46 W-'
506-2014 DiflfyaHpcDoi dieu nhan thufc ve Thof Dirofng
& trircfng THCS
D4.NG THIEM
" A "
^ I c l
Imanch nhOng ndn vdn minh thd gidi" (Nhd xudt I b i n Vdn hda Thdng tin, Hd Ndi 1999) c6 hSn mdt ichUPng trinh ddnh gia; "THO D'UONG - D I N H CAO N G O N NGi^ V A N M I N H N H A N LOAI"; Coi dd Id "Bilu tUpng huy hoang..dgt tdi dinh thdng hoa". La "Sy than dieu tdi hoa trong sang tgo ngdn ngCT (trang 1280).
That khd cdn Idi ndo eao hdn! Thdnh tyu cQa Dudng thi da vupt ra ngodi khudn khd qudc gia, ddn tdc, vupt trgn tdm di s i n van hda, dgt tdi dp Van mmh nhdn logi!
Thd DUdng ma Almanach de cgp tdi Id tho Dudng cQa cdc thi sT ddi Dudng chQ yeu vdi t h i thd lugt Dudng nhU tuyet cQ (tQ tuygt) bdt cu, ngu ngdn vd that ngdn.
NhQng thdnh tyu cua Dudng thi ve npi dung va hinh thQc deu dupc ddi sau tilp ndi. Nd cdn tda sang tdi nhQng nen vanminhkdean, trong dded Viet Nam ehQngta, Thdnh tyu cCia tho Dudng Vigt Nam rat rpc rd trong qud khQ, ddn ndi tCing ed cau;
Vin nhQSIeu • Qudt vo tiin Hin Thi dao TOng - Tuy thit thinh DQdng!
Y ndi Van nhu Nguyin Van Sidu - Cao Bd Quat thi hdn han thdi tien Hdn. Thd nhu TQng Thign Vudng vd Tuy.Ly VUdng thi bgt c l thdi thinh Dudng (!), Bdn vj nay ddu la nhQng danh nho 6 thg' kl 19. Ddnh gid nhU vay cd qud chdng (?) Nhung cQng phdn dnh mot thyc te, DUdng thi Vigt Nam da ed thdnh tyu rye rd sudt ngan ndm trong thdi kl ddc ldp tQ thd W X den XIX.
Viee dua mdt sd loai thd trung dgi Vigt Nam vao dgy tQ ldp 7. THCS khdng phai Id khdng cd If do.
Trong bdi vidt nhd nay, tdi xin dUpe trinh bdy ddi d i l u tdm dac cQa mlnh trQdc ve dgp cQa DUdng thi - Trung Qude vd Viet Nam (Hdn vd Ndm) md minh cam thy dupe.
Trudc h i t Id sy cd due cua ngdn ngQ. Thd Dudng vdn (t ChQ. Bdt cij cQng chf ed 7 x 8 = 56 ehQ. DQ cho Idm tQ tuydt trQdng thien thi cung khdng dai lam. Cho nen, moi chQ, tac gra chpn lya rdt ki, ddn dp khdng t h i khdc dupc. Khdng nhQng chpn ehO md vj trf eua chQng cung dupc edn nh^c den khong t h i d i o !
". TUdng kien bat tUdng thQc" trong "Hdi hUOng ngdu thd" la nhat djnh phai the. Phli Id luong kidn" chQ khdng thd Id: "Khdu kidn" cho du la mdt "nhi ddng" ddng trudc mgt
"lao dgi" quan tdn Hg Tn ChUdng. "IWlinh nguygt quang - dja thUdng sudng" khdng the d i o thdnh "quang minh nguyet - thuong dja sUdng dupc"! Chfnh vl le dd md ngUdi ta mdi chg eg TUdng NhU djch: Anh trang rpi - dat phu sUdng" Id khong tinh, vi dd sdng tae ra hai ddng tQ "rpi - phQ" md y nguydn tdc khdng hd cd.
Thdm bdt, thay ddi mgt tQ Id cd the xem nhU Idm hdng tinh tho, y tho, nhgc thd. Nhieu giai thogi vd chuyen nay lam. Xin ngu mgt vf dy:
Cd ngudi tQng chd edu thd cCia VUdng Bdt:
"Lge hi dQ cd vu te phi Thu thdy cgng trUdng thidn nhat sic".
la thQa hai ohQ "diT vd "cpng". Da "Te phi" (cQng bay) thi can gi p h l i "dQ" (cung vdi). Da "Nhdt sac"(mpt mdu) thi ro rang thQa "Cgng" (hpp Igi). Nghe rat cd If. Nhung neu chi cdn 6 ChQ:
Lge hi c6 vu te phi Thu thdy trQdng thien nhit sic [Rdng chieu rpi, con cd cd ddn eung bay.
Nudc thu bau trdi ddi (theo sdng) mpt mau].
Tuy nhien, y vdn du nhUng tinh thd va nhgc thd mat di nhilu lam. Cdn dau ve dpp md nhd thd ung dung say ngam?
Cdu thd chuydn sang s i c budn!
Sang Vigt Nam, thd DUdng v i n kThhU vay. Trong "Nam qude sdn hd" thi "Nghieh Id" khdng the thay bang "nghich tgc - nghjeh khdu" (Vi ch! cd "nghich Id" mdi dQng vi b i n chit phan phdc cua bpn xam lupc Tdng.)
Ao cgn vdt bdo ciy muing Dia thanh phit cd Qang sen.
(Thugt hQng - Nguyen Trai) thi khdng thd them mdt chO ndo cho dQ vd ddng luat thit ngdn. Bdi them nhu vay Idm hong tinh thd vd dgng y sau xa cua tdc g i l l
Cdn nhd, cd Idn khi hpe them bai "Chldu hdm nhd nha"
cd hpc sinh thae mac: "Gac mdi" thi ngu dng lam sao ve dupc v i l n phd? Phai la "dUa mdi" hoac "diy mdi" ehQ? Thyc qua id ngdy thd hpc trd!
Trong DUdng thi, khdng ft de tdi truyen thdng: Nhin trang nhd que, t i l n bgn tren song, ngam cdnh chieu que, niii, sdng, mdy, khdi._ nhidu ehi tidt thd rat udc 1$: ngU, tilu, canh, mgc, phong, hoa, tuyet, nguyet, thi nhdn IQ k'hdch.
^r?^s°g-^°" tmssmr'im'*mM''''W^s ' i ^ j j a t«, 47
v.v... NhUng moi tde gia thudng tim dUpc cdc tQ: "dit" ndn igl rdt mdi, rdt rigng mlnh, sdng ddng ed hinh xUa.
Trong bdi "Vpng Lu Sdn bpe bd" (xa nglm thdc nQi LU) cCia L^' Bach, hinh I n h "hUOng khdi" t r i n LU Sdn thi Tug Viln da phdt hign tQ 300 ndm trudc. NhUng L? Bgch ddt vao do ChQ "Sinh" (thanh ra), "tQ ygn" (khdi Wa) khi mdt trdi chieu vdo thi canh "HQdng Id" hoan todn mdi vd dd Id phat hign cCia bdc "Tien thi".
"Trang soi cd thy" Id mdt hinh dnh cu. Nhung "Trdng Idng cd thy bdng long hoa" ciia Ho Chf Mlnh thi hodn todn la mpt phat hign mdi, bdi hai chQ "Idng" tdi tinh vd rdt ridng ay!
Chfnh vi cdc thi sTehpn chii kT nhU the, nen phdn dich la rdt khd. Ai cung biet dich vdn da khd, djch thO cdn khd hdn, dich thd Dudng Igi edng Idid nQat Tdi hoa nhu Xudn Thuy ma djch "Nguyen tieu" cua Bdc Ho van cU p h l i l i e dau xin ch|u, ty thay khdng dgt vi da tdm mdt di cdi ve ung dung, trim tTnh ma s i c sao, thda thue eCia nguydn tdc!
Sach gido khoa cong phu eat nghTa tQng chQ Id can thidt lim. Tdi nghT, khi hudng d i n tim hieu tdc phim, chQng ta khdng n§n vi bat cQ if do gl md bd qua phin quan trpng ndy.
Bai djch thd chi ndn la tham khao, ddi chieu. Phan tim hilu chfnh, ngn cdn vdo nguygn tdcl
Haiid, cdc chi tidt thd rat chpn Ipc. Cho dU Id Udc le cung
• dupe dat rat dOng chd. "Chi tiet nhd Idm nen ldc pham Idn
"chinh Id 6 chd nay". Cac chi tidt dy dQ Id t l hay ke thi chij ydu vdn la gpi, gpi cho ngUdi dpc d m thQc, elm nh§n, suy nglm. Nd vda eg the, d l ddng trpc gide nhung Igi vda da nghTa, khdi qudtvd trQu tUpng, t h i sQc cho ngudi dpc tUdng tupng, Cd le vi the md nd sdng mai qua thdi gian vdi mpi ddi tupng?
Hinh anh "CQ dau._ De dau" trong "Tinh dg tU" cua Ly Bgch Id mpt chi tiet nhu thd. T r i n trpc, trdn trd, ddm dam, vdi vpi, budn nhd, xdt xa, thUdng mlnh, v.v.. Dpng md tfnh, ddn giin ma phong phu, nhg nhdng md trTu ndng, ngin gpn ma vd cung_ d i u tQ hai cQ ddng tudng nhU Id ching can phli cdng phu suy nghT, ty nhidn b i t gdp ndy.
Trong "Hdi hUdng ngdu thU" cQa Hg Tri ChUdng, dng da chpn dupe chi tidt vd cung dat "hupng dm vd e l i ' (tleng qud khdng ddi). Phai Id ngUdI ed b i n ITnh ra sao, cd gde b i n ra sao thi mdi sau bao nhigu ndm xa qug, tQ IQc cdn
"thidu - t i l u " ddn khi gia "cdc de" (Lao dgi) tdc da ryng, ddu da hdi, bgc trang mdi v l , thi mdi dupc nhu the! Ta thay ddi ohi Id v l hinh thdc, cdi didu bdt k h i khdng trudc thdi gian, chd Idng ta dau ddu, sdng cCing qud hUOng, cd gi thay ddi dau? KHdng ty hdo vdi qug minh, Idm sao giQ dupc tidng que? Dpc ehi tiet ndy, tdi cQ nghT ddn mdt vdi
"tri thdc" qug tdi, sau g i l i phdng vdo Nam vdi thdng. Khi trd v l , c l ngdn ngQ, c l glpng ndi da Id Id tidng Sdl Gdn, den nhQng Viet K i l u sang Tay sang My mUdl nam, qudn ludn tieng Viet. Tdi Igl nghT tdi Hd ChCi tjch, bon ba gian khd, Idn dan, hogt dgng vdi cdc ddng chf ddng kfnh bac thdy sudt 30 nam rdng ndi du cdc thd tidng ma tidng que Nghp An trp trg vdn khdng ed gi ddi khdcl
"Chan trau thdi sdo", "Cdnh cd bay ddi" Id nhOng hinh I n h r^t quen thupc khdng nhQng trong thu cd kim, dan gian, bdc hpc ma trong hdi hpa cung ddu ed ft. Vgy md Vua Trdn Nhdn Tdng, vj vua anh hdng khi vidt trong "Thidn trudng van vpng":
Mvc dong dich If ngQU quy tin Bgch Id song song phi ha diin
(Trong tleng sao mye ddng, trdu vd hdt Cd trang song song hg xudng ddng),
Thi Igi d l trong ta bidt bao suy ngam. Cupe sdng cQ thd chuyen van, ngudi thong dong, vdt hdi h i . Tdt e l khdng ngQng khong nghf, cho dQ dd Id chilu mudn vd thidn nhidn nhu trong coi hU vd! Ngudi chan dan ma dupc cinh thanh binh sung tuc, vui ve nhU thd, sao khong vui sUdng, thda man. Hinh I n h ddu cdn udc Ig cQng khd?
Tdi khdng biet 6 Trung Qudc, qug cd keu trang vd nha chQa ed thinh chudng IQc n\la dem hay khdng, nhUng d ta thi khdng. Vgy md tdi cQ "sUdng" nhQng chi tidt thpc thy hU hu, ddng ma tinh, tTnh ma dpng khien tdi cQ mung lung nhU
"ddng thanh tUdng Qng", cQng IQ nhdn TrQOng Kd bang khuang.
Nguyet lac O de sQOng man thi§n..
- Da bin chung thanh dio khich thuySn (Phong Kilu dg bgc) Bai "Qua deo ngang" bd Huydn dQng khd nhieu hinh Inh udc le. Udc le hinh anh, Udc Ig am thanh. NhQng den
"DQng ehdn dQng lai" thi toi thdy "sp" qua! Phdi chdng day Id diem tan cung cua "Giang sdn cd qudc" Nhd Le - Trinh?
Ben kia "Hoanh Sdn nhat ddi" nay Id dat nUdc cQa Chua Nguyin ma bay gid Id eua hodng dd con chau hp?
Vi tam Idng "Cd qud'c tha hudng" md phai dQng Igi' Ma phal than len "Trdi - Non - Nudc"? N5i dau ddn, xdt xa don c l 6 chi tiet ndy cua ngudi cdm Ihd'y minh tU nay.,, biet xQ?
Dupe dilu di Idm "eung trung gido tap", nghTa la dQpc thang quan tidn chQc den eye dinh cua mpt nQ sT md dau thd U?
Ta cdng hieu v l tam Idng cOa Bd Huygn vdi nhd, vdi nUdc, vdi chQc tudc, thdi the nhu thd ndo?
Dpc thp DUdng khdng t h i khong quan tdm tdi ^ ngodi Idi, bdi cdc tac g i l deu kfn ddo gQi gIm nhU the va chae chan la mong ngudi dpc hilu nhU thd. hdn the!
Xuan mien tmt giic hieu XQ xQ van de diiu Dg lai phong vQ thanh Hoa lge tri da thiiu.
Mgnh Hgo Nhign (Gidc xuan ddu bidt sdng Ndi ndi nghe chim keu Dem qua - tidng mua gid Biet hoa rgng ft nhieul).
Tdi xin tgm dieh nhuvdychothdtsdtj, sdt idi. Ddu phli eg Mgnh chi ta mgt sang xudn. Tgi sao ngQ say khdng bidt trdi sang luc ndo ma lai nghe dQpc tieng chim keu khap ndi?
Nhd thd khdng mudn thQc cung xudn? Khdng mudn ddn xuan cung chim hay nhu lu chim*? VI sao vdy? Nghe tieng gid xuan, mUa xuan, nhOng bilu tUpng truyln thdng cua dn mUa mdc, cQa hdi am tdt lanh md lai cht nghT den hoa ryng, hoa Iia canh? Neu hdi hpt Idm sao hieu dQpc dieu kf thac cda eg tidn sT trf thdc ndy giQa budi thinh DUdng?
"Dg ban quy lai nguygt man thuyin"
(Nguyen Tieu - Ho Chi Minh) NghTa hien ngdn thi qua dpp. Nhung, nghT them mdt chut thi thay rang, lam vigc, nhat Id viec qudn sy mai tdi nQa ddm thi han id p h l i nhQe dau nhUc dc, rdi mai tran chidn, tlnh thd se ra sao? Ai da cam qudn md ching nghT, Io?
Nhat Id ngUdi ay igi la tdng chi huy? Vay ma trang vdn day
(Xem tiip trang 49)
DayvaHi^ so 6-2014 mm£>
hpe sinh sd hdo hdng ddn nhdn vi nd da lam sdng ddy trong tdm trf cdc em mgt thdi hdo hung eua cha dng.
ThCf hai, tfeh hpp vdn hda ta eon dudng hOu hieu md ngudi tiily cd the sd dgng d l gidp hpc sinh khai thde van bin sdu hdn, md rpng lidn tudng d l khdm phd ddn tan cung nhQng mach ngam tu tudng eung nhU nhQng gid fri tinh td nhit cda nd. Dgy bdi thd "Din ghha cua Lorca"cba Thanh Thio ndu khdng ddt nd trong cdi phdng vdn hda ddc tnjng Tdy Ban Nha - djit nude cda cdy ddn ghita, cQa digu nhiy Flamenco va nhiing trgn dau bd - ma Thanh Thao tiep nhdn dupe td thi gidi nghg thu^t thd Lorca thi khd ed thd tim thdy sy lign hg cua nhdng hinh Inh tudng chQng nhU rdi rge: tiing dan bgt nudc. io choing dd git, ving tring, y&n ngUa, tiing hit ngheu ngao, glgt ni^
mit ving tring, li bOa cd gil Di-gan.. vi thd cung se Wid cd the cam nhan dupe hinh tupng Lorca in dam trong tdc phim. Bdi le vdi Dan ghita cda Lorca da cd m$t ddng ehly vdn hda xuygn tham tQTdy Ban Nha qua Thd Lorca rdi ddn vdi Thd Thanh Thio. Ciing nhU vay, khi dgy thd Hai-cU-thI thP linh digu cQa Nhdt Bin, hpc sinh se khd hilu hit y nghTa sdu thim cQa moi bdi thd ndu nhU ngudi thdy ehi chuygn chil vdo vdn b i n md khdng 6%\ nd trong mdi lien hg vdi ve dep nguyin sd, trong trio, tjch lang cQa Thien hpe Nhat Bin vd nhQng elm thdc thdm mT ddc trQng trong vdn hda Nhat nhu sabi (ving Idng), vi/abi{6gn sd), fcarum/(nhp nhdng), shi-o-ri (mIm mai)...
Thd ba, dgy hpc vdn tQ cdi nhin van hda se giup e l thdy ian trd cd thi ndng cao hilu biet, md r§ng tim nhin. Ndu chi dQng Igi trong khudn khd vdn bin, kidn thQc cda thIy vd trd cQng chi gidi hgn trong mgt phgm vi nhd hgp. Trong khi dd neu md rgng ra theo hudng lien h i vdn hda thi t i m kiln vdn cQa thdy vd trd se dupc ndi rdng hdn, trf tug se dupe Idm gidu thdm tQ nhQng hilu bidt mdi v l vdn hda dan toe vd nhdn logi. Dgy thd Hd Xudn HUdng dudi gde nhin van hda se hilu thgm v l vdn hda phdn thye tQ dd thdy dupe nhQng khdt khao day nhdn bin cCia con ngudi. Dgy "ChQngUditCttd"ciia Nguyin Tudn dUdi gdc nhin vdn hda se hilu th&m vd van hda cd truyln, ve thQ ehdi thU phdp - mot thd chdi tao nha cda ngudi Viet. Vd cdn cd bidt bao nhieu didu II thd tQ nhQng ddu I n vdn hda dupe gpi ra td mgi gid hpe van.
4. TQ nhQng didu da ndi trin ddy, c6 thd thay tfch hpp van hda Id mdt phUdng phdp tfeh eye, mdt hudng di hOu hieu cd t h i sQ dgng de ell thign ehdt lUpng dgy hpc cung nhU kfeh thfch niem dam mg van ChUdng trong hpc sinh. Mdi thIy cd gido tiiy vdo nang lyc vd kinh nghlgm thyc td md ed thd linh hogt lya chpn cdch thdc td chQc tidt hpc nhim mang Igi higu q u i thidt thyc: Cd t h i giao vdn dd ygu edu hoe sinh tim hidu, chuin bj trudc d nhd vd trinh bdy trgn Idp. C6 the trong qud trinh hUdng d i n hpc sinh dpc hilu vdn ban trdn Idp, thay cd giao lidn h§ vdn hda glQp hpc sinh phdt hign dd nim vdng kidn thde. Cd thd lay mgt ydu td nao dd cua vdn hda nhu Nho gido, Phigt gido, Lao gido, tin ngudng phdn thpc. dd giQp hpc sinh Hm hidu van bin. CQng cd thd ddt vdn b i n vdo trong mgt chtnh t h i vdn hda dd hUdng ddn hpc sinh khai thdc... Mien sao thdng qua mgt tilt hpc (cd tfeh hpp van hda) hpc sinh cd t h i tilp nhdn kidn thQc mdt each sdu sac, nhg nhang vd sing khodi hdn. Tuy nhi&n se that sai lam neu xem tfch hpp van hda Id mdt phuong phdp vgn ndng ma dp dyng trong mpi trudng hpp.
Ndu qud Igm dyng dilu ndy cd the se vd Hnh bien mot gid dpc hilu vdn bin vdn hpe thdnh mdt gid hpc van hda hpc. Can ttidy ring trong m^t gid dpc hidu vdn b i n vdn hpc thi cdi tmng tdm ludn ludn vdn phli Id vdn bin. Sp tidn h^ vdn hda cht ddng vai trd giup hpc sinh tim hilu sdu hdn van bin vd elm thdy hQng thQ hdn vdi gid hpc md thdi.
Phuong phdp dy chi thpc sy hdu fch ndu ngudl dgy bidt td ehQc sao eho hpp If.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. D 5 Ngpc Thdng, Dgy hgc NgQ Vin trong nhd tnJdng Vm Nam - hign trgng, hQdng phit triin vi nhQng vin di liin quan, Kf yeu hpi thio qudc gia v l dgy hpc NgO Vdn d trQdng phd thdng Vigt Nam, NXB DHSP, Hd N0i, 2013, Tr.9 - 32.
2. Trin Nho Thin (2003), Vin hgc tnjng d^ Yidt Nam dQdi gdc nhin vin hoi, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Ngi.
Doi dieu.
(Tlep theo trang 47) thuyin. Tdi mudn nhac Igi nguyen tie: "Nguygt man thuyen" thda man qua, ung dung qud. Bdi cd sao?
Ngudi cam qudn tin tudng vdo phUdng lupc, vdo ddng dpi, vao tUPng lai chidn thing nhuthd cd s i n trong bau! Hieu nhU thd cdng thd'y mudn vdn kfnh phgc vd tin tudng vdo eon ngUdi "Khdng Id" Hd Chf Minh biet bao!
ThQ ba Id vd phan nhge dieu. Thd Dudng chf ed mdt van chdn, gieo vdo edc cdu chdn. Cau mpt thudng bat van. NhUng cung cd thd khdng. Dien hinh Id bdi thd ndi tidng "Hoang hgc Idu" cQa Thdi Hieu:
Tfc/i nhdn dithQa hoing hgc khQ Thd dia khong dU Hoang hgc liui...
NgUdi xUa gpi Id "ed nhgn xuat quin" (mdt con nhgn le bay ra khdi ddn). Vdi d l tdi "Hgc vdng bay dl" thi hpp bidt bao! Cg Phan B0i Chdu tQng dng khdi v l "Van mai" (mai nd mudn) khi thdy cd •^ qud tdi di mudn, cung da dung ldi nay;
Dgng hoing tang trQdc nhin DThda bach hoa khdi Chi vj khiem khiem ^ Phien tgi tiem tiem khai
(Chua xudn tQng Qu ai - da hQa cho dQng dau mudn hoa. NhUng vl dQc khiem tdn - Ndn tQ td mdi nd!).
Ve nhjp, Dudng thi tdn sung nhjp 4 - 3 rdt trang trpng. (Ngu ngdn thi nhip 2 - 3). Cdng vdi luat bang trac va sp hiep van, edu thp dpc len rat giau dm lUpng. Nd nhu tilng ngdn cQa chudng ddc nhidu vdng ngn cQ vang mdi khong dQt trong hon ngUdi nghe. Cd le ngudi xUa tdm thd id de ngdm chdng?
Nhgc Dudng thi q u i Id am nhac co dien, mudn ddi khdng nhdm chdn. ^
Khdng phli ngau nhidn md "TTnh dg td" gieo van "Udng", "Hoi hUOng ngdu thu" lay van "di". "Thidn trudng van vpng" lay van "lgn". "Canh khuya" gieo van "a", "Thu didu" lay van "eo", v.v..
Doe thd Dudng ma xem nhe vin, dieu thi mdt di nhilu lam. NgUdi xQa rat sdnh nhgc. Cd nhdng bai, cht can dpc dung dm thanh dm lupng cda ngdn tQ cung du hinh dung thai dp tac gia? Ddc bigt Id vdi
"bd chua thd Ndm" Hd Xuan HUdng. "DQng cheo trdng theo einh hat heo".,.
DQng trUdc kho tang do so cda van minh nhan logi md chi rOt cho minh ddi dieu nhu vdy, khde ndo nhat mdt vign da dudi ehdn nQi Thdi Sdn!
Nhung tdi cung lai nghT, trong khdi thuy quydn vo tan cQa Trai Dat, mdi ngudi, moi ngdy chf cdn lay cho minh mdt vdi lit nUdc de duy tri va phdt tnen sp sdng chang Id fch Ipi sao? Vi vgy, tdi mgnh dgn ngu ra nhQng didu tdm d i e idm phUdng cham cho minh khi tiep can ngudn thd cQa ngudi xua trong tTnh vyc Dudng thi de md lieu thiet kd eho bai gilng cQa minh.
