so 8-2014 DeajvoHpc
^mo\ diTGfng loi xay diitig chiTofng trinh giao due phd thong mcfi sau nam 2015
TS. LE VINH QUOC
Nguyen Giang vien chinh TrUdng Bgi hgc Su pham TP. Ho Chf IVlinh ThS. N H O T H I P H U O N G LAN TrUdng Dai hgc Sd phgm TP. Hd Chi Minh
TOIVI TAT j Bai v i l t nay trinh bay mdt dudng Idi de xay dyng chUdng trinh gido due phd thdng mdi d Viet Nam sau nam 2015^
Theo dudng ldi ndy, trudc h i t can giai quylt nhQng van de chung, bao gom triet If gido dyc^ tach bach chdc nang cOa chUdng trinh hpc vdi sdch gido khoa, ddi mdi tu duy v l gido dye phd thdng. Tiep dd la xdc dinh 4 yeu td cd ban de xdy dyng chUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi eho bgc t i l u hgc vd hai cap trung hpc, xdy dyng ehUdng trinh trung hpc phd thdng phdn ban vd xdy dyng chUdng trinh tCfng mdn hgc trong chUdng trinh trung hpc phd thdng phan ban 66.
Tit khda' giaa di^c phd thong, tnSt iigiao dijc, chuang trinh phin ban, chUdng trinh tU chon, ddt mdi tU duy.
ABSTRACT
A way for new eurneulum development of common education in Vietnam after 2015
This article presents a way for new curriculum development of elementary and secondary schools in Vietnam after 2015, In accordance with this way, some general matters, such as the philosophy of education, separating the functions of curriculum and text books, and innovating the opinion about common education must be solved first.
Then, the lour basic elements for new curriculum development of elementary, middle and high schools need to be defined. The curriculum for divisional high schools and subject curneula for divisional high schools need to be con- structed at the same time.
Keyword: common education, curriculum development, philosophy of education, divisional curriculum, elective curriculum, innovative thinking
I. OAT VAN OE
Trong cdng cudc ddi mdi can ban va toan dien nen giao dye nude nha, viec xay dyng ChUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi (dy k i l n dp dyng sau nam 2015) Id mdt nhidm vy het sUc quan trpng.
Cudc Cai cdeh giao dge lan thCr 3 (tU nam hpc 1980- 1981) da tgo ra mdt chUOng trinh giao dye nang ne, qud tdi md rdt kem hieu lyc [9, tf.121-150]. Cupc Ddi mdi giao dye cudi the kl XX (tir nam 1991) ch? thay ddi he thdng td chu'c nhd trudng ma van giij nguyen chUdng trinh hpc cu [9, 1r,125-132]. Cupc Doi mdi chUdng trinh giao due pho thdng ddu t h i kl XXI (2001-2009) da dua ra mdt chUdng trinh hpc ve thyc cha't khdng may khac biet so vdi chUdng trinh cu vdi nhOng nhUpe diem nhu xua, nen rat kem hieu lye dang dugc dp dyng eho den nay. Thanh qua duy nhdt ma cde cudc ddi mdi cudi t h i kl XX va dau t h i ki XXI dgt dugc Id hd thdng nhd trudng phd thdng 12 nam chia thdnh hai cdp Id Tieu hgc (5 ndm) va Trung hpc vdi hai bac Id Trung hgc cd sd (4 nam) vd Trung hpc phd thdng (3 nam) [9. lr.150-175].
Dya tren he thdng nha trUdng nhU vdy, chudng trinh gido due phd thdng mdi sau nam 2015 phai dugc xdy dyng theo mdt dudng Idi nhat quan dua tren ed sd li ludn cOa khoa hpc gido dye hien dai ve nghien cUu chUdng trinh hgc (curriculum study) va phat trien chUdng trinh hpc (curricu- lum development). Cd sd li ludn nay da dupc trinh bdy W trong cudn "Ddi mdi dgy hpc theo khoa hpe gido dye hlfn dgi (If thuylt va Ung dyng)" cua Le Vinh Qudc, do Nhd xudt ban Dgi hpc Su phgm Thdnh phd Hd Ch( Mmh xudt bSn ndm 2011. (9]
!l. GIAI QUYET VAN DE
1. May van d l chung cho vigc xay di^ng chddng trinh giao dye pho thdng mdi
1.1. Can xac dfnh triet If giio due mdi
Mpi chUdng trinh gido dye phai duge khdi dau tif viec xdc dinh triSt tl chung cho nen giao dye dd. Nude ta tiln hdnh cupc ddi mdi td nam 1986 bang viec thay t h i cd chi quan lieu bao cap bang cd che thj trudng theo djnh hi/dng xa hdi ehu nghTa. Nen gido dye da khdng theo kjp sy 6S\
DgtfMHpci i ^ S - J i 7
mdi cua ddt nude, vl ehua xdc dtnh duge triet ir gido dye mdi ddp Ung mgi nhu cau cua dat nude trong thdi ki mdi.
D6 Id nguydn nhan sau xa d i n tdi sy that bgi ciia cac cupc cai edch va ddi mdi vda qua. Gid day, de xdy dyng chUdng trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi, viec dau lien Id phai xac dinh triSt iigiao dye mdi cho nd. Trilt If ndy can xuat phat tu quan d i l m ndi tilng cCia John Dewey: 'Giao due chinh IA bin thin cupc sdng" [8]; phai ddp Ung dugc tidu chi phdt trien cda d i t nUdc hien nay Id "dan giau, nUdc manh, xa hoi cdng bing, din chii. van minh'; ddng thdi chilu theo 4 try cdt cCia sd menh giao due qudc t l cho t h i kf XXI la "Hoc dibiSt (learning to l<now). hpc di lim (learning to do), hpc di cung chung sing (learning to live together) vi hpc di sinh tdn (learning to be/' [7]. Theo dd, trilt li hdy can the hidn quan dilm "day vi hpc nhOng g) mi xa hoi cin, Ithong phii nhiing gl mi ngudi thiy cd' [9].
Cde trilt If trdn sd tgo nen 4 thuoe tinh cua nen gido dye Viet Nam la: Ihi/choc, danchU, dan tpc va khaiphon^'.
''ThiJchpc"66\ vdi eae nude tidn tien tCf lau da trd thdnh le dUdng nhien khdng can d l xudng. Nhung ddi vdi Viet Nam, ndi md truyin thing hpc de thi do lam quan cUng vdi te ngn day hpe gid d l dat nhQng gid trj gia ma lay bang cap that van dang ngy tri xa hpi, thi viec nhan manh thudc tinh nay Id rat can thiet. Thudc tfnh ndy chinh la "4 try cot" ma UNESCO da khlng dinh. "Din chii' cung la mdt thupc tinh cdn nhdn mgnh d l vgch rd mdt nen gido dye nham myc tieu phye vy cudc sdng eua nhdn dan, bao gdm ed nhan, gia dinh vd xa hdi. Vdi •^ nghTa dd, dan chCi dong thdi mang tinh chdt nhdn bdn, nd ddi hdi viec quan li d i l u hdnh gido dye phai dugc thye hien bang ed e h l dan ehu-khoa hpc thay cho cd c h i quan lieu-bao cdp hien hdnh. "Dan tod' ludn ludn Id thu^c tfnh khdng the thieu cua giao dye. Bdi vl, trong mgt t h i gldi ma sy hdi nhgp qudc te da trd thdnh ddng lyc dUdng nhien cCia sy phdt trien, thi viec bao ve ehCi quyln vd bdn s i c dan tde trd ndn vd cUng quan trpng. Do dd, ndn gido dye qudc dan phai giQ vOng truyin thdng vd thdm nhudn bdn sac dan tdc, d l tgo nen mdt gid tri cd ban cua ddn tdc cho cdc t h i hS tUdng lai cua dat nUdc. "Khai phdn^' Id mdt thudc tfnh h i t sUc can thiet ddi vdi giao dye nude ta xdt trdn ed binh dien ddi npi va ddi ngogi. 6 trong nude, thudc tlnh ndy ddi hoi tdm nhin cdi md phdng khoang ddi vdi mpl Jl tudng hay phdt mmh sang che, tranh sy rang bugc hay dp ddt eCia nhQng tU tuSng bao thCi ldi thdi; edn ddi vdi b i n ngodi, "khai phdng" cd nghTa Id md rpng hdi nhdp qudc t l , t i l p thu khoa hgc hien dgi de dp dyng vdo thye tien Vipt Nam.
Ndi ehung, dd Id triit licOa m^t nin giao due dan chO.
1.2. Phii tich b?ch chuang trinh hgc vdi sach giio khoa (SGK) vi x6a b6 cd chi quan lieu • bao cap trong quan ll diiu hinh giio due
Cd nhilu nguydn nhan ddn den nhu'ng sy that bai trUdc ddy cua cdc cupc edi each vd ddi mdi gido dye ndi chung, cQng nhu eCia vl§e ddi mdi chUdng trinh hgc ndi rieng;
nhung nguydn nhdn ehu y l u cd >> nghTa then chdt nam d cd chd qudn li dieu hdnh n^ng tinh chat quan lieu bao cap chira dugc thdo gd.
Ddi vdi chUdng trinh hpc, cd c h i nay dugc thd hign qua sy d$c quyln hgc van bang nguydn t i e "mdt chUdng trinh, mdt bd sdch gido khoa thdng nhdt". ddn tdi sy l l n Ipn v l
chQc ndng ciia ehuong trinh hpc vdi chUc nang cua SGK, vd duye van hanh bang quan diem ehl dgo "SGK Id phap lenh". Chfnh eai cd c h i ddn d i n nguyen tae vd quan diem dd da trdt budc hogt ddng dgy hpc trong nha trudng vao bg SGK, bien chUdng trinh hpc thanh de cUdng bien soan sach, b i l n gido vien thanh cdng cu thuyet minh cdc cudn sdch, ddn d i n Idi day hpe "dgc-chdp" trong nhd trudng, lam cho hpc sinh phdi hge thudc Idng nhQng vd kien thUc rdng. Ben egnh dd, Igi them chiJ trUdng "hge gi thi nay' ci!ia Bd GD vd Ddo tao khiln cho kien thde eua hgc sinh chi khudn hep vao kien thde trong GSK
Khoa hpc giao due hien dai phan biet rat ro rang chUc nang cCiaehUdng trinh hge vdi chdc nang cua SGK. ChUdng trinh hgc la van ban phdp li (md ta vdn ggi la "phap lenh") budc gido vidn phdi tudn thO; cdn SGK, mgc diJ dugc bien sogn dya tr§n ehuong trinh, ch? Id cdng cy de giao vien va hgc sinh sis dyng trong qud trinh dgy hgc. VI vay, d cac nude tien t i l n , cd quan qudn li gido dye ch? nghien cQu va bien sogn ehUdng trinh hgc d l cap eho gido vien thyc hien;
cdn viec bien soan SGK thi danh cho tat ea nhQng ai ed nang lyc, trudc h i t la nhQng ngudi thay. Khi thilt k l bdi hgc (tUc la soan giao an), giao vien ed quyln lya chgn SGK thich hdp vdi minh, hoae viet va dCing sdch cua chfnh minh, TQ khi cd mang internet, tren the gidi dd xuat hien khuynh hudng day hgc khdng can SGK.
Thyc trang giao due Viet Nam da eh? ra rang; phai tdeh bgch chQc nang cua chUdng trinh hpe vdi chQc nang ciia SGK, dUt khoat tQ bd nguyen tac "mgt chUdng trinh - mdi bd SGK thdng nhat" d l ehuyen sang dp dyng nguyen tac
"mdt chUdng trinh - nhilu bg SGK", thay quan diem "sach giao khoa la phap Ignh" bang quan d i l m "chUdng trinh hgc Id phdp lenh". Mgi hogt ddng dgy hpc, thi cQ, thanh tra giao dye. deu dya tren chUdng trinh hgc chQ khdng chieu theo SGK.
Ddi vdi viee quan K dieu hdnh giao dye ndi chung, cd chd quan lieu bao cdp v i n dang ton tgi chlnh Id nguydn nhan tgo nen sy gia ddi trong giao due, kim ham sy chu ddng va sdng tao trong nha trUdng vd tudc mat quyen lam chu cua nha giao trong cae hogt ddng chuyen mdn nghiep vy. Vi vay, cd che nay can dUpc xda bd de thay the bang cd che quan li dan chu - khoa hpc. Theo dd, can bai bd nhQng menh lenh hanh chinh vdi nhQng chf tieu ehu quan dp dat tU tren xudng, dUa thi dua vao dOng thyc chat cua viee dgy tdt hpe tdt vdi chat lupng thyc sy, tra Igi vai trd chu the giao dye cho cdc trUdng d cd sd, ma nhan vat quan trpng nhat la cdcnhd gido.
1.3. Can doi mdi tii duy vi giio due pho thong Cho d i n nay, edc cd quan hUu trach ve giao due d nUdc ta van quan mem rang giao dye phd thdng chi cd chQe nang giang dgy ve van hda va khoa hpe cd ban cho hpe smh, TQ quan niem ndy, ngUdi ta ra sQc nhdi nhdt k i l n thUe "han lam" vdo tat ca cdc mdn hpe trong idled cdc cap trudng phd thdng, vdi chu dfch la de hpc smh hpe len dgi hpe vd trd thdnh cde nhd chuyen mdn hpc thuat. Do dd, khi t i l n hdnh phan ban d bac THPT, nhQng ngudi xdy dyng chUdng trinh eung cht b i l l phdn bigt 2 ban Iheo 2 logi hinh khoa hpe CO ban: khoa hpc ly nhidn (Todn, Ll, Hda, Sinh) vd khoa hgc xa hot - nhan van (Van, Sif, D]a, Ngogi ngQ). Sy phan ban nhu t h i dT nhien da thdt bgi vd phal
quay trd Igi vdi chudng trinh ddng nhat, kflu chUdng trinh hpc md the gidi da loai bd tQ lau ddi vdi'bac THPT.
6 cde nude tien t i l n . da tQ Idu giao dye phd thdng khdng ch? la gidng dgy vdn hda va khoa hgc cd ban, md cdn cd chQc nang dgy nghe va dinh hUdng nghe nghidp cho hgc sinh. VI vdy, hdu h i t kiln thQc dugc day d nhd trudng deu g i n vdi gid trj dng dung vdo ddi sdng, trong dd bdc THPT thye hien eae ehUdng trinh phdn ban theo nghi nghidp (nhu d Phdp) hode ty chgn (nhu d Ml), ed ndi phan ban ngay tQ bae THCS {nhu 6 Dure). Nhd dd, sau khi tdt nghiep THPT, hgc sinh cd the ra ddi kiem sdng bdng nghi nghidp dd dugc ddo tgo d nha trUdng trung hpc, hogc hpe len dgi hpe tuy theo hoan canh vd dieu ki@n cQa minh.
Bdn canh dd, mpt quan niem sai lam v l vj tri ciia viec dgy nghi da lam cho cac trudng nghe cua Viet Nam trd thdnh m$t bd phdn choi vdi, khdng gan vdi gido dye dgi hgc - cao ding ma cung khdng thudc ve giao dye phd thdng. VI the, khi vdo hge edc trudng ndy, hge sinh bj ddng chdt vao sd phan "sudt ddi lam thg" ma khdng nhin thay con dudng vQon l§n cdc trinh dd hge vdn eao hdn. Trong khi dd d nUdc ngodi, du hgc nghi 6 trudng trung hgc hay dgi hpc, du ra ddi kiem song hay tilp tuc hgc Idn, con dudng phfa trudc ludn rdng md cho ngudi hgc.
Thyc trgng trdn cho thay: mudn xdy dyng thanh cdng chUdng trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi sau 2015, edc chuyen gia Idm gido dye phdi ddi mdi tu duy: giao dye pho thdng khdng ch? cd chQc nang dgy chQ - dgy ngudi md bao gdm cd hudng nghigp vd dgy nghe cho hge sinh.
2. Bdn y l u t d ed bdn cCia chUdng trlnh gido dye phd thdng mdi
Khoa hpe gido dye hidn dgi da ehl ra ring: mgi chUdng trinh hpc vd qud trinh dgy hge d i u bao gdm 4 y l u td ed bdn Id myc tidu (objective), ndi dung chuyen men (subject matter), phUdng phdp - td ehUe (method and organization) vd ddnh gid (evaluation). Cdc yeu td cd b i n nay cd quan hd tUdng tdc vdi nhau d l hpp thanh mdt h | thing, ndn mpi sy ddi mdi chUdng trinh hpc hay vi^c dgy hgc deu phdi duyc l i l n hdnh ddng bd vdi cd 4 y l u td do [9, tr.84-119].
Trong chuong trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi, eac yeu td cd bdn ndy phdi dupc xem xet kT ludng va trinh bay mdt cdeh chinh xdc theo nhOng nguyen tdc khoa hpc.
2.1. Mpc tieu giio due - chuan can d^t
Mgc tieu giao dye la sy tuyen bd ve nhQng k i t qua dy kiln se dgt ddi vdi ngudi hpc theo 3 ITnh vyc hpc v i n ig nhdn thQc, kT ndng vd thai dd-llnh cam de cd dugc mpt ndng lyc hanh dyng. VI vay, mijc tieu con dupe ggi la chuin can d?t ve kien thQc, kT nang vd thdi dp-tinh cdm.
Myc tidu gido dye thudng dugc trinh bay theo 3 cdp dd tQ eao (khdi qudt) xudng thap (ey the) la: 1) tdn ehl (aim) la logi myc tieu dinh hudng, 2) myc di'ch (goal) la logi mye lieu sQ mdnh vd 3) myc tieu (objective ) la logi myc tieu Qng XLf (hdnh vi). V l hinh thQc, chUdng trlnh giao dye phd thdng hign hdnh (dupe Bg Giao dye vd Ddo tgo cdng bd ndm 2006) da phat bilu d l y dCi 3 e l p dp eua myc tieu gido dye trdn cd 3 ITnh vQc (nhdn thUc, kT ndng, thai dd tinh cdm). Tuy nhidn, cac myc tidu dd chua dugc dinh hudng bdng mdt trilt If gido dye ro rdng, mdi lidn hd giQa 3 cap dd vdi nhau ehUa chat che va thieu nhat quan; rieng myc tidu d cdp dd 3 vidt chua dQng theo quy t i c khoa hgc ve
$68-2014 Dgtjy^Hpc logi "myc tidu Qng xd". VI vdy, cdc myc tidu dd chda phdt huy dugc hidu lye eua chdng d l djnh hudng cho 3 y l u td cd bdn'khac trong chUdng trinh. Thidu sdt Idn nhlt la khdng cd myc tieu ridng cho tdng ban trong chddng trinh phdn ban THPT. Mdt chuong trinh phdn ban dung chung myc tidu vdi chUdng trinh ddng nhdt se dugc thilt k l b i t h((p If vddTnhidnphdsdn.
B l xdy dyng chUdng trlnh gido dye phd thdng mdi sau ndm 2015, cdc chuydn gia hdu trdch se phdi chidu theo triet li gido dye md minh dd d l xuat d l xem xet kT ludng cdc myc tieu (tdc chudn cdn dgt) cOa ehUdng trlnh hi|n hdnh, ChT ra nhOng sy thilu sdt vd bdt c|p c i a ehung, de tQ dd vilt mye tieu mdi cho chUdng trlnh gido dye phd Oiong mdi.
2.2, Npi dung chuydn mdn
Ndi dung chuyen mdn Id nhOng kiln thQc, kT ndng vd thai dp - tlnh cdm dupc lya chpn trong kho tang hgc vdn cua nhdn logi de dUa vao chUdng trinh giao dye, nhSm ddp Qng nhQng myc tieu da d l ra ciia chUdng trinh dd.
Lya chpn ndi dung chuydn mdn theo myc tidu gido dye Id cdng vide r l t ldn vd r l t phQe tgp, ddi hdi sy uydn bdc vd chuydn sdu eiia ngUdi xdy dyng chQdng trinh hgc.
Cd t h i hinh dung vide ndy dupc thyc hidn theo mdt Id trinh nhu sau:
- BQdc 1: Nhln tdng qudt todn bd qud trlnh gido dye 12 nam (nlu he thdng gido dye phd thdng v i n giQ 12 ndm) dd xdc djnh cdc mdn hpc dUdc dUa vdo chQdng trlnh gidng dgy theo tQng c i p bdc, tU T i l u hpc qua THCS d i n THPT.
Cde vdn d l v l s l lugng, vj trf vd vai trd cCia cdc mdn hgckl cd vide thdm hode bdt bd mdn ndo dd, eQng thdi iQdng ddnh cho chQng, v l m i l tUdng quan giQa cde bd mdn, v l phdn ban gido dye eung vi^c tfch hpp cdc mdn hpc cdn dupc gidi qUylt thda ddng. Vdn d l tich hpp kiln thQc cdc mdn hpe da dupc ndi nhilu d nUde ta, nhUng ehUa thyc hidn dupc bao nhieu ddi khi hidu chua dUng; ndn chudng trinh mdi phdi g i l l quylt v i n d l ndy vdi sy tham chilu kinh nghidm ciia nQdc ngodi. ChUdng trinh trung hgc cCia Phdp thudng lich hpp cde mdn hgc tQng ddi mdt, nhQ "SQ-Dja"
hode "Hda-Sinh"; cdn chUdng trinh MTthl tfch hgp Ljch sCf vdi Cdng ddn gido dye thdnh bd mdn "Tim hilu xa hdi"
(social study), ba mdn Ll-Hda-Sinh thdnh bd mdn "Khoa hpc" (science). Mdt v i n d l trgng tdm phdi gidl quydt Id ChUdng trinh phdn ban d b l e THPT (se trinh bdy kTd phdn dudi).
- BQde 2: Dya trdn cdc j? tUdng vd dQ lidu da duyc hogeh djnh trong budc 1 d l xdy dyng Ki ho^ch giio due tong quit. B i n k l hogeh ndy p h l i t h i hidn ro rdng edc mdn hpc cQa tQng cap Idp, mdi quan hS (hay sy tich hyp) giQa cac mdn dd, thdi lugng eua tUng bd mdn; d$c bl^t luu y sy khae bidt giQa cde ban trong ehUdng trlnh THPT.
- Budc 3: Cdn cQ vdo Kd/iogch g/do dye fdVigqudfdd xdc lap, chuydn gia eiia edc mdn hpc l i l n hdnh thilt k l chuang trinh hpc cua b0 mdn (subject). ChQdng trinh ndy phdi t h i hidn d l y dCi 4 y l u td ed b i n Id myc tidu, ndi dung, phUdng phdp vd ddnh gid.
2.3. Phucmg phip - tSchUc
Ddy Id y l u td thudc v l cdeh thQc, kilu m l u hay chiln lupc cCia qud trlnh dgy hpe d l phye vy eho ndi dung vd ddp Ung myc tieu cOa qua trinh dd. Y l u t l ndy duyc t h i hi$n
JmfvaHpCi
^ua cdc loai hinh dgy hgc (day hpc cd t h i hda, day hgc hqlp ac. dgy hge theo trinh dp, phdt trien kha nang va kT nang tU iuy, dgy hpc vi tinh hda, dgy hge Idy hge sinh lam trung ldm-). Phye vy eho cac logi hinh tren cd 3 Ioai phUdng phdp dgy hgc chinh (cdn ggi Id 3 chiln lU^e day hge) dya tren cdeh tilp cdn cua gido viSn vdi hpe sinh: eac phUdng phap lilp cdn true tilp (gilng bai, phdt v i n , thye hanh va luyen tap), tiep can gian t i l p (dgy hgc dya tren van de, phdt hien vd khdm pha, day hpe theo nhdm, dgy hge qua hdnh dgng..) vd tilp cgn dge Igp (ty hpc tgi trung tam hgc lieu, lam viec ddc ldp theo giao Ude, ty hgc bang mdy tfnh..). Cdc phUdng phdp thuQc ehiln lU^e t i l p can gian t i l p va t i l p edn ddc ldp chlnh Id dac trung cho viec ddi mdi dgy hpc d nhd IrQdng.
Cdc logi hinh day hgc, chien luge t i l p cdn va phUdng phap ey t h i dd can dUdc t h i hien ro trong chUdng trinh giao dye mdi d l djnh hUdng eho gido vien dp dyng vao vigc dgy hgc theo khoa hpe giao dye hien dai.
2.4. Dinh gii
Oanh gla la sy xdc djnh hay phdn xet nhQng gid trj dgt dupe theo eac mye tidu da de ra. Danh gid bao gdm nhieu logi hinh khac nhau: chUdng trlnh danh gid loan dign, danh gid chUdng trinh hpc, ddnh gia hpc tgp cua hpc sinh (thanh qui hge tap, kha ndng thyc hien, x i p hang...). Danh gia thanh qua hgc tgp cua hpc sinh bao gdm nhQng hoat ddng ma nha tnjdng Vidt Nam thudng tien hanh Id "thi" va "kiem tra".
Trong ChQdng trlnh gido dye phd ihdng mdi sau 2015, y l u td ddnh gia can dUfle quy dinh ey t h i va ro rdng d l gido vidn ehilu theo dd md thye hign trong qud trinh dgy hgc cCia minh; ddng thdi de cdc cap qudn li gido dye edn eQ vdo dd ma thanh tra, kiem tra vide dgy hpe eiia gido vidn hay ra d l thi tdt nghigp hoae tuyln sinh. Vd ddnh gia chinh phQdng thQc qudn 1;}' ciia minh. Khi cdc cdng cy danh gid mdi duyc quy djnh trong chUdng trinh thi cac edch thi vd kilm tra cQ (kiem tra midng, viet 15 phOt, v i l t 1 tilL.) se phai ddi mdi theo; dge biet Id nhQng de kiem tra
"thudc bdi" se bi logi bd d l thay t h i b i n g cac cdng cy do ludng - ddnh gid trinh dp nhan thQc, kl nang va thdi dd - tinh d m cOa hpc sinh.
3. Xdy dyng mdt chUdng trlnh trung hpc phd thdng phdn ban mdi
Trong chUdng trlnh giao due phd thdng, ehUdng trinh hgc eiia bde THPT bao gid cung cd mot vi tri dae bidt, vl dd Id sy k i t tlnh thdnh q u i cCia ea qua trinh gido dye 12 ndm, ddng thdi md ra mpt giai dogn phdt triln mdi vdi nhilu con dQdng vdo ddi ciia hpc sinh, Vdy, chUdng trinh THPT mdi se dUdc xdy dyng nhU the ndo de khac phye nhOng nhuge d i l m vd b i t cgp cda chUdng trinh hien hdnh, d l ddp Qng d l y du nhQng ydu cau cCia xa hdi ndi chung vd eDa ngdnh gido dye ndi ndng?
. .3.1. Ba I09I chuang trlnh hpc hl^n hinh Cho d i n nay, trong he thdng gido dye phd Ihdng qude te da vd dang tdn tgi 3 logi ehUdng trinh hpe ehu yeu cho b|c eudi trung hgc Id ehUdng trinh ddng nhat. ehUdng trinh phdn ban vd ehUdng trlnh ty chgn [9, tr.176-180].
Chuang trinh ding nhil\h logi chUdng trinh hpc cd dien nhlt, theo dd t i t c l hgc sinh cQng hpc edc mdn hgc vdi nhQng ehii d l , dung lugng, thdi lugng vd t i l n dp thyc hign nhu nhau de dgt myc lieu dao tgo duy nhdt. Dd Id logi chuong trinh dp d$t, budc mpi hgc sinh phai thyc hi§n md
khdng cd bat cQ mdt sy lUa chgn ndo. Loai chUdng trinh hge ndy hinh thanh d nUdc ta td eupe eai edeh gido dye lan thQ nhat (nam 1950) vdi he thdng nhd trudng 9 nam d vung ty do trong khang chien chdng Phap, dUpc hodn chlnh tQ cudc c i i each giao dye lan thd hai (nam 1956) vdi he thdng trudng phd thdng 10 ndm d m i l n Bac; vd t i l p tyc dugc dp dyng trong cudc eai each gido dye lan thQ ba (td 1980trdvesau) vdi he thdng giao dye phd thdng 12 nam dp dyng tren todn qudc.
Chuang tr'inh hoc phin ban (divisional curriculum) dupe hinh thdnh tQ cudi t h i kJ XIX 6 cdc nUdc edng nghiep tien t i l n chdu Au. Dd Id logi chUdng trinh hge ed sU phdn bidt ve ChQ d l , dung lUpng, thdi lupng vd t i l n dp mdn hpe d l dat den mdt sd myc lieu khac nhau. ChUdng trlnh hpe ndy cho phep hpe sinh lya chpn nhQng ban hpe theo sd trUdng vd nguygn vpng nghe nghiep eua minh. ChUdng Irinh phdn ban da du nhap vao nude ta dudi thdi Phdp thude vdi hai ban Id Tu tai Trilt va Tu tai Toan,
ChUdng trinh hpe tt/chpn (elective curncuium) dUpc dp dyng d MT tQ dau t h i kl XX rdi phd bien tdi mdt sd nUde khac. ChUdng trinh hpc nay khdng phan ban, ma toan bd hpc van eua cdc bd mdn dUpc eau tgo thanh nhQng modul, de hpe sinh ty chgn cho nhQng tfn chi (credit) thich hgp vdi sd trUdng vd nguyen vpng ciia minh. Vdi nhQng mdn hpc va chii d l h i t sQe da dgng san cd, hpc smh hodn todn chu ddng trong viee t h i l l k l ehUdng trinh hgc eho chinh minh, dap Qng nguyen vgng hpe len dgi hpe hoae ra ddi hdnh nghi rdi se lgi hpc len. <3 cdc nUdc tidn t i l n , chUdng Irinh hgc ddng nhat ch? dUfle dp dyng cho nhQng bde hge thap (Tilu hgc hay THCS), cdn d bac hpc eao (THPT) khdng nude nao dOng ehUdng trinh ddng nhlt nQa, ma ap dyng chUdng trlnh ty chpn (nhu d Ml) hay chUdng trinh phdn ban (nhu fl Phdp).
3.2. Ltfa chpn logi chUdng trinh hgc phan ban eho bic THPT
ChUdng trinh hpc ddng nhat dp dat cho mgi ddi tupng duye dp dyng d nude ta cho den cudc cai each gido dye lan thQ 3. Khi dat nude budc vao cdng cupc ddi mdi, log! chUdng trinh hpc nay nhanh chdng bdc Id nhQng nhUdc dilm, budc Bd Giao dye va Dao tgo phai chuyen sang thyc hien chUdng trinh phan ban. That bgi trong chUdng trinh thi diem vdi 3 ban A-B-C trong eupe ddi mdi giao due cudi t h i ki XX, Bd eho thye hien chUdng trlnh mdi ch? vdi 2 ban A (Toan, LI, Hda, Sinh) va C (Van, SQ, Dia, Ngogi ngQ) trong cupc Doi mdi ChUdng trinh giao dye phd thdng dau the ki XXI. Lgi that bgi vdi chUdng trinh phan ban ndy, Bp phai b i l n nd thdnh "ChUdng trinh phan hda" ma thye chat la quay trd Igi vdi chUdng trinh ddng nhat vdi tat ed nhQng khuyit tdt va sy b i t e g p c u a n d .
Vdy, chUdng trinh hpc THPT mdi se phdt triln theo hudng n d C De thay t h i chUdng trinh ddng nhat ch? ed hai hudng phdt trien: chudng trinh ty chpn hoac chUdng trinh phdn ban.
ChUdng trlnh hpe ly chpn Id logi chUPng trinh lidn l i l n nhat vdi hieu lyc rat tdt. NhUng viec thye hien logi chUdng trinh ndy yeu cau mdt ngudn tai chlnh rdt ldn vdi nhQng dieu kign rat eao v l chuyen mdn nghipp vy vd qudn 11 d i l u hanh. Cung vdi mdt quy hgc van h i t sQc phong phu va da dgng, nd ddi hoi nhQng cd sd vdt chdt dd sd vdi nhQng
508-2014 DmivaHpl
Dhdng hoe ehuyen dung vd trung tdm hgc lieu. Ben canh 3d Id nhQng quy trinh vd nguyen tac quan li mdi Ig bao gdm mdt dpi ngu cd van hpc tap (councellor) tinh thdng nghiep vy. NhQng dieu kien do Id qua cao xa rat khd ddp Qng trong hoan canh hien nay eCia Viet Nam.
VI vay, mdt chUdng trinh hpc phan ban mdi theo quy chuan qudc t l se Id djnh hUdng thich hdp cho vide phdt tnen chUdng trinh THPT d nUde ta (IQc la phan ban d cde Idp 10-11-12). Phan ban Id mdt logi chQdng trinh hpe (chQ khdng phai la "hinh thQc td chQc day hpe"), vd la kieu chUdng trlnh hpctien tien dupc dp dyng rdng rai (chQ khdng phai Id
"ldi thdi").
3.3. Phuang budng xay dijtng ChUdng trinh THPT phin ban mdi
Cae chUdng trinh phan ban trong nhQng cudc ddi mdi trudc day d nUdc ta deu that bgi, vi chung ch? dUde phdn ban theo khoa hoe cd ban, tQc la ch? nham myc tieu ddo tao cac nha khoa hpc cd ban, ft ehii trpng d i n cdc logi hinh tu duy va khdng quan tdm d i n dinh hudng n g h i nghiep cho hoc sinh. VI t h i , chUOng trinh hoc mdi can phan ban theo logi hinh tu duy, phdn logi nghi nghiep va dgy nghe cho hgc sinh, tQe Id se ed nhilu ban vdi ehUdng trinh khdc nhau de hgc smh lya chgn cho viec hpc len dgi hpc hay ra ddi hanh nghe ngay sau khi tdt nghiep THPT.
Cd the lay chuong trinh TU tdi phan ban eua Phap Idm mot thidu. ChUdng trinh dd bao gdm 3 khdi chia thanh 10 ban, 1) Khdi Tu tai phd thdng (baccalaureat general) duyc ehia Idm 3 ban: Van ehUdng, Kmh t l - Xa hpi, Khoa hpc ty n h i e n ; 2) Khd'i Tu t a i edng nghe (baccalaureat technologique) chia lam 5 ban: Khoa hpc va kT thuat phdng thf nghiem, Khoa hpc va kT thuat edng nghiep, Khoa hpc va kTlhudl quan li, Khoa hpc kT thuat ve y l l -xa hdi, Q u i n li khdch sgn; va Khdi Tii tai nghe (baccalaureat professienel) bao gdm 2 ban Id Khu vUc san xuat vd Khu vUc dich vy [10], [11]. Theo dd, 3 ban thudc khoi Tu tdi pho thdng ddnh cho cac hpc smh cd nguyen vpng hpc len dai hpc de trd thanh cac nha chuyen mdn v l khoa hpc cd ban, 5 ban thupc khdi Tu tai cdng nghe danh cho cac em mudn hpc len cac trUdng dai hpc ve cac ITnh vyc cdng nghe, cdn 2 ban ciia khdi Tu tai nghe se dao tao nghe cho nhQng hpc sinh mudn ra ddi lam viec ngay (rdi se vao dai hpc thudc chuyen nganh thich hpp khi cd dieu kien).
Hpc tap chuong trinh phan ban Tu tai Phap, dong thdi t i l p thu kinh nghiem chuong trinh hpc ty chpn ciia MT, chfnh quyen mien Nam Viet Nam trudc 1975 da cho ap dyng mdt chUdng trinh phdn ban d bac Trung hpc De nhi cap (gdm cac Idp 10, 11, 12) bao gdm 8 ban: ban A (khoa hpc thyc nghiem), ban B (khoa hpe Toan}, ban C (van chUdng sinh ngQ), ban D (van chUdng cd ngQ), ban E (kmh t l gia dinh), ban F (doanh thUdng), ban G (cdng kT nghe) va ban H (canh ndng) [6], Khi ay, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham KT thuat Thil DQc da dupe thanh lap de dao lao edc giao vien giang dgy cac ban cdng kT nghe, canh ndng, doanh thUdng va kmh le gla dinh trong chuong trinh phdn ban Trung hgc de nhj cap (trong khi TrUdng Dgi hpc SU phgm Sai Gdn dao tgo giao vien edc mdn van hda vd khoa hpc cd ban).
Cde ehUdng trinh hgc phdn ban ndi tren dang dupc tham khao de xay dyng ehUdng trinh hgc phan ban mdi d
bac THPT nUdc ta. Ben canh do, chQdng trinh hoc cua cdc trudng trung cap nghe, nhat Id ehUdng trinh dao tao eOa Trudng Dai hpe SQ pham KT thuat Thu DQc se trd thanfi ngudn dd lieu quy bau de xae djnh cac ban trong ChUdng trinh phdn ban THPT mdi.
4. Doi mdi chi/dng trinh mgt bg m o n trong ChQdng trinh giao due phd thdng m d i
ChQdng trinh giao due phd thdng mdi sau 2015 bao gdm ChQdng trinh hgc cua tat ca eae bd mdn dupc quy djnh trong dd. Vay, chQdng trinh mdi bd mdn se dQde phat trien nhQ the nao trong tdng the ChQdng trinh gido due phd thdng mdi? Cd the l l y chUdng trinh mdt bd mdn de mmh hpa cho vdn d l nay: mdn Ljch sCf.
ChUdng trinh bd mdn ljch sQ hidn hanh dd bde Id day Sil eae nhupc diem cung sQ bat cap eua nd: qua tai v l cau trQe bat hpp If ldm cho hieu lyc dgy hge rd't thap. Vi vdy, chUdng trlnh hpc mdi phai khae phye dugc tat c l cac nhuye diem dd de nang cao hieu lyc va c h i t lUdng day hpc bd mdn.
De chUdng trlnh hpc mdi eiia bd mdn ljch sur dupc xay dyng thanh cdng, can tudn thd mdt sd djnh hudng sau ddy.
4.1. Xac dmh dOng vai tro mon Ljch sCe trong chuang trinh giao dpc pho thong
Ljch sQ ludn cd vai trd h i t sQc quan trpng trong chUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng cua mpi qudc gla. 6 cac nude tien tien, Lieh sQ thUdng Id 1 trong 3 mdn dugc ddnh nhieu thdi gian dgy hpc nhat (hai mdn kia Id Qudc van va Toan). Doi vdi 3 Idp cudi trung hpc, chudng trinh cua Lien Xd trUdc ddy va Lien bang Nga ngay nay ddnh cho Ljch sd 3-4-3 gid/tuan (tUdng dUdng mdn Nga van vd ch? kem mdn Toan);
edc chUdng trinh cua MT thudng danh cho Lich sQ 3-3,5 tin chi (tUdng dUdng thdi gian danh cho Anh van cung nhii cho loan); chuong trinh tich hdp cCia Phdp danh cho SQ- Dia mdt thdi lUOng tudng dUdng vdi Phdp van hay L i - Hoa.
Trong khi dd, chQdng trinh giao dye phd thdng Viet Nam xep lich sQ vdo nhdm dupc ddnh quy thdi gian thap nhat (chi bang 1/3 thdi lUpng ddnh cho Toan hoae NgQ van) [3], [4]. Vdi quy thdi gian nhU vay, Ljch sif da trd thanh "mdn phy" trong chUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng ndi ehung va ChUdng trinh THPT ndi rieng. Sy han hgp ve quy thdi gian da ChQng td sai lam trong viec xac dinh vai trd ciia bd mdn Ljch sQ trong he thdng cae mdn hpc c i a chUdng trinh giao dye phd thdng. Chinh sai lam nay la mdt ngudn goc ddn d i n sy qua tai ciia chUdng Irinh bp mdn Ljch sii: nhdi nh^t qua nhieu ndi dung k i l n thQc trong nhQng khung thdi gian qua hgp. Mudn sda chQa sai lam nay, can xac dinh lai vai trd cCia bd mdn Lieh sQ cho dung tdm quan trpng cua no, de danh cho nd mdt quy thdi gian xQng dang hdn so vdi thdi lupng trong ehUdng trinh hidn hdnh.
4.2. Xay dpng lai chuang trinh Lich sCe trong khudn fdiS chuang trinh THPT phan ban
NhU d phan tren da eh? rd, chUdng trinh gido due pho thdng mdi phai dupc phan ban d cap THPT. Do dd, chUCng trinh bp mdn Ljch sQ phai dupe xay dyng trong khudn khi ciia ChUdng trinh THPT phan ban ay. Trong mdt chUdng trlnh hgc phdn ban, eac mdn hpc se duge phdn logi thdnh nhQng mdn ed ban (ehung cho cdc ban), nhQng mdn col Idi (thudng dupc gpi la nhQng mdn "trudng"-major), nhQng
DmjyaWC S6 8-2014
mdn lya chpn (thudng dupe gpi la nhQng mdn "thiT-mlnor).
Sy phdn biet edc logi mdn hpc trong eac ban dugc I h l hien bdng thdi lupng gilng dgy, thdi gian fdm bai thi vd he sd tlnh dilm thi. Trong chUdng trinh dd, Ljch sQ ludn Id mdn cd bin ma t i t cd cde ban deu phli hgc, nhung cd sy phan bidt v l thdi lupng gidng dgy ddi vdi tQng ban, trong dd cac ban Vdn ehUdng vd Kinh t l - xa hdi (theo chUdng trinh eiia Phdp, tUdng Qng vdi ban Khoa hgc xd hdi - nhdn vdn cda Vidt Nam) ed thdi IQgng nhilu nhlt, cac ban khde cd thdi IQpng it hdn vd cd t h i tUdng dUdng nhau. Du eho cd sy khde biet v l thdi luyng giang dgy nhU vdy, tat ed cdc ban diu phdi thi Idt nghidp mdn ljch sQ vdi nhQng d l thi khdc nhau v l dung lUpng kiln thde, thdi gian lam bdi vd he sd tinh dilm.
Cung xin lUu y ring dgng "ddng tam phdt tnIn" qua hai vdng xody trdn dc (vdng mdt d bdc THCS, vdng hai d b|c THPT) ciia ehUdng trlnh bd mdn Ljeh sQ hidn hdnh Id hodn loan b i t hpp If cdn phdi bde bd. Thyc t i l n hidn nay ddi hdi ChUdng trinh bd mon Ljch sd phdi dupe xdy dyng Iheo dudng thing nhu d cdc nQdc tidn t i l n tren t h i gidi.
ChUdng trinh ndy ddi trgng tdm d d p THCS la Ljch sQ eo - trung dgi, cdn trpng tdm d edp THPT la Lieh sd cdn - hien dgi.
4.3. Doi mdi dong bq 4 yiu to cabin trong chuang trlnh hgc b§ mon
Qi xdy dyng dupe mdt ehUdng trinh hge mdi eua bd mdn Ljch sd, thi phdi ddi mdi ddng bd cd 4 ydu td ed bdn (mye tidu, npi dung, phUdng phdp vd ddnh gid) trong chUdng trlnh ndy so vdi ehUdng trinh hidn hdnh. V l myc tidu, chUdng trinh mdi eln trinh bdy rd va khu bidt lgi cac myc tidu nhdn thQc, trlnh bdy ey t h i hdn cdc myc tidu v l thdi dd - tlnh elm, d$e biet ehu trpng hon nQa d i n cae myc tidu v l kT ndng. Ndi dung chUdng trinh can dugc lya chpn lgi d l ddp dng cdc myc tidu dd, theo hudng e l t gidm bdt cdc chii de, gidm dung luyng vd b l rdng cda cdc kiln thQc d l ldng thdm chilu sdu vd qud trinh hinh thdnh kiln thde, ddng thdi d l tgo dilu kidn v l thdi gian eho viic dp dyng cdc phUdng phdp dgy hpe mdi. V l phUdng phdp, cdn tdng cudng cdc phUdng phdp luyen tdp - thyc hdnh, d^c.tidt chii trpng cdc phUdng phap dgy hgc hien dgi theo each tilp cdn gidn tilp vd tilp cdn ddc IdP [9. tr.51-65]. Ve ddnh gid, cdn ddt khoat logi bd logi d l tht chi yeu cau hgc sinh thudc bai, hgn e h l nhOng d l chi ydu cau gpi nhd, dUa vdo dp dyng nhQng cdng cy danh gia - do ludng hidn dgi chilu theo cdc trinh dd Qng xQ eua mye tieu gido dye [9, tr.77-83].
Khi cd 4 y l u td ndy dupc t h i hidn ddng bd, thi chUdng trlnh hgc mdi se b i o ddm dugc hidu lyc trong vi§c dgy hpc, nghTa Id chUdng trinh hpc mdi da dupe xdy dyng thdnh cdng.
III. THAY LOI K^'T LUfiiN
Ddi mdi gido dye mdt cdeh cdn b i n vd loan didn Id sy nghldp vTdgi quylt djnh vdn mdnh lUdng lai cda ddn tdc, trong dd ChUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi sau ndm 2015 Id cdng vide h i t sQe quan trpng. De edng vigc nay duye thye hidn thdnh edng, vi§c xdy dyng ehUOng trinh phli dugc giao eho nhQng chuydn gia v l phdt triln chUdng trinh hgc (curriculum development) thyc hidn theo cdc
nguydn II khoa hpe trong vd ngodi nude. Ddng thdi, cdc elp lanh dgo ngdnh giao dye trudc nhat Id Hg ddng Gido dye qude gla tiep d i n Id lanh dgo Bd GD-D"^ can the hign quylt tdm ddi mdi tU duy ve giao dye phd thdng, tQ bd nhQng di hgi cda ed c h i quan lieu bao clj} trong qudn If dilu hdnh gido dye, chuyen sang thye hien cdehd ddn chd - khoa hpe, trao quyln chd ddng sang tao eho gido vidn dQng Idp d trudng trong khudn khd nhQng quy dinh cda chUdng trinh hgc.
Sau khi hoan thdnh, ChUdng trinh gido dye phd thdng mdi can dupe xuat bdn ehinh thde va phdt hanh eho gido vidn thye hien. Gido vidn se edn cd vdo ehUdng trinh cda Bd GD-DT va mpi ngudn tU li#u hidn ed d l tMit ke bdi hpc (course design) tdc sogn giao an bing trinh dp chuydn mdn va khd nang sUphgm cda chfnh minh. Viee bien sogn SGK tUdng thich vdi ehUdng trinh mdi se danh eho b i t cQ nhd chuydn mdn, nha gido ndo ed khd ndng thye hidn, va khi l y dUdng nhidn se ed nhieu bd SGK cho mdt bd mdn.
Quyln lya chpn SGK cho viec dgy - hgc hodn to^n thudc vd gido vien va hpe sinh.
Vdi cd ehe qudn 11 ddn ehu - khoa hpc dupc xac ldp, mpt ndn giao due trung thQc vdi vai trd chd ddng sdng tgo cda gido vien se ddrn bdo eho vide ndng cao chdt lupng gido dye pho thdng eOa ddt nude,
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. B$ G iao dye va Dao tgo (2006), Chuang trlnh giio d^c ph6 thdng- NhQng van d$ chyng(ban hanh kdm Iheo quydt dfnh s616/
2006/QB-BGD&DT ngdy 05-05-2006), Nxb Gi5o dye, Hk NOI.
2. Bd Giio dye vS Dio tgo (2006), Chuang trlnh giio di^c Phi thdng- chuang trlnh Tiiu hpc(ban hanh kdm Iheo quydt djnh so 16/2006/QD-BGD&DT ngdy 05-05-2006), Nxb Giio dye, Hd N^i.
3. Bfl Giio dye v i Dio Igo (2006), ChUang trinh giio di^c Phi thdng- Chuang trlnh Trung hgc Ca sd(ban hinh ketn Iheo quylt djnh sd 16/2006/QD-BGD&DT ngiy 05-05-2006), Nxb Giio dye, Hi N$i.
4.B§ Gido dye vd Ddo tgo (2006), ChUang trlnh giio d^c Phi thdng- Chuang trlnh trung hQC phi thdng {ban hinh kdm theo quydt djnh s616/2006/QD-BGD&DT ngiy 05-05-2006), Nxb Giio dyc,HiN6i.
5. B6 Giio dye v i Dio tgo (2006), Chuang trlnh giio di^c Phi thdng mdn Ljch su'(ban hinh kem theo quydt dinh s616/2006/QD- BGO&DT ngiy 05-05-2006), Nxb Giio dye, Hd Npi-
6. B$ Giio dye (1972), Chuung mnh Uung hgc ting hpp D$ nh/
cdp, Sii Gon.
7. Jacques Delors (1996), Raportto UNESCO of the interna- tional Commision on Education for the twenty-first Century (Intro- duction). UNESCO, New York.
8. John Dewey (1916), Dan chQ vi Giio auc, Phan Anh TuSn djch, Nxb Tri thde, Ha Ndi, 2008.
9. LS Vinh Qudc (2011), Doi mdi day hgc theo khoa hgc giio dijc hi$n dai. Nxt) Dgi hpc Su phgm TP Hd Chi Minh.
10. Ministdre de I'education nationale de la jeunesse et des sports (1990), Sacca/aurdafde/'ense'gnemenfdt/second degree (series A B, C. D), Centre national de documentation pedagogique.
Pans.
11. hltp://www.educalion.gouv.fr/cid5207Ubaccalaureal- 2010.html Les chiffres des. Baccalaureat 2010, Dossier de presse- LucChatel 11/06^010
