N G 6 N NGtr & Dfifi S6NG S6 1 (243)-2016
INGON NGOr HQC VA VIET NGg HQ^
DONG Ttr CHI DronVG DI TRONG TIENG VIET
PATH VERBS IN VIETNAMESE H O A N G TUYlfeT MINH (PGS.TS; Vifn D?! hpc Md Kk Ngi)
Abstract: This study shows that the Path component is a frequent component in Vietnamese motion verbs. All the common Path categories that have been identified in the literature are present in the Vietnamese motion verb lexicon. Some Vietnamese motion verbs seem to confiate more than one Path categories. Distribution of Path categories in Vietnamese verbs is not equal, with categories showing deixis having higher frequencies.
Key words: motion verbs; path; semantic component; semantic category.
l.Mddau
Cdc ngdn ngii khac nhau cd cdch thiic khac nhau dk ma hda cdc thanh t6 ng^a eda dOng tiJr chuyen dpng. Bk 1dm r5 nhung chi tiet nghia dupe ma hda frong cdc d$ng tii chuyen d^ng, cdc nhd ngJiiSn cdu thudng ehia cdc chi tiet nghia thdnh nhi^u phgm trii ngbia khac nhau. Cho den nay, trgn thi gidi da cd nhilu cdng trinh nghiSn cdu ve cdc dpng tir chuyen dpng vd cdc phgm trii nghia cua thdnh to nghia chi Dudng di dupe md hda trong cac d$ng tii chuyin d$ng trong cdc ngdn ngQ: khac nhau d\ra tr^n hirdng tilp clin nay. Tuy nhien d Vi$t Nam, hudng tilp c§n nay cdn rat mdi m£. Nghien cdu nay ci^
chung tdi nhdm xdc dinh nhiing dilm dgc tnmg cua cac dpng td mS hda Dudng di eda chuyin dpng trong tiing Vi$t dudi gdc nhin cua ng6n ng& hpc tri n h ^ d^c bi$t chti •^
den t ^ sd xudt hi^n cija thdnh t6 nghTa chi Dudng di, cac pham trii nghia dupe md h6a, phdn b6 ciia cdc pham trii nghia, vd khd ndng ma h6a cac phgm trCi nghia chl Dudng di ciia cdc dOng tir chuyin dpng frong tieng Vi$t.
2. Lfch su* vin de
Theo Tahny (2000), mpt s\r tinh chuyen dpng Id mpt tinh huong frong do cd mpt chuyin dOng vd mOt dilm quy ehieu. M^t s\r tinh chuyin d^ng co bdn gom cd m0t th\rc
ihl, dupe gpi la Hinh (Figure) chuyin dpng ho$c dupe dinh v\ so vdi m$t th\rc the khdc - thvrc thi quy chilu dupic gpi la Nin (Ground). Mpt s\r tinh chuyin dOng cd thi dupe phdn tich d\ra vao b6n thanh t l nghia CO bdn. dd Id Hhih, Ndn, Dudng di (Path) vd Chuyen dOng (Motion). Thanh to nghia Dudng di chi dudng di ho$c dilm dinh vj eda Hmh so vdi Ndn. Thdnh t l nghia Chuyin dpng till hi§n chinh s\r chuyin dOng ho?ic s\r dinh vi. Ngodi cdc thanh t6 nghia bdn ttong ndy, mpt s\r tinh chuyen dOng cdn c6 thi c6 lidn quan din mpt Dong spr tinh bdn ngodi (Co-event), tiiudng Id mang theo mli quan h§ chi Nguydn nhdn (Cause) ho$c Cdch thiic (Manner).
Tahny cho rdng, chiing ta cd thi phdn l§p cdc thdnh to khdc nhau trong trudng nghia vd tiudng bilu dgt ngdn ngft. Theo tdc gid, mpt thdnh t l nghia ndo dd thudng cd mli quan h$ mgt tiiilt vdi mOt eiu tiiic bl m§t ndo dd, nhung khdng phdi la quan h$ mOt- mOt Vi dv frong tiing Anh, mdt dpng td chuyin dpng (c4u tiiic bl m$t) cd thi ma hda cdc thdng tin khdc nhau: cdch tiiiic eda chuyin d^ng ( vi d\i hop "nhdy Id cd"), nguyen nhdn cua chuyin dpng (vf dy kick
"dd") vd dudng di cua chuyin d0ng (vi dv exit "di ra"). Mdt khdc, ylu th EKrdng di eda
S6 1 (243)-2016 NG6N NGtr & Ddi S6NG
chuyin dpng cd thi duoc ma hda trong tiing Anh bdng cdc ddng tii nhu exit (di ra), enter (di vao) hodc cac gidi tir nhu out (ra ngoai), in (vdo trong).
Di sau vdo cac chi tilt nghia ciia dpng tii chuydn d^ng, Slobm (2004) da chi ra rdng, dudng nhu cd hai cap ddng tir chuyin d$ng trong cac ngdn ngft: (1) dp khdi qudt, hay li c ^ thupmg danh (superordinate), vdi cdc dpng tii thong dung nhit vd (2) cip chi tilt, vdi cdc dpng td the hi?n nhftng ndt nghia tinh td hon. De lam ro nhiing chi tilt nghTa dupfc ma hda trong dpng tft chuyin dpng, cac nhd nghidn ciiu thudng ehia cdc chi tilt nghTa thanh nhilu phgm trii nghia khdc nhau.
Trong muc 3 dudi ddy, chiing tdi s5 khao sdt nhftng phgm tru nghia chi Dii^g di cua dpng tii chuydn dpng dd dupe cdc nhd nghidn cdu di trudc nhdn difn, lam ca sd dl khdo sat cdc phgm trii nghTa chi Dudng di cua dpng tft chuyen ddng frong tiing Vipt d m\ic4.
3. Cac ph^m tru nghta phS qu&t cua d$ng tir chi Dirdng di
Be hidu rd hon s\r khac bi^t ciia cdc d$ng tft chi Dudng di trong ciing m0t ngdn ngft vd gifta cac ngdn ngft, c ^ phai bdt diiu bdng vi$c chi rd nhftng cau td khdc bi$t tgo thanh Dudng di. Theo Tahny (2000: 53-56), cd ba eiu td CO bdn tgo thanh Dudng di, dd Id Vec- to (Vector), Hinh thi (Conformation), vd Chi xuit (Deictic).
Vec-to: thi hi$n hudng chuyin dpng ciia Hinh so vdi Nen, cd thi la mpt diem xxiit phdt, m0t dilm mdc, hodc m0t dich din. Nhu v$y, Vec-ta cd thi bilu thj chuyin d$ng tft mpt didm xuit phdt, di qua ho$c dpc theo mpt dilm moc, va tdi ho§c hudng tdi mpt dich den nao dd.
Hinh thi: lidn quan tdi cdu tnic hinh hpc cua Nin, cd thd dupe f ni$m hda nhu Id cdc dilm, cdc bl m§t, cdc v|lt chda, v.v.
• Chi xudt: dugc Tahny (2000: 56) dinh nghia mpt cdch tudng minh la 'Cau t l Chi
xudt cua thanh t6 nghia chi Dudng di chi cd hai khai ni$m Uen quan: do Id chuyin dpng hudng vl phia ngirdi ndi ho$c chuyin ddng theo cdc hudng khdc*.
Trong ba c4u t6 ndy, Vec-ta la cau t l d§c tnmg nhIt ciia Ehrdng di (Tahny, 2000). Ba cau t l nay cd thi xuit hi$n dong thdi.
Slobin (2004) de xudt mdt cia t6 tiift hi, gpi Id Tpa dp dia If (Earth-grid Displacement). Ciu t l nay lien quan din hudng ciia chuydn dpng so vdi m3t dat:
ddng-tay-nam-bic, Idn, xuIng, va cac tpa do tuyft ddi khdc (ngupe ddng, xudi ddng).
Chdng hgn, cdc dpng tft ascend 'di Idn* va descend *di xuong' trong tiing Anh thi hi^n chuyin ddng dpc theo trye thing ddng.
Narasunhan (2003:136) khdo sdt kho tiir v\mg chi Dudng di trong tiing Anh vd tiing Hindu dya vdo cdc cdu t l do Talmy dl xudt va da phan Igp duc^c cdc phgm trii nghTa sau day: a.Didm kit thiic phirc tgp (Complex endpoint): vi dy enter (di vao). Nhung dpng tft nay ml hda cdc d$c dilm ciia dilm kit thiic, chdng hgn diem kit thiic cd phdi Id mpt khdng giau ddng hay khdng; b.Dilm khdi ddu phftc tgp (Complex source pomt): vi dy emerge (nii Idn); c.Dilm kit thuc don gidn:
vi dy reach (di tdi); d.Dilm kit thuc tiem ndng don gidn (Simple potential endpomt):
vi dy approach (tilp c$n, tdi gan); d.Diem khdi dau don gian: vf dy leave (rdi di);
e.Dilm giua: vf dy pass (di qua); f.Dudng di: vi dy ascend (di len); g.Chi xuat: vf dy come (den).
Cdc phgm trft nghia tft (a) din (e) ma Narasimham dl xudt dd chi tilt hda cdc can to Vdc to va Hinh thi ma Talmy dl xudt Chdng ban, diem kit thuc phftc tgp cung
^dng nhu Vdc to (vl phia m^t cdi dfch nao do, Id dilm kit thuc cua chuyin d$ng) va Hinh thd (Nen Id mpt khdng gian ddng).
Phgm trii nghia (f) gdn vdi cdu to Tpa dp dia li vd (g) gdn vdi Chi xudt
NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG S6 1 (243)-2016^
Nhin chung, Vec to, Hinh till, Chi xuat va Tpa dp Dia li dugc xem Id nhung cdu t l Dudng di hftu dyng trong vi^c nghien cftu nhftng khac bipt xuyen ngdn ngft trong cdc tiidng tin ve Dudng di dugc ma hda frong cdc dpng tft chi Dudng di. Ben cgnh dd, cdc nhd nghidn cftu cung dd d l xudt nhidu cdch khdc dd phan tich sau ban ve cdc dpng tft chl Dudng di.
Walchli (2001) de xuat m§t loai lunh tdpd chi tilt cho cdc dpng tft chi Dudng di, vdi 6 kieu Dudng di dugc dng d$t ten bdng cdc ki tu La tinh: a. AD = Hinh chuyin dpng tdi Ndn ; b.IN=Hinh chuyen dpng vdo Nen; c.
SUPER= Hinh chuyin dgng fren b l m§t Ndn; d. AB = Hinh chuyin d0ng rdi xa Nen;
d. EX = Hinh chuydn dgng di ra khdi Nen;e.
DE = Hinh chuyen dpng di xuong tft Nen Berthele (2004) sft dyng cdc kilu Dudng di do Walchli d l xuat vdi mpt vai thay d i i . Berthele dd xuat rang Dudng di ndn dugc ehia nhd thdnh cac pham trft ma khdng cdn chi rd nguon hay dich theo phuong thdng dftng. Sau day Id cac kidu Dudng di do dng d l xudt: a. AD= Hinh tiiay d i i v\ tri tdi Ndn; b. IN = Hinh thay doi vi tri vdo N i n ; c.
SUPER = Hmh tiiay doi vi tii hudng Idn trdn; d. AB = Hinh thay doi vi tri rdi xa Ndn; d. EX = Hhih tiiay d i i vi tri ra khdi Nen; e. DE = Hinh thay d i i vi tri hudng xuong dudi
Nhin chung, v i ^ phan logi dgng tft chl Dudng di dya vdo cdc kieu hodc cdc trudng Dudng di rdt hftu dyng cho cdc nghidn cftu xuydn ngdn ngft. Cac k i l u Dudng di dugc d l xudt bao hdm cdc cdu t l Vdc ta, Hinh thi, vd Chi xuat do Talmy dd xuat, vd cau td Tpa dp dia Ii do Slobin d l xuat (trye thdng dftng va trye ngang). Chdng ban trong tiing Anh, dpng tft ascend (di Idn) cd t h i dugc xem Id mOt dpng tii SUPER (tiic Id Hhih tiiay doi vj tri hudng len trdn) hodc nhu mOt dOng tft md hda Tpa dp dia li (tftc la trye thdng dftng, hudng Idn tren), dOng tft leave (rdi di) cd the
dugc xem Id mdt dgng til AB (tftc la Hhih tiiay d i i vi tri rdi xa N i n ) h o ^ nhu mpt ddng tii chi xudt (tiic Id chuyin dOng rdi xa m0t trung tdm chi xuat).
Tap hgp nhiing nghidn cihi tft trudc tdi nay cua cdc nha, nghidn cftu di tnrdc cho thdy ttong cdc ngdn ngft xudt h i ^ nhihig phgm trd nghia chi Dudng di pho qudt gim:
1/Hudng tdi Nin (diem din, dilm kit th6c);
2/Rdi xa Nin (khdi hanh. khdi nguIn); SA^do irong Nen (vgt chfta); 4/ Ra khdi Nen ( v ^ chiia);
5/Len fren Nen; 6/Xuong dudi Nin; 7/Di qua Nen (ngang qua, c§t moc); 8/Dln gan Nin; 9A^^
phia frude Nin; 10/ Vl phIa sau Nin; Il/Theo sau Nen; 12yThay d i i hudng; 1 3 ^ a hirdng.
Nhiing phgm trii n g ^ chl D u d t ^ di dupe nhdn di$n trong myc ndy sd Id co sd dl chung tdi khdo sdt cdc pham trft nghia chi Dudng di dugc md hda trong cdc dpng tii chuyin ddng tiing Vi^t trong myc 4 dudi ddy.
4. C&c p h ^ m t r u nghia ciia dpng tft chi D v d n g di t i i n g Vi^t
Trong nghidn cftu ndy, chiing tdi t$p trung vdo cdc dOng tft chuyin dpng dang n$i dgng tft thftdng xudt hi^n trong cdu tinic
"Hinh + D$ng tft chuyin dOng".
Khi xem xdt cdc phgm trft nghia chl Dirdng di dugc tich hgp ttong cdc dOng tft chuyin dOng, chung tdi dya vdo ^ n h nghia ttong tft dien vd dya vdo kinh nghi?m ngft dyng cua minh. Cdc nghTa dn dy vd hu cdu cua cdc d0ng tft trong pham vi khdo sdt khdng dugc xdt din. Chiing tdi chi chu y den vi?c khdo sdt xem mpt dpng tft chuyin dpng nao dd cd md hda thdnh t l nghia chl Dudng di hay khdng ma khdng quan tdm din vi?c dpng tft dd cd ma hda cdc thdnh to nghTa khdc ben cgnh thdnh t l nghia chi Dudng di hay khdng. Nhftng phgm ttu nghia dugc chiing tdi xem xdt Id nhftng phgm frri nghia da dugc nhan didn qua cdc nghidn cftu cua nhftng nhd nghidn di trudc md chiing tdi dd thao l u ^ d myc 3.
N G 6 N N G C & DCM S 6 N G Dya vdo Dgi tir diin tieng Vi$t, chdng tdi
xic dinh dirge 744 dpng tft chuyin dOng, trong do cd 348 ddng tft cd ma hda thanh t6 ngbIa chi Dudng di, chiem 46,77% s6 ddng tii trong d i ^ khao sat Phan bd ciia cac phgm tru nghia chi Dudt^ di ttong cac d$ng tft chuydn d0ng tiing Vi^t dugc thi hi$n trong Bdng 1 dudi day, dugc s ^ xIp tiieo tdn s i xudt hi^n, tft cao din thdp.
Bdng 1. Phan bS cdcphffnt tru nghia chl Du&ng 0 c&a dpng tit chuyin dpng tieng Vi$t
STT
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13
Phfm ngbla xa T(ii Bin Da hudng Hudng tin Xu6ng dudi L£n tren Theo sau Di qua vao Irong D6i hudng Vt phia sau Rakhdi Vi phia trudc Tdngsd
s6 luTt luit hi^n 93 42 35
34 30 24- 20
19 16 15 9 8 3 348
Tan
(%)
26.72 12.07
10.06 9.77 8.62 6.90
5.75 5.46 4.60 4.31 2.59 2.30 0.86 100
VI dv (aSc dpng lit Hen hinh) long, lanh, rdi den, sdn, tdi bon hdnh, chu du, giong rudi Sdng, ve, xong ivng, tut, xudng ddng, len, noi Idng ddng, noi gdt, theo
qua, xuyen, bdng rue, th{tl, vdo ngodt, quanh, re.
liii, nil, thodi, ra. Id, tudn lao, nhUi, tien
Trong quA trinh xdc dinh cdc phgm trft r^hla chi Ehidng di dugc m3 hda ttong c ^ dOng tft chuyin ddng, chung tdi gap khd khdn dii vdi mgt sd d0ng tft va nhdm dgng tft. Chdng hgn, cac d$ng tft Itia, Igt, luon, Itidn Idch, ludn ldi ddu cbfta phgm tru nghia
"Di qua", nhu tix)ng cdu ^'Gio Ipt/luon qua khe cua"; ding thdi cdc d0ng tft nay dudng nhu ciing chiia phgm trft nghia "Vao trong", nhu trong cau ^*^Gi6 Ipt/ludn vdo trong nhd".
Chung tdi cho rdng cdc dpng tft nay dirdng nhu tich hpp cd hai phgm trft nghTa, trong do phgm trft nghTa "Di qua" rd ndt hon, vi vgy chiing tdi xdp cdc ddng tft ndy vdo nhdm "Di qua". Mpt vi dy khac Id nhdm cdc dgng tft cd rd, chdng rdng, chon vdn, chong vong, lan qudn, Idn xan, long vang, leo heo, leo hdnh, la x6, hanh quanh, lan vdn, Ipt thpt, Ipt xgt, ludn qudn, lung xung, quanh qudn, rap rinh, xa xdn, xdn bdn, xd qudn deu the hi$n mgt chuyen dgng trd di ttd Igi d mgt cho, ttong mgt phgm vi nhat dinh, gan vdi mdt trung t ^ chi xudt ndo dd. Cdu hdi d$t ra Id: cdc dpng tft nay tich hgp pham tru nghia
"Hirdng tdi" hay "Tdi gdn" hay "Da hudng"? Chung tdi cho rdng cdc dpng tft nay dudng nhu tich hgp nhilu phgm tru nghia, trong dd phgm trft nghia "Tdi gan" dugc thd hi|n rd net hon, \a vay chiing tdi xIp cdc ddng tft nay vao nhdm "Tdi gdn". Ndi chung, ttong nhilu trudng hgp, chung tdi khdng thd dya vdo dinh nghia trong tft diln dd xep mOt d$ng tft ndo do vao mgt nhdm nao dd ma phdi dya vdo kinh nghidm ngft ndng ciia chiing tdi vdi tu cdch la nhftng ngudi sft dyng tiing Vi^t nhu Id ngdn ngu thu nhat
Tft nghidn cftu nay, chung tdi rut ra m^t so rihgn xdt so bO sau day: 1/Thanh to nghTa chi "Ehidng di" Id mgt thanh to nghia chu dao dugc md hda trong cac dpng tft chuyin dOng tieng Vift; 2/Cdc phgm trft nghia chi E>udng di ttong tidng Vi?t hit sftc phong
NGON NGU* & D6tt S 6 N G
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So 1 (243)-2016 ^
phu. Tdt ca cac phgm tru nghia chi Dudng di phd qudt dugc cdc nha nghien cftu tft trudc tdi nay nhan didn frong cac ngdn ngft diu xudt hi$n Irong tidng Vi|t; 3/MOt s6 cdc dOng tft chi Dudng di trong tidng Vipt dudng nhu tich hgp nhilu phgm trii nghTa chi Dudng di; 4/Phan bd cua cdc phgm tru nghia chi Dudng di ttong tieng Vi?t khdng ddng ddu. MOt s6 pham trii nghia cd tdn si xuat hi$n cao hon, mgt so khac cd tan sd xudt hidn thdp hon. Cdc phgm trii nghia chi Dudng di lidn quan ddn chi xudt, "Rdi xa",
"Tdi gdn" vd "Hudng tdi", cd tan sd xuat hipn cao nhdt.
5. Kit lugn
Cac ngdn ngft khac nhau cd nhiing cdch bilu dat khdc nhau vl chuyin ddng vd cd cdc each thftc khdc nhau de ma hda cdc thdnh to nghia cua sy tinh chuyen dgng, trong dd cd thdnh td nghia chi Dudng di cua chuyin dpng. D I lam rd nhung chi tidt ngjua dugc ma hda ttong dOng tii chuyin dOng, cdc nhd nghidn cftu thudng ehia cdc thdnh t l nghTa thdnh nhilu phgm trft nghTa khdc nhau.
Nghien cftu nay cho thdy thdnh tl nghTa chi "Dudng di" Id mpt thdnh td nghia chu dgo dugc ma hda trong cac dpng tft chuyin dpng tiing Vi?t. Cdc phgm tru nghTa chi Dudng di ttong tiing Vi?t hit sftc phong phu. Tdt ca cac pham tru nghia chi Dudng di phi qudt dupe cac nha nghidn cftu tft trudc tdi nay nhan didn frong cac ngdn ngft ddu xudt hidn ttong tidng Vipt. Mpt so cac dOng tft chi Dudng di frong tiing Vi^t dudng nhu tich hpp nhidu phgm trii nghTa chi Dudng di.
Phan bl cua cac pham trft nghia chi Dudng di frong tiing Vipt khdng ddng diu. Mgt so phgm trft nghia cd tan si xuat hifn cao hon, mOt so khac cd tdn si xudt hi$n thap hon.
Cac pham trft ngbia chl Dudng di lien quan den chi xuat, "Rdi xa", "Tdi gan" vd
"Hudng tdi", cd tdn so xudt hi$n rdt cao.
Chung tdi hi vpng nghidn cftu nay sd gdp phdn dat nin mdng cho nhihig nghidn cftu tilp theo vd dpng tft chuyen dpng tieng Vi§t dudi gdc nhin cua ngdn ngft hgc tri nhan, tilr dd gdp phdn giftp bilu ro hon vl sy phong phft cfta tiing Vift Ddng thdi chung tdi cimg hi vpng cac kit qui nghidn cd thi dupe ling dyng trong vipc dgiy hpc tieng Vift vi nghidn cftu so sdnh doi chilu gifta tiing Vi^t vdi cdc ngdn ngft khdc.
TAI LIfU THAM K H A O 1. Berthele (2004), The typology of motion and postureverbs: a varitionist account. In B. Kortmaim (Ed.), Dialectology meets Typology. Dialect Grammar from a Cross-linguistic Perspective. Berlin/New York, pp. 93-126.
2. Narasimhan (2003), Motion events and the lexicon: a case study of Hindi. Lingua, 113,123-160.
3. Slobm (2004), The many ways to search for a frog: linguistic typology and the expression of motion events. In S.SfrSmqvist
& L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Relating events in narrative: Typological and contextual perspectives in Translation. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 219-257.
4. Tahny (2000), Toward a cognitive semantics: Vol. I: Concept structuring system. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. walchli (2001), A typology of displacement (with special reference to Latvian). Sprachtypologie und Universaliraiforschung, 54,298-323.
6. Nguyin Nhu Y (chu bidn) (1999), f)(ri tic diin tiing Vi$t. Nxb Vdn hda-Thdng tm.
