y- NaeW T R A O D<OI CONG VIEN KHDA HOC NHUUlRUNG TAM COA HE SINH THlil KHOU NGHIEP 001 Nlfll SANG TAO:
GDC NHDI Hi TliONG VA N H O N G HJUIH Y CHO THANH PHD HD CHJ MINH
Ti-an Thi Hone Lien
Tririmg BH Kinh tg LuSt - DH QG Tp Ho Chi Minh Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhgn: 10/03/2020 Ngdy nh§n Igi: 01/04/2020 Ngdy duyet dang: 10/04/2020
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^gt cong viin khoa hgc, noi diin ra su tuong tdc manh me giica cdc tinrdng dgi hgc^ ca quan nghiin cuu, cdc doanh nghiip vd cdc td chirc ho trg khde dirdi su bdo trg ciia chink quyin trung uong vd dja phuong, hodn todn phii hgp vdi bdn chat eua mgt he sinh thdi khai nghiep ddi mdi sdng tgo. Trong bdi canh nin kinh ti khdi nghiip dang bdng no vd trd thdnh mong udc cda tdt cd cdc qudc gia, viic thuc ddy phdt triin cong viin khoa hgc la mgt hudng di diing ddn. Con dudng phdt triin cong vien khoa hgc rdt da dgng vd khde biit giua cdc quoc gia, nhicng kinh nghiem tic Amsterdam (Hd Lan) vd Suzhou (tire To Chau, Trung Quoc) dem din cho Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh nhiiu ggi y hdnh dgng, trong do dgc biit nhdn mgnh vai tro ciia cdc doanh nghiip spin-off.Tu khoa: Hi sinh thdi khdi nghiip doi mdi sdng tgo, cong vien khoa hgc, hi thong doi mdi quoc gia.
Gidi thieu
xay dung mgt nen kinh tl (qudc gia hay dia phuong) phat trien bin viing dua trin ddi mdi va khoa hgc cdng ngh? la mgt xu thi toan cau. Cac khu vuc trgng dilm vdi ham lugng khoa hgc vugt trgi dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau (quan ddi mdi, khu cdng nghe cao, cdng viln khoa hgc..,.) la mgt cdng cy dugc nhiiu noi sii dung. Thanh phd Hd Clii Minh da di theo each tiep can nay tu hai thap ky trd lai day. Trong bdi canh Thanh phd dinh hudng dua Khu Cdng nghe cao (SHTP) len mgt hrinh dg phat trien mdi la cdng vien khoa hgc, bai viit nay se,phan tich vi tri ciia cdng viln khoa hgc trong mdt nen kinh te ddi mdi, dac bigt la kinh te khdi nghiep;^ kinh nghilm xay dung cdng vien khoa hgc cd tudi ddi hrong t\r SHTP la Amsterdam Ha Lan va Suzhou (Trung Qydc); va tii dd dua ra mdt sd ggi y cho Thanh phd.
\. H^ thong doi moi quoc gia, oen kinh te khdi nghi|p va nhihig cdng viSn khoa hgc
cae md hinh tang tnrdng theo tu duy he thdng va ly thuyet he thdng ddi mdi qudc gia (National Innovation Systerns) dang, duac nhieu nude lira chgn de chuyen ddi. He thdng ddi mdi qudc gia la mdt he thdng tdng hgp bao gdm cac yeu td chinh tri, kinh tl, xa hdi tac dgng tdi sir san sinh va ling dung dgi mdi (Atidnson, 2014). Cap thanh td cua he thdng ddi mdi qudc gia dugc tdm tat trong Hinh I. Cac td
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chiic bao gdm nhdm cac trudng dai hgc, tmng tam nghien ciiu, cac tmng tam md rdng^cdng nghe d phia cung va cac doanh nghiep d phia cau. Hai nhdm nay trao ddi vdi nhau thdng qua qua trinh tich luy va phan bd vdn vat chit, vdn con ngudi va tri thiic. Nha nude ddng vai trd giam sat va kJhac phuc nhirng that bai cua thj trudng. Cac yiu td thiic day va can trd ddi moi rat da dang. Cac yiu td thiic day gdm mdi trudng VI md, cau tnic canh tranh, co che thucmg mai va mang ludi qudc te; cac yiu td can trd gdm tin dung, rao can ra nhap/rdi bd thj trudng, mdi trudng kinh doanh/the chi, sir ciing nhac, vdn mdi/von mao hiim, va tinh ngoai ling cua ddi mdi. Su tuang tac giiia cac td chiic va qua trinh tich liiy - phan bd khdi xudng, du nhap, siia ddi va lan tda nhimg cdng nghi mdi (Freem^, 1987). , , _ ,
Mgi quyit sach kinh tl mudn cd hieu qua can phai dugc chuyin ddi thanh hanh vi ciia cac doanh nghiip, ca nhan hoac nhdrn ca nhan lam kinh doanh (Lien, 2019), trong he thing ddi mdi qudc gia sir chuyen ddi dd dugc thi hien rat rd qua sir tuong tac giira cac thanh td. Cac ddng chay cdng nghe va thdng tin giiia con ngudi, cac doanh nghiip va cac to chiic thdng qua cac vong phan hdi la chia khda ddi vdi quy trinh ddi mdi. Su hgp tac ky thuat va lan tda cong nghe, dich chuyin lihan su ddng gdp vao cai thien nang luc ddi mdi cua doanh nghiip dudi dang san phSm, bang sang chi va nang sak (OECD, 1997), la
khoa hoc ^ thififng mai 55
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vao san, pham va dich vu tdt hon va vao gidi thilu san pham mdi (Mckinney, 2019). Nhu vay, san phSm, dich vu nidi va tdt hon la muc tilu va muc tilu nay chi cd thi dugc hien thuc hda tai cac doanh nghiep. Ngoai cac cdng ty da dirih hmh, tu cdng ty vira va nhd tdi cac tap doan da qudc gia Idn, cac khdi nghiep ddi mdi sang tao dang vucm minh hd thanh ngudi chai ldn_va tao nin nin kinh tl khdi nghiep.
Nin kinh ti khdi nghiep, mgt bd phan ciia kinh
S ^ ^ n i sal cui chinh phu vi giii quy^l cac lliBIbfilli|1riiut
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Truing df I hjtl Truugcdt Idi hinh thanh nen nen kinh.te ddi mdi sang tao Hiep hdi Qudc ti cac Cdng vien Khoa hgc CIAS?) trong dd tri thiic, khdi nghiep, ddi mdi, edng nghe va dirih nghTa mgt cdng vien khoa hgc la mdt td chuc sg hgp tac tao nen tang tmdng kinh ti dirge quan ly bdi cac nha chuyin mdn vdi muc tieu (Startuplnstitute.com, 2013). Trong nin kinh ti mdi chinh la gia tang su thinh vugng ciia cdng ddng noi dd, vdn tai chmh khdng dugc dCing di xay dung thera cd cdng viln bang each thiic day van hda ddi mdi vi nha may ma de dau tu vao nghien ciiu va phat hiin, nang luc canh tranh cua nhiing doanh nghiep va van .:an nham va Hinh inr tAt hrm i.i ,,5^ niAi th;&„ nhiing vien tmong dua trin tri thtic cd lien quan. De
dat dugc nhiing myc tieu nay, mgt cdng viln khoa hgc Mch thich va quan ly ddng chay tri thiic ya cdng nghe giua cac trudng dai hgc, cac vien nghien cihi va phat triin (R&D), cac cdng ty va thi tmdng; no tao dieu kien thuan Igi chg vile sinh ra va Idn len ciia cac cdng ty dua tren ddi mdi thdiig qua cac quy trinh ucm tao va spin-off; va cung cap cac dich vy gia tang gia tri ciing vdi khdng gian va ca sd vat chat
cd chat lugng cao.
I Nhu vay, vi ban chat, cdng vien khoa ' hgc la mgt he thdng ddi tndi quy md nhd vdi day ^dii cac thanh td d ca hai phia cung - cau cung nhu qua trinh tich tu va phan bd. Ddng thdi cung la mdt he sinh thai khdi nghiep sang tao d miic dd tap tmng hon. Thdng, thudng, mdt he siiili thai khdi nghiep ddi mdi sang tao la mgt tap hgp ngudn lire dugc chia se, thudng dugc phan bd trong ban kinh. 60 dam (100 km) xung quanh mgt diem,tmng tam trong mgt khu vuc dl phat trien cac khdi nghiip sang tao (Starmp Genome, 2019). Cdng vien khoa hgc chinh la phan Idi cua he sinh thai lan hon nay.
Ra ddi tii nhiing nam 1950 tai Hoa Ky (Silicon Valley d bang California va Route 128 - America's Technology Highway d bang Massachusetts) va thanh cdng tai cac nude Anglo-Saxon, md hinh cdng viln Idioa hgc cdng nghe da lan tda va bung nd trin toan thi gidi vao nhirng nam 197,0,1980. vao nhirng nam 2000 da ndi len tam quan trgng ciia hudng dai hgc
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Hf fhong doi m^ quoc gia (NIS)
Nguon: Moloney (2017, tr.JS)
Hinh I: He thong doi mdi quoc gia tl ddi mdi sang tao, trin toan can dang tiep tyc tang trudng, tao ra gia tri 2,8 nghin ty USD trong giai doan 2016-2018, tang 20,6% so vdi thdi ky trudc va gap ddi so vdi gia tri chi 5 nam tnrdc dd. Gia tri nay tuong duong vdi mdt nen kinh te nhdm G7 nhu Vuong qudc Anh Nam 2018 ciing chiing kien tong miic dau tu mao hiem 220 ty USD, cao nhat trong vdng 10 nam qua (Startup Genome, 2019).
Cac cdng vien khoa hgc la mgt_bg phan quan trgng tao ddng luc cho nen kinh tl khdi nghiip.
Theo nghia hep, cdng viln khoa hgc la mgt khu vuc, thudng dugc khdi tao va ho trg bdi mgt trudng dai hgc don nganh hoac da nganh, trong do cac cdng ty chuyin ve cdng viec khoa hgc va cdng nghe mdi dat tru sd (Tii diem Cambridge). C5 pham vi rdng hem,
trong phat triln dia phuong vdi xu hudng tang cudng khdi nghiip tii cac nha nghien cuu thdng qua chuyen giao cong nghe hoac tao ra doanh nghiep mdi tir nghiin ciiu han lam (spin-off) (Salvador & Rolfo, 2011). Su phd biln toan cau ciia cdng vien khoa hgc the hiln rd trin ban do vi tri cac thanh viln ciia Hiep hdi Quoc tl cac Cdng vien Khoa hgc trong Hinh 2.
Con duqng phat trien cdng vien khoa hgc cd su khac biet rat Idn giiia cac qudc gia. Tai Hoa Ky, Silicon Valley va Route 128 dugc hinh thanh mgt each tu nhiln, hoan toan khdng cd ke hoach tii ca nha nude va khu vuc tu nhan vl vile cho ra ddi mdt cdng viln khoa hoc. Dudng vanh dai Route 128 dugc xay dung de giai ciiu nan ket xe trong ngi thanh Boston, lihimg cac nha phat trien bdt dgng san ktioa hoc -
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y KliN TRAO D 6 |
ty giao due - nghien ciiu - kinh doanh va cd kl hoach chinh thiic phat triln khu vuc nay thanh cdng viln khoa hgc (University of Amsterdam, 2020),
Tai trai he "Thinking City Amsterdam 2014", y tudng vl cdng vien khoa hgc trd thanh he sinh thai khdi nghiep da dugc dua ra thao luan dua tren nhihig kit qua khao sat thuc nghiem cac nha khdi nghiep d,di mdi sang tao.
Nhiing quan ddi mdi (innovation Nguon https //www lasp ws/our-members/duectory districts) la nhirng quan ngi th^h Hinh 2 Cac thdnh viin cua Hiip hgi Quoc ti Cac cong vien Khoa hoc vk nhirng trudng dai hgc nam
trong trung tam. Do do, nhirng co da nhan ra vi the dac bilt cua con dudng (vao thdi
biy gid, nhiing nam 1950) va phat trien cac bat ddng san cdng nghiep dgc hai ben. Tu do cac cdng ty tim din, cOng vdi su hiln hiiu cila hai trudng dai hgc Idn la Havard va MIT da dan hinh thanh "Xa Id cdng nghe Hoa Ky" (Mass Moments, 2020). Tuang ty, khdng cd ke hoach chii y nao phat triin Silicon Valley thanh tmng tam khdi nghiep Hoa Ky va toan ciiu; trung tam nay dugc hinh thanh tu nhien khi cd sir tdn tai lau nam ciia hai trudng dai hgc Ion (Stanford va University of California-Berkeley), cac tmng tam nghien ciiu quan su ciia chinh phu, hg tan tda cong nghe ra cac doanh nghiep va tao thanh cac cdng ty spin-off. Tuy nhiln cd rat it qudc gia cd dugc nhirng sy phat triln tu nhiln nhu the. Cau chuyen thanh cdng ciia hai vi du nay da dugc diic kit ;hanh mo hinh cdng vien khoa hoc va chinh quyen tai cac qudc gia Idiae di theo.
De di tdi ket qua, mdi qudc gia, dia phuang cd each lam va miic hieu qua khac nhau. Nhiing kinh nghiem tii Amsterdam (Ha Lan) va Td Chau (Trung Qudc), hai cdng viln khoa hgc cd tudi ddi tuang ducmg Khu cdng nghe cao Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (SHTP), dem tdi nhiing ggi y huu ich
2. Kinh nghiem va 16 trinh phat ^ triln cdng vien khoa hgc thanh trung j, -, C tam khdi nghiep sang tao tir Trung i/' "^ ^ Quoc va Ha Lan
Cong vien khoa hgc Amsterdam * (Hd Lan)
Tu,mdt,vung dat,ngap nude duoc s.
dan biin ddi thanh dSt ndng nghiep tu "^
nhiing nam 1600s, khu vuc noi Cong viln Khoa hgc Amsterdam dat chan bay
gid bat dau CO cap ca quan nghien cuu - \ „.--,™ „.~,~.- dai hgc chuyen den tir rihiing nam 1960
dac biet nhieu vao nhung nam 1990 Tu Nguoi Smit va cong su (2014)
sir phat triin tu nhien ay, chmh quyen Hmh 3 Ban do cac thanh phdn cdu true dia phucmg da nhan thSy tiim nang hgi yd dgc diim chdt luong cda Cong vien Khoa Amsterdam, Ha Lan
_hhoa hoc , ^
"thiftrngmai 57 sd_tnidng dai hgc khoa hgc d ngoai d tai Hoa Ky d bien ddi khdng gian de dap ling nhimg ,sd thich nay ciia nhimg lao dgng cd trinh dg,cao. Ket qua^phdng
\kn cac nlia khdi nghiip cho thay ea sd ha tang, sir vui ve va bau khdng khi xung quanh khiln hg trd nen hieu qua han va giiip hg tuyen dyng dugc nhiing ngudi tre va tai nang vdi bg dc khdj nghiip. Day chinh la nhiing dac dilm lam nin sir hap dan ciia mdt cdng viln khoa hgc nhu la mgt nai de bat dau va phat triin mgt cdng ty thanh cone (Smit, Hamfelt, &
Gadet, 2014). Trong khi hau het cac nghien cim ve he sinh thai khdi nghiep deu coi "dia diem" la mdt khai niem trim tugrig vl khdng gian chii khdng phai mdt dia diim,cy thi, thi ba nha tu vSn nay da chi ro nhiing dac diim chat lugng cu thi ciia mgt cdng vien khoa hgc nhu dugc tdm tat trong Hinh 3.
Cac cdng ty khdi nghiep ngay cang tap trung vao nhiing quan ngi thanh sdng dgng. Tai Amsterdam, hiu hit starmp cung nam d trung tam thanh phd. Co mdt nghich ly dang tdn tai: trong khi su gia tang so hda cdng vigc khien cho cdng ty va nhan yiln hd nen khdng phu thugc vao nai lam vile, thi chat lugng cua
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dia diem lai trd nin quan trgng ban trong cac quyit dinh dat tru sd va nang suat cua nhurig ngudi lao dgng hinh dO cao va hay di chuyin. Dieu nay dat ra thach thirc cho Cdng vien Khoa hgc Amsterdam phai tim ra each lam cho he sinh thai ciia nd va chit lugng khong gian giiip ,tang nang suat ciia nhan vien ya cdng ty tai dd, ddng thai xac dinh nhimg vile cin lam de nang cao sire hap dan ciia Cdng vilri Khoa hgc nhu la mdt nai dl khdi tao va phat hiln mgt cdng ty thanh cdng (Smit va cdng su, 2014).
Trong nhirng nam gan day Cdng viln Khoa hgc Amsterdam da phat trien thanh mdt khu, phiic hgp thanh cdng bac nhat chau Au va toan can vdi cac vien trudng dao tao, cac phdng thi nghilm nghien cuu va cac cdng ty cd liln quan. V6i diln tich 70 hecta, Cdng vien Khoa hgc Amsterdam dang quy tu ban 170 cdng ty cdng nghe trong dd cd nhieu cdng ty spin-off, vai chuc trudng dai hgc, vien, trung tam nghien ciru, va phdng thi nghiem (University of Amsterdam, 2020). Ngoai ra cdn cd hang loat tien ich nhu khu the thao, ca phe, nha hang, khu dan cu, ky tiic xa sinh viln, quang trudng, noi hdi hgp...
Trong ke hoach mdi cua minh, Cdng vien Khoa hgc Amsterdam cd tham vgng da dang them thdng,qua thu hut hon niia cac ca sd giao due, ca sd ha tang, cac tiln ich khdng gian trong khu vuc, khu dan cu, va biln cdng viln trd thanh mdt dia dilm tran siic sdng cho giao due, nghiin ciiu va khdi^nghilp. Ddng thdi, cdng vien ciing cai thiln su kit ndi vdi khu vuc dia phuong xung quanh va vdi hung tam thanh pho Amsterdam. Cac tien ich mdi nhu dudng danh cho dap xe, thlm,noi d cho nha nghien ciiu va chuyen gia... dugc bd sung theo hudng ben viing (tiet kilm nang lugng, ngudn nude, bao ve mdi trudng va he sinh thai...) (Amsterdain Science Park, 2019).
Trong khi su phat ,trien cua Cdng vien Khoa hgc Amsterdam cd mOt phan tir nhien ban dau, sau dd mdi la hanh dgng hd trg cua chinh quyen, thi con dudng xay dung cac cdng viln khoa hgc tai Trung Qudc lai mang dam dau an cua chinh phii ngay tir dau;
Qudn doi mdi khoa hoc vd giao due Ho Dushu To Chau (SEID)
Trung Qudc da phat triln nhilu cdng vien khoa hgc trudng dai hgc tren toan qudc. Thdng qua nhiing cdng vien khoa hgc trudng dai hgc nay, cac chinh quyIn dia phuang nham thiic day he sinh thai ddi mdi dia phuong bao gdm cac trudng dai hgc, cac cdng ty spin-off tir trudng dai hge va vudn uam, va cac mdi liln he manh trong R&D giira dai hoc - doanh nghiep (Sun, Zhang, Cao, Donj, & Cantwell, 2019). Nhimg cai ten thanh cdng ndi bat toan cau phai ke den la Zhongguancun d Bac Kinh va Zhangjiang d Thugng Hai.
Zhongguancun tai Bac Kinh xuat phat la mgt
"Dudng phd Dien hi" vao dau nhimg nam 1980, trd khoa hoc ^ = ^ = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 58 thiffinomai
thanh Khu thu nghilm phat triin cdng nghiep - cdng nghe mdi BSc Kinh nam 1988 va sau dd trd thanh Khu cdng nghi cao dau tien ciia Trung Qudc. Nam 2009, Khu Kiiu mSu Qudc gia Zhongguancun (Zhongguancun National Demonstration Zone) dugc xay di^g cung vdi ke ho^ch phat triln no thanh trung tam ddi mdi khoa hgc va cdng nghe co anh hudng toan chi. Vai trd cdng vien khoa hgc ciia Zhongguancun chinh thiic dugc dinh hinh tir nam 2011 (The People's Government of Beijing Municipality, 2013).
Ke tir khi hinh thanh Zhongguancun da la nai tap trung ciia hon 20.000 cdng ty cdng nghe cao va mdi (The People's Government of Beijing Municipality, 2013). Dac diem ndi bat khac ciia Zhongguancun la cd sd lugng Idn cac trung tam R&D tien tien cua cac cdrig ty da qu6c gia, rat nhilu phdng thi nghilm qudc gia va cua cae dai hgc (32,dai hgc, 206 viln cdng nghe va khoa hgc trgng diem, 112 phdng dii nghiem qudc gia, 95 viln nghien ciiu ky thuat" qudc gia, va 38 phdng thi nghiem cdng nghe qudc gia), so lugng Idn con ngudi tai nang ve cac linh vuc han lam, cdng nghe cao va kinh doanh (1,59 trieu nhan vien cdng ty cdng nghe,cao, 172.000 tien sy vathac sy, 16.000 hoc gia trd vl tir,hai ngoai vdi 600 startup cua hg), ngudn vdn mao hiem va tai trg tai chinh ddi da,o (ngan hang khoa hgc & cdng nghe, quy thien than, quy mao hiem, quy khdi nghiep, mdi gidi tai chinh tin dung, mdi gidi tai san tri tul, mdi gidi chuyin giao tai san cdng nghiip), va cd mdt van hda manh vl dOng luc khdi n ^ i l p (Chen, 2018).
Tai Thuang Hai, Khu cdng nghi cao Zhangjiang (ZJ INNOPARK) dugc thanh lap nam 1992, d ttung tam Khu mdi Phd Ddng bao gdm nhiing idiu chuc nang nhu khu ddi mdi cdng nghe, khu cdng nghiep cdng nghe cao, khu nghien ciiu va giao due va khu dan sinh. Tir nam, 1999, Zhangjiang tap trung vao cac nganh hang dau dl trd thanh hiln than ciia cac chiic nang ddi mdi va khdi nghiip (Shanghai Municipal People's Go,vemment, 2020). Thi manh ciia Zhangjiang la ngudn tai chinh manh do nam d thii, phii tai chinh Thugng Hai, nhung khdng cd nhieu trudng dai hgc va viln nghien ciiu nhu Zhongguancun d Bac Kinh.
Zhongguancun da trd thanh hinh mau phat hiln cho hang trarn cdng vien khoa hgc dia phuang khac tai Trung Qudc. Khdng Idn nhu hai cdng vien khoa hgc cdng nghe tai Bac Kinh va Thugng Hai, nhung Td Chau la mgt vi du tot vl tinh hiiu qua.
Khu cdng nghiip Td Chau (Suzhou Indushial Park - SIP) dugc thanh lap nam 1994 va, hd thanh mdt trong,nhirng khu cdng nghiep tien tien nhat tai Trung Qudc vdi nhiiu cdng ty Fortune 500 dat nha may tai day. Trudc xu the gia lap ddng trong Idiu vuc tang cao, SIP da nhan ra tinh cap thilt phai nang cap
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Y K l i N TRAO Ddi
thanh mdt nin kmh te dua nhilu hon vao ddi mdi.
Nam 2002, SIP da thanh lap Quan ddi mdi khoa hgc va giao due Hd'Dushu Td Chau (SEID-Su2hou Dushu Lake Science and Education. Innovation Dishict), cd dien tich 25 km2, vdi muc tilu trd thanh noi nudi duong ddi mdi cho SIP, mang cac trudng dai hgc va vien nghien ciru tdi gan cac cdng ty cdng nghe cao trong mdt Id trinh gdm ba giai doan chinh (Sun va cgng su, 2019) nhu trong Hinh 4.
Giai doan 3 {2014 den nay): Thiic dSy khu vi tu nhSn trong cong vi"
Giai doan 1 (2002 - 2009):
Thu hit cSc vien, truong
Giai doan 2 (2009-2014) Thu hut, h6 trg ' cong ty cang ngh? vi
trung tam khdi nghiep ddi mdi sang tao. Vdi trong tam vao ITnh vuc I&T, nam 2018 HKSfp da uora't^o dugc 72 startup tdt nghiep, con so nay nang len 80 vao iiam 2019. Cdng vien cd hang loat sang kiin hd trg cac startap dia phuang cung nhu md rgng he sinh thai I&T. Di tanghifu qua hd trg, HKSTP da cai td lai chuong trinh cd van nham cd dugc dgi ngu cd vin phu hgp hon ddng thdi tich hgp cac nguon luc, ngoai md hinh cd van theo cap truyen thdng cdn cd cac philn cd vln mang ludi da phuang. Mang ludi c6 vin hifn cd han 100 ngudi la cac nha dilu hanh cdng ty giau kinh nghilm, cac nha khdi nghiep, cae nha dau tu . va eac chii doanh nghiip Ion...
(HKSTP, 2019). _
Mgt sang kiln mdi ciia HKSTP la cung cap mdt bg cac dich vu hd trg chuyin nghiep bao gdm kl toan, Hinh 4.- Lg trinh ba giai dogn phdt trien ciia Qudn doi mdi khoa hgc phap ly, chiing nhan, quan he cdng vti giao due Ho Dushu To Chau (SEID) tinh Giang To, Trung Qudc chiing, va R&D. Mdi ngudi trong
Giai dogn 1 (2002-2009): Thu hut cdc viin nghiin ciru, trudng dgi hgc ^^^'^'^^ trinh uain tao dugc tai trg Nhanudc tai trg ban dau cho cac hTidng dai hgc trong nude va nude go' cac dich vy nay cd tri gia lln tdi ngoiidenxaydungcasdvaphdngnghilnciiu taiSEIDj vatai trgchohgHK$120.000. Bin canh do cdn cd ho^t dOng cd hieu qua. SEID dugc thilt ki vdi eg sd ha tang cdng va ca sd "Thu vien phap ly" va "Ljeh trinh nghien cuu dung chung giiia cic vien trudng, d,dng thdi md ciia cho cdng nha dau tu" vdi cac mlu van ban, chiing dl thiic day tilp cin md va mdi trudng ddi mdi tuong tac. Tir dd tdi thda thuan mang tinh phap ly va mdt nay, SEID da thu hut duoc 24 trudng dai hgc mdi hoac hien hiru tdi dat ca jj|n tang true tuyen noi cac startups s» ho|c CM illlMi,^c6 htm 70.000 suih vien vatrSn 5.000 giang vien vao ^ , y ^ ^ j ^ ,g 4 ^^ 4„ ^j ;4i ^j nam 2014. Co 46 to chuc dao tao da dao tao moi nam 40.000 lugt nguoi. • „• u •• • - t. ° A^ xf).
Tinh tdi nam 2013, SEID da eho tdt nghiip "hon 100.000 sinh vien va ^ i l u ^^^ mmh va eac cong tyva cac nha ngudi d lai lam vile d SIP. Ngoai ra cd hon 200 viln nghiin cim cdng. "^^^ ^^ }^\T "t^"" l ' ^ ^^^ ' ^ ^ '
Giai doan 2 (2009-2014): Thu hut, hd tra cong iy cong nghi vd tdi ndng°^^^ "^^ °^^ ^^"^ ^™' ' ^ " ^ ^°'^
SElDnd luc Idn di thu hiit cac cdng ty cdng nghe cao va tai nang,_thilt siic khde va dich vu tai chinh lap nhieu vudn uam hoac cyra nganh cho nha nude sd hiiu hoac hd trg, (HKSTP, 2019).
hinh thanh nhimg quy von mao hiem do nha nude hd trg hoac chi dao, va Tii kinh nghiem cua Amsterdam, tbacday cac cum nganh chuyen sau. Chinh quyIn ciing hd trg hao phdng To Chau va Hong Kong eho thay xu ,cho, cSc cdng ty cdng nghe cao vi cac cd nhSn duac chi dinh thong qua thi cdng vien khoa hgc phai la mgt nhieu chinh sach bao gdm tai__trg vin khdi nghiip, trg cap/miln tiln,thul, trung tam khdi nghiep, dac biet la bdo lanh Un dung, hd hg/miln lai vay, giai thudng ca nhan bang tiin va j^-j^^j nghiep ddi mdi sang tao gin cdc h-g cap khac. Tdi nam 2013, SEID da tap hgp dugc hon 2.200 doanli^^j ^^ '^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^.gng ^g^g nghiip CO cdng nghi tiln tien va trien vgtig tang jmdng day hua hen. So^^j_ ^^^ ^^ ^- ^^ 1^,^ ^^^^^ ^^
thirc dam dac, cac ddng luan chuyen lugng dan cap bang sdng chi mdi nam hon 4.000, hon 75% trong so
40.000 ngudi lao ddng tai SEID cd trinh dg dai hoc trd len, hon 1.500 Hoa , • - • . • ^ i kieu trd vl la nhimg nha khdi nghiip hoac chuyin gia ky thuat. "^?"^ ve tn thuc, cong ng] ^
Giai dogn 3 (2014 din nay): Thuc ddy khu vifc tu nhdn trong cong vHn nguoi, nhung su can thiep ho trg cua SEID gianh nhiiu no luc di khuyin khich, nudi duong va hd hg cac nha nude la can thiet dl khdi nghigp virdn uom va vdn mao hiem tu nhan, va eac dich vy cd lien quan tdi ddi tai cac cdng vien khoa hgc trd nin mdi va khdi nghiep khac. cd hieu qua han va nhanh hem. Dd la Ngudn: Sun vd cgng su (2019, tr. 108) • su hd trg vi von mao hilm, phap ty, Cong vien C6ng nglie va Klioa hpc Hong Kong . , . ^ ^ ^ '^t^^'^^^t '*'.'=*".''' t"i™ J"*"
(HKSTP) cung dang nhanli chong ma rpng vai tro "I kmh doanh. Them vao do, cac cong vien khoa khna luc =p Sd 141/2020 ^thiMnBurai 59
|^_y KIJN TRAP D 6 |
hgc can phai trd thanh noi dang sdng thi mdi cd thi thu hiit nhung ngudi tai nang tre tudi ua Idi sdng vui nhgn cua do thi tdi lam viec va khdi nghiip. Ngay tai qudc gia lan can Thai Lan, Digital Park ciing di theo triltly "trd thanh diem den cho cac ngudi chai so toan cau va cac nha ddi mdi kinh doanh sd tdi di Dau tu - Lam viec - Hgc hdi - Giai tri ciing nhau tai cdng viln" (Digital Park Thailand, 2020). Bin canh cac cong ty khdi nghiep, cac cdng ty phai sinh tii nghien ciiu (spin-ofl) la mdt thanh phan quan trgng cua cgng ddng trong cdng vien khoa hgc.
Tren co sd khung tham chieu tii nhirng kinh nghiem nlu tren, mdt sd ggi y cho Id trinh phat trien cdng vien khoa hgc trong Khu Cdng nghe cao Thanh phd Hd Chi Muih se dugc trmh bay ttong phan tilp theo.
3. Nhihig ggi y chinh sach cho Thanh ph6 Ho Chi Minh
Ra ddi vao nam 2002, SHTP tap trung vao 04 nganh miii nhgn vdi muc tilu thu hiit dau tu nude ngoai, ddng thdi huy dgng cac nguon luc trong nude ve khoa hgc va cdng nghe cao, kit hgp cd hieu qua giiia san xuat kinh doanh vdi nghiin curu, tilp thu, chuyen giao, phat trien edng nghg cao va dao t^o ngudn nhan luc phyc vu cho cdng nghiep cdng nghe cao. Hon 17 nam kl tii khi ra ddi, SHTP da dat dugc nhieu kit qua dap ting myc tieu ban dau ve thu hut dau tu (156 du an (101 du an ngi dia), tdng dau tu 7,136 ty do la My, nhiing cdng ty da qudc gia Idn da dat CO sd tai SHTP nhu Tap doan Intel, Nidec, Samsung, Nipro), vl tilm luc khoa hgc cdng nghe (5 phdng thi nghiem thu hiit dugc han 30 tien sT, thac si lam viec; 5 sd him tti tul da dugc cdng bd va 8 san pham dugc thuong mai hda), ve hoat dgng hgp tac qudc te (thu hut dugc 06 chuyin gia nude ngoai tdi lam vile va 08
chuyin gia kilu bao vl dau tu va hgp tac).
SHTP cdn cd mdt sd trung tam dao tao - nghien ciiu va vudn uom, 5 trudng dai hgc dang boat dgng hoac trong quy hoach (SHTP, 2020). cac thanh phan hien hiiu ciia SHTP dugc md ta ttong Hinh 5.
Trung tam uom tao SHTP (SHTP-IC)
khoa hoc ^ ^ 60 thinrng'mai
voi 12 nam kmh nghiem va da uam tao thanh cdng ban 50 startups trong bdn ITnh vuc uu tiln ciia SHTP (IT and telecommunications; Engineering, Automation; Biotechnology; New materials, Nanotechnology). Trung tam dang van dung m^t he thing uom tao bai ban. Trong sd 28 startup thanh cdng dugc cdng bd tren website ciia Trung tam, phin Idn thudc nganh ICT/IoT (20); 5 cdng ty vi co khi chinh xac (precision mechanics); 2 cdng ty ve cdng nghe sinh hoc va 1 cdng ty cdng nghe nano (SHTPIC, 2020).
Nhiing thanh tich cua SHTP la dang ghi nhan, nhung cdn rat nhd be neu so sanh vdi cac khu cong nghe cao hay cdng vien cdng nghe cd tudi ddi tuong duong d nhiing qudc gia khac. Dinh hudng dua SHTP lln mgt nac thang phat triln mdi la Cong vien Khoa hgc la hoan toan diing dan, khdng chi de hoan chmh quy hoach Dd thi khoa hgc cdng nghe Dong Bac Thanh phd (xem Hinh 5) ma vi chinh tuong lai cua SHTR
Su phat triln eua SHTP dudng nhu dang di theo md hinh thinh hanh d Trung Qudc vdi tdc do cham hon, tii khu cdng nghiip cdng nghi cao tdi cdng vien khoa hgc. Theo hudng dd, bien cdng vien khoa hgc trd thanh he sinh thai khdi nghiip la mgt ham y ro rang, va dieu nay rat cd Igi cho su phat triln ciia he sinh thai khdi n^iep ddi mdi sang tao cua Thaiih phd Hd Chi Minh va khu vuc Ddng Nam Bg ndi chung.
Theo md hinh chu ky sdng 4 giai doan ciia he sinh thai khdi nghiep cila Startup Genome (bdn giai doan gdm Kich hoat, Toan cau hda, Thu hut va Tich hgp) (Startup Genome, 2019), he sinh thai KNDMST ciia thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, cho dii da chinh thuc cd m$t ky lan duy nhat cua Viet Nam tii trudc din nay la cdng ty trd chgi true tuyen - inter-
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Hinh 5: Khu cong nghi cao hien hiru vd cong viin khoa hgc tugng lai trong tong the khu do thi ddi mdi sdng tgo phia dong thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh
So 141/2020
Y KliN TRAO D 6 |
net va cdng nghe VNG (vao nam 2016) (Viet Hung, 2019), nhung cac d|c diim khac (sd lugng startup dudi 1.000, sd lugng cac nha dau tu, tu van, cd vdn cd kinh nghiem cdn han che, cd su rd ri ngudn luc sang cac he sinh thai cap cao hon, thieu nhirng thuang vu Idii, chua cd thIm cac vu thoai vin Idn mang tam qudc gia hay khu vuc, chua thay noi len mdt nganh dac bilt cd the manh nao so vai Viet Nam ciing nhu cac he sinh thai khac ttong khu vuc va dac biet thilu ving nhung startup cdng nghe nen tang gay chii y) dang nam chii yiu d cudi giai doan kich hoat, dau giai doan toan cau hda (Lien, 2019). Khdng gian phat ttiln cho he sinh thai cdn rat rgng Idn.
Vi vay, cdng vien khoa hgc nlu dugc phat trien ttd thanh he sinh thai khdi nghiep se tao ra mgt viing dgng lire trung tam cho toan bd he sinh thai chung va dua no tiln lln mdt nac phat ttien mdi. Ngoai vile lua chgn tieu n^ganh khdi nghiep cd thi m^nh va phii hgp xu the, hd ttg chinh sach chung tir chinh quyen va diing mua sam cdng lam ddn bay cho khdi nghiep ddi mdi sang tao (Lien, 2019), mgt sd ggi y khac cho cac nha phat trien cdng viln khoa hgc dugc de xuat nhu sau.
Mgt td, quy hogch cong viin khoa hgc khong chi danh cho giao due - nghiin eicu - vd kinh doanh md cdn ddnh cho cd cugc song vd gidi tri. Khu cdng nghe cao hign hiru chua co dign mao va nhiing cdng nang cita mdt nai dang sdng va dieu nay can phai dugc thay ddi ttong khu cdng vien khoa hgc. Ngoai nha may, trudng dai hgc, van phdng cin cd cac tiln ich cugc sdng nhu khu dan cu (noi d cho nha nghiin ciiu, chuyen gia), thu vien, khu the thao, quang trudng, cdng vien, nha hang, cugc sdng vl dim, vui chai giai tri... Nhat la khi vl mat dia ly, cdng vien khoa hgc nam d ngoai vi each trung tam thanh phd gan 20 km.
Hai Id, cdn quan tdm dgc biit tdi nhom cong ty spin-off. Tuy hien nay Khu cdng nghe cao da cd cac hoat ddng uom tao thanh cdng, nhung su chii y hau hit mdi chi danh cho cac startup dugc thu hiit tir ben ngoai. Trong khi dd, doanh nghiep spin-off tir nghiin ciiu mdi la linh hdn cua cong vien khoa hgc. Vi vay, cac chinh sach khdi nghiip tai cdng vien khoa hgc phai dac bilt quan tam tdi nhdm cdng ty nay.
"Doanh nghiep spm-off tir nghien ctiu la tat ca nhiing cdng ty mdi sinh ra tir thi gidi nghiin ciiu, cd hoac khdng cd cd phan hoac mgt bang sang che tu mgt trudng dai hgc, nhung dugc thanh lap bdi nhiing thanh vien cii hoac hien thdi ciia trung tam
So 141/2020
nghien ciiu/trudng dai hgc (giang vien, nhan vien hanh chinh va ky thuat, nghien ciiu sinh tiin sy) vdi muc tilu khai thac kit qua nghien ciiu" (Salvador &
Rolfo, 2011, tt. 172),
_Nudi duang_ thanh cdng cac spin-off la each tdt nhat dl phat trien cac trudng dai hgc, viln va trung tam nghien cim, tii dd tao lap nguon luc ddi mdi bin vung cho cdng vien khoa hgc. Do cae spin-off da cd cdng nghe dugc thir^ nghiem thanh cdng ttong tay, nen nhu cau hd ttg dl khdi nghiip ciia hg se khac so vdi cac startup thdng thudng, Cac hd trg nin tap trung vao khia canh quan trj kinh doanh va doanh nghiep (vdn, phap ly, quan tri) cua spin-off thay vi hd ttg ky thuat.
Ba Id, phdt trien cdng vien khoa hgc co lg trinh vdi su gidm^ ddn vai tro cua nhd nude. Cdng vien khoa hgc can phat triln cd lg ttinh, Khu dat quy hoach hien huu tuy cd gan vdi Dai hgc Qudc gia Tp.
Hd Chi Minh va mgt sd trudng ttong Kliu cdng nghe cao hien hiru, nhung de dat dugc mat do va ham lugng khoa hgc nhu cac cdng vien thanh cdng, thi cdn cd rat nhieu nd lire dua them cac vien, tnrdng, phong thi nghilm vl dat co sd; cac cdng ty cdng nghe Idn va doanh nhan ve khdi nghiep, Su phan ky lg ttinh phat triln nham dam bao tinh hieu qua va an toan dau tu. Nha nuac nin hd ttg manh d giai doan dau, nhung se ttao dan dgng luc phat trien sang cho khu vuc tu nhan khi he sinh thai khdi nghiep ttong cdng vien da tuang ddi hoan chinh.
Tuy can hgc hdi lg ttinh phat triin ciia nhiing cdng viln khoa hgc di ttudc va thanli cdng, nhung cdng viln khoa hgc tuong lai can budc di nhanh va tao bao hon thi mdi cd the cd nang luc canh tranh va thanh cdng d cap do khu vuc va toan cau.^
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hfioa hoc ^ , ^ , , , , ^ ^ , ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , , ^ ^ 62 tltifdngmai
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Summary
This paper will analyze the roles of science parks in the new economy and suggest managerial impli- cations for Ho Chi Minh City from a system think- ing perspective. The ways to develop science parks vary among countries. However, experience from Amsterdam (Netherlands) and Suzhou (China) pro- vides some actionable recommendations for Ho Chi Mmh City, of which the importance of spin-offs is emphasized.
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