieu xff ly vi pham hanh chinh da bet. Viec xff ly ky luat dd'i vdi hanh vi
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vi pham khdng phat huy tac dung ran de, phdng ngffa vi pham.
4. Khuyen nghi do'i \6\ Viet Nam
Thii: nhat, de phu hdp vdi thdng le qud'c te, can bd han mffc ap dung chi dinh thau va bd sung trffdng hdp chi dinh thau, nhff: trffdng hdp chi cd mot nha thau hdp le tham dff, cac gdi thau xay lap do nha thau dang thffc hien gdi thau tffdng tff hoac gdi thau bd sung can sff ddng bd vdi cdng trinh dang hoac da thffc hien. Neu bd ban mffc ap dung chi dinh thau, cac gdi thau xay lap trffdc day ap dung chi dinh thau se ap dung hinh thffc da'u thau khac cd tinh canh tranh cao hdn, mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao hdn, tao dieu kien cho nhieu nha thau cd cd hdi tham gia canh tranh de nhan thau. Ne'u nhff trffdc day cho rang dd'i vdi gdi thau gia tri nhd thi ap dung chi dinh thau cd Idi hdn do thu tuc dau thau canh tranh tdn kem hdn. Thi gid day, ne'u bd ban mffc chi dinh thau, ket hdp vdi thffc hien dau thau qua mang dien tff, chi phi cho cho td chffc da'u thau canh tranh ciing khdng cdn tdn kem.
Thvchai, dd'i vdi cac gdi thau ap dung hinh thffc chi dinh thau, can bat budc cdng khai tren mang da'u thau qud'c gia cac thdng tin chi tiet de tao sff minh bach va tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho boat ddng giam sat.
Thic ba, can xay dffng cd che giam sat ndi bd va giam sat ddc lap ngoai qua trinh da'u thau dd'i vdi cac trffdng hdp ap dung chi dinh thau. Giam sat ndi bd dffdc thffc hien thdng qua viec giam sat cua chinh ddn vi va cac nhan vien trong ddn vi dd'i vdi hanh vi va quyet dinh cua ngffdi trffc tiep tham gia vao da'u thau, nhff: ngffdi cd tham quyen, ngffdi dai dien chu dau tff, ngffdi dai dien doanh nghiep tham gia da'u thau... De giam sat hanh vi cua ngffdi trffc tiep tham gia vao da'u thau, ddn vi phai cd quy trinh rd rang, chi tiet ve viec td chffc da'u thau va tham gia vao da'u thau; thffc hien cd che thdng ke, Iffu trff thdng tin, dff heu va cdng khai, minh bach trong ndi bd ddn vi, cdng khai vdi ben ngoai; phat huy vai trd cua cac td chffc kiem soat, kiem toan ndi bd trong ddn vi; tao cd che thuan Idi cho viec ngffdi trong ddn vi td cao cac hanh vi vi pham;
Giam sat ndi bd cdn dffdc thffc hien bdi sff giam sat lin nhau giffa cac chu the tham gia vao qua trinh da'u thau. Bang viec truy cffu trach nhiem rd rang, cac chu the se giam sat boat ddng lln nhau. Cac chu the tham gia vao ben td chffc dau thau cung giam sat Ian nhau, cac nha thau tham dff cung
giam sat lln nhau va cac nha thau giam sat hoat ddng cua ben td chffc da'u thau. Giam sat tff ben ngoai den qua trinh da'u thau bang boat ddng giam sat cua cd quan quan ly chuyen nganh ve da'u thau, cd quan thanh tra, cd quan kiem toan, cd quan dan cff, cac hiep hdi va cdng ddng xa hdi. Neu cac di?
lieu cd ban trong da'u thau dffdc cdng khai, minh bach thi vdi sff giam sat tff ben trong va ben ngoai dd'i vdi cuoc thau se loai trff hoac giup phat hien dffdc cac hanh vi vi pham.
Thic tu, khi phat hien vi pham phap luat ve chi dinh thau, can xff ly nghiem de phdng ngffa chung dd'i vdi cac hanh vi vi pham loai nay. Theo Dieu 222 Bd luat Hinh sff 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017) va Diem h, k Khoan 6 Dieu 89 Luat Da'u thau 2013, hanh vi Iffa chon hinh thffc da'u thau khdng phai la hinh thffc da'u thau rdng rai khi khdng du cac dieu kien do phap luat quy dinh;
hoac hanh vi chia nhd cac gdi thau nham muc dich ap dung chi dinh thau cd the quy vao Tdi vi pham quy dinh ve da'u thau gay hau qua nghiem trong.
Trffdng hdp gay thiet hai tff 100.000.000 ddng den dffdi 300.000.000 ddng hoac dffdi 100.000.000 ddng nhffng da bi xff ly ky luat ve hanh vi nay ma cdn vi pham, thi bi phat cai tao khdng giam giff de'n 03 nam hoac phat tu tff 01 nam den 05 nam.
Trffdng hdp vi vu Idi; hoac pham tdi cd td chffc;
hoac Idi dung chffc vu, quyen ban; hoac dung thu doan tinh vi, xao quyet; hoac gay thiet hai tff 300.000.000 ddng de'n dffdi 1.000.000.000 ddng, thi bi phat tu tff 03 nam den 12 nam. Pham tdi gay thiet hai 1.000.000.000 ddng trd len, thi bi phat tii tff 10 nam den 20 nam. Ngffdi pham tdi cdn cd the bi cam dam nhiem chffc vu hoac lam cdng viec nhat dinh tff 01 nam den 05 nam hoac tich thu mot phan hoac toan bd tai san. Viec xff ly vi pham hanh chinh ve Iffa ebon hinh thffc da'u thau xay lap ap dung theo Nghi dinh sd 50/2016/ND-CP ngay 01/06/2016 cua Chinh phu quy dinh ve xff phat vi pham hanh chinh trong linh vffc ke' hoach va dau tff. Theo dd, chi cd hanh vi cd y chia quy md cac gdi thau khdng dap ffng yeu cau ve tinh chat ky thuat, trinh tff thffc hien, tinh ddng bd cua dff an de ap dung hinh thffc chi dinh thau, bi phat tien tff 20.000.000 ddng den 30.000.000 ddng. Ngoai trach nhiem hinh sff hoac trach nhiem hanh chinh, can bd, cdng chffc, vien chffc nha nffdc cd hanh vi chi dinh thau sai quy dinh can phai chiu trach nhiem ky luat •
LUAT
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. JiDB (2015), User's guide to procurement, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.
2. Bo luat Hinh su 2015 (sijCa doi, bo sung nam 2017).
3. JICA (2012), Handbook for Procurement under Japanese ODA Loans.
4. Luat Dau thau 2013.
5. Nghi dinh so 63/2014/ND-CP ngdy 26/6/2014 cua Chinhphu. Quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh mot sddieu cua Luat Dau thau ve lyCa chon nhd thau.
6. Nghi dinh sd 50/2016/ND-CP ngdy 01/06/2016 cua Chinh phu quy dinh ve xu; phat vi pham hanh chinh trong linh vUc ke hoach vd dau tu.
7. UNCITRAL (2011), Modal law on public procurement, UN, New York.
8. Bich Thao (2018), Nam 2017: Tiet kiem han 39.000 ty qua dau thau, http://baodauthau.vn/dau- thau/nam-2017-tiet-kiem-hon-39000-ty-qua-dau-thau-75009.html. Truy cap ngdy 23/7/2018 14:00.
9. World Bank (2017), Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers, Published April 2017 Second Edition.
10. WTO (2012), Revised Agreement on Government Procurement.
Ngay nhan bai: 8/10/2018
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va suTa chfifa: 18/10/2018 Ngay chap nh^n dang bai: 28/10/2018
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. NGUYEN H0U MANH
Khoa Luat - Trrfcfng Dai hoc Kinh te'Qudc dan
CONDITIONS FOR USING THE DIRECT PROCUREMENT IN CONSTRUCTION: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM
• Master. NGUYEN HUU MANH
Faculty of Law, National Economics University
ABSTRACT:
International practices of procurements always strive to creat competitive and effective bids.
As a result, the direct contracting is not a competitive bidding method. This bidding method is only used in very special cases. This paper is to present some regulations of the direct contracting under international practices, thereby proposing some recommendations on removing the ceilings for direct procurement, publishing the bidding requirements of direct procurements on the national procurement website, enhancing internal and external supervision of the whole procurement process and strictly handUng violations of the direct procurement process.
Keywords: Procurement, direct contracting, ceiUngs for direct procurement.
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