ghiei cdu •Khoa hoc Gido due
N G H I E N C U U B A I H O C - M O T C A C H T I E P C A N P H A T T R I E N N A N G L l f C N G H E N G H I E P C U A G I A O V I E N
• TS. VO TH! SON Dai hoc Sir pham Ha Npi
• NGUYINDUAN
Dai hpc Sir pham - Dai hpc Hue N a n g life nghe nghiep cua giao vien (GV) co
anh hudng quyet dinh den ket qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh (HS). Cai tien chat lupng day va hpc 6 tUng bai hpc neu dupe gan ket vdi boi dUPng nang Idc cua GV se dam bao hieu qua giao due (GD) nhieu mat. Bai viet nay se de cap den each tiep can phat then nang luc nghe nghiep cua GV thong qua nghien cUu cai tien day hpc cac bai hpc cu the tai cac trudng, da dupe sd dung thanh cong d nhieu noi tren the gidi va d mpt sd trudng hpc d Viet Nam.
1. Nghien cdu bai hoc la gi?
Thuat ngd nghien cdu bai hpc (NCBH) (tieng Anh la Lesson Study hoac Lesson Research) ddpc chuyen td nguyen nghTa tieng Nhat (jugyou kenkyuu) [7]. Thuat ngd NCBH cd nguon gdc trong lich sd GD Nhat Ban, tU thdi Meiji (1868 -1912), nhd mpt bien phap de nang cao nang Idc nghe nghiep cua GV thong qua nghien cdu cai tien cac hoat dpng day hpc cac bai hpc cu the. Cho den nay, NCBH dddc xem nhd mpt mo hinh hay mpt each tiep can ve phat then nang Idc nghe nghiep cua GV. Oe hieu ve NCBH chung ta se xem xet mpt so dac diem co ban cua nd.
1. Muc tieu cua NCBH la cai tien, ddi mdi thUc tien day hpc cua GV trong tUng bai hpc cu the cua chuong trinh. Fernandez va Yoshida (2004) chi ra rang NCBH thu hut cac GV vao cai tien chat Idpng day cua hp va lam phong phu kinh nghiem cua hp ve viec hpc cua HS. Vi the, NCBH gan vdi thdc tiin day hpc tren Idp va ket qua mang lai la chat Idpng hpc tap cua HS td't hon. Stigler va Hiebert (1999) nhan manh rang sd thanh cdng cua NCBH dupe do bang viec hpc cua GV , gin vdi viec ddi mdi phuong phap day d tdng bai hpc (day hpc vi md). Lewis, Perry va Hurd (2004) da viet NCBH khdng phai chi la viec cai tien mpt bai hpc, nd la viec xay ddng
nhdng con dddng de cai tien khong ngdng viec day hpc (tr. 18). Dieu dd cho thay, NCBH khdng don thuan chi la viec thuc hien mpt bai hpc cho that td't ma NCBH doi hdi mpt tu tudng khoa hpc de lam chd dda cho nhdng cai tien dd. Do vay, NCBH mang lai sd trddng thanh, sd phat then cho GV. Hon nda, NCBH ket gan thdc tiin vdi li thuyet. Theo AFT (American Federation of Teachers - Hpi giao chUc Hoa Ky, www.aft.org), trong tam chinh cua NCBH la hieu each HS hpc va each HS tu duy, suy nghT. Dieu dd cho thay sd phat then nghe nghiep cua GV thdng qua NCBH thUc chat la cai tien day (dda tren CO sd hieu biet ve viec hpc cua HS) de lam cho each hpc va each tu duy cua HS trd nen dung dan va hieu qua hon.
2. NCBH dupe thdc hien dudi sd hpp tac cua cac nhdm GV trong trudng hay cum trudng (cd the cd sd hd trp tU cac chuyen gia GD tU ben ngoai). Ngudi ta nhan manh ring viec cii tien thUc tien day hpc trong tung Idp hpc khdng phii la dupe thUc hien ddn le ma la sd phd'i hpp cua mpt nhdm GV vdi nhau, tuy theo chu de ma GV lua chpn de cai tien day hpc cua minh.
Trong qua trinh NCBH, nhdm GV se cung nhau thiet ke ke hoach bai hpc, td chUc quan sat gid day cua nhau, cung chia se, trao ddi vdi nhau ve nhdng dieu quan sat dddc trong gid hpc va dda ra nhan xet ve tac dpng cua nhdng Idi giang giii, cac cau hdi, cac nhiem vu ma GV dda ra cho HS cung nhau rut kinh nghiem va dieu chinh ke hoach bai hpc, npi dung va phddng phap day hpc .. de bai hpc ddpc thdc hien d cac Idp khac tot hon. Vi the, trong NCBH cd nhdng budi lam viec cua nhdm GV, nhdng gid day cd nhieu ngddi dd, nhdng quan sat dddc thiet ke va thdc hien trong gid hpc, nhdng trao ddi sau gid day. Cac tac gia cung lap luan ring qua trinh GV cung lam viec vdi nhau dd lam cho kien thdc ve
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mon hpc, ve phirong phap giang day, kT nang hieu va lam viec vdi HS cua GV dddc tang len.
Nhu vay, NCBH co the dupe xem la hinh thUc tu boi dudng, phat then nghe nghiep cua GV trong nha trudng [5],
3. NCBH la mpt qua trinh to' chdc nghien cdu cai tien thdc tien day hpc mpt each khoa hpc [6]. NCBH - cai tien bai hpc theo mpt dinh hudng li luan va trai qua qua trinh dieu tra, thd nghiem, danh gia ... dddc thiet ke can than. Hang loat cac hoat dpng ddpc xay dung chat che nhu lua chpn chu de nghien cUu; xay dung ke hoach bai hpc;
thuc hien bai hpc; ke hoach va npi dung quan sat bai hpc (sd lieu can thu thap, each ghi chep thong tin va chia se nhung so lieu thu thap dupe); rut kinh nghiem gid day; chinh sda ke hoach bai hpc; thdc hien ke hoach bai hpc sau khi da chinh sda d Idp tiep theo va tiep tuc qua trinh ddi mdi [6], Nhu vay, mdi bai hpc nghien cUu de cai tien dupe nhdm GV phai dat ke hoach, xem xet, phan tich, danh gia va dieu chinh qua mdi lan day d mpt Idp.. Dieu quan trong la tdng GV da hpc ddpc tU trong chinh qua trinh lam viec cung nhau dd de cai tien thdc tien ciia Idp minh va trd nen chuyen nghiep, lanh nghe hdn.
Cerbin va Kopp (2006) dac biet nhan manh ve viec dieu tra, tim hieu sd hpc tap ciia HS trong NCBH. Cac tac gia viet NCBH nhin sau vao ben trong chiec hop den xem each HS hpc nhdng cai hp day. NCBH tap trung vao nhung cai dien ra trong qua trinh bai hpc tiep can qua trinh td duy ciia HS de hieu each HS phan tich bai, cho nao HS bi vap, sai lam; cai gi khien chung bj lam lan; each chung sap dat cac y lai vdi nhau;
cac sai sot nay sinh va tien then nhd the nao; td duy ciia HS bi tac dpng nhd the nao vdi tdng phan trong bai... Chinh vi the, viec lam cho suy nghT ciia HS trd nen cd the nhin thay dddc, phat hien dddc la mpt trong nhdng kT nang ma GV se hpc dddc va phat then qua NCBH. Ben canh dd nhirng kT nang quan sat, ghi chep va Idu trd dd lieu ciia GV cung dddc phat then. Mat khac, khi tham gia NCBH GV da trd thanh ngddi nghien cdu, ngddi cai tao thdc tiln.
Tom lai, NCBH dupe xem nhu mpt each tiep can hay mpt md hinh phat then nang Idc nghe nghiep ciia GV theo trddng, cum trddng (hay quan/huyen) thong qua qua trinh hdp tac gida cac GV (cd the sd phoi hdp vdi cac chuyen gia
GD d ben ngoai) trong viec td chdc nghien cdu cai tien thuc tien day hpc nhung npi dung cu the trong chuong trinh. TU each xac dinh NCBH nhu tren cd the thay NCBH co mpt so thupc tinh co ban:
(1) Su hop tac ciia cac GV;
(2) Muc tieu thuc tiin - cai tien bai hpc cu the;
(3) Co sd li luan de dinh hddng cho cai tien day hpc, thdc tien gan vdi li luan;
(4) Mpt qua trinh thu thap, xd li dd lieu (quan sat, phdng van HS);
(5) Nhdng cupc thao luan va rut kinh nghiem chung gida cac GV.
Nhung phan tich tren cho thay NCBH cd muc tieu kep la hddng vao cai tien thdc tiin day hpc (ve phddng phap va kT thuat day hpc bai hpc nao dd) va nhd dd, nang Idc chuyen mdn, nghiep vu va nghien cdu cai tao thud tiin cua GV ddpc phat then. Vi the, NCBH se tac dpng den ca 3 thanh phan; nang luc nghe nghiep, thud tien day hpc ciia GV va viec hpc tap ciia HS. Tuy nhien can tranh nhdng hieu nham ve NCBH nhd: (1) NCBH khong phai la cac Idp dao tao, bdi dddng GV; (2) NCBH khdng phai la de dda ra nhdng giao an tot, tuyet vdi; (3) NCBH khdng dddc thdc hien ddn dpc, rieng biet bdi tdng GV; (4) NCBH khdng phai chi la viec thdc hien xong 1 bai hpc, ma cai tien va phat then bai hpc lien tuc, tang cddng nang Idc thdc hien ciia GV.
2. Phan biet NCBH vdi each boi dddng GV hien nay
Nhd da trinh bay d tren, NCBH la mpt mo hinh bdi dddng, phat then GV, nhdng nd cd sir khac biet co ban vdi each bdi dddng truyen thdng d cho:
Thd nhat, thay cho viec cung cap kien thdc ddpc xac dinh td cac chuyen gia ben ngoai nha trddng, NCBH xuat phat td chinh nhu cau giai quyet van de thdc ciia trudng ma GV dang phai ddi mat.
Thd hai, quan he binh ding gida nhdng ngddi tham gia NCBH khac vdi quan he thd bac, gida ngddi day va ngddi hpc trong cac Idp tap huan.
Thdba, trong cac Idp tap huan, GV la ngddi tiep nhan nhdng kien thdc mdi (d vi the bi ddng), con trong NCBH GV gid vai trd la mpt ngddi cai each, mpt nha quan sat, td danh gia thdc tiin cua minh va nha nghien cdu phat then [2].
46 KHGD sd 52, thdng 1 - 2010
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3. NCBH dien ra nhd the nao?
Qua trinh NCBH diln ra qua nhieu bddc va cd cac each phan chia cac bddc khac nhau. Cd tac gia chia qua trinh NCBH thanh 3 giai doan:
(1) Dat ke hoach: (2) Thdc hien bai hoc nghien cdu; (3) Cac hoat dpng sau khi thdc hien bai hpc (hay con gpi ten la giai doan suy ngam, phan anh, phe phan); 6 tat ca cac bddc cua qua trinh NCBH deu cd sd hpp tac cua cac GV.
Lewis (2002) chia qua trinh NCBH thanh 4 bddc [5]:
3.1. Tap trung vao bai hpc nghien cdu - Oat muc tieu phat then dai han cho HS (chung ta mong mudn HS tot nghiep se cd nhdng pham chat nao muc tieu dai han) va Ida chpn nhdng trong tam dda tren thao luan cua nhdm ve chuan va ve nhdng chu de ma HS dang gap khd khan;
3.2. Oat ke hoach cho bai hpc nghien cdu nghien cdu cac tai lieu da cd ve bai hpc, dda tren nhdng bai hpc tot de vach ra cac hoat dpng trong bai hpc de dat ddpc nhdng muc tieu da dat ra, dda HS td trang thai hien cd den trang thai mong mudn; dat ke hoach cu the cua bai hpc va dd kien HS se suy nghT nhd the nao; xac d|nh nhdng dd lieu can thu thap de nhan biet dpng cd, hanh vi hpc tap cua HS;
3.3. Day va thao luan ve bai hpc nghien cdu da dddc thdc hien (mdi bai day ddpc ndi tiep bing mpt cupc trao ddi sau dd) ngddi diu tien trong nhdm se day d Idp minh de cac GV khac trong nhdm tien hanh quan sat va thu thap so lieu ve hpc tap cua HS nhd da dinh; sau dd thao luan ve bai hpc da ddpc thdc hien (trddc het ngddi vda day ndi ve nhdng khd khan trong bai:
sau dd nhdng ngddi dd trao ddi, tap trung vao nhdng dd lieu da thu dddc ve bai hpc, hpc tap cua HS, khong phii ve ngddi GV). Do dd, bai hpc la thupc ve ca nhdm khong phai cua ngddi day. Dieu nay phan anh tinh nhan van trong NCBH, bai hpc cin dddc xem xet, phe phan de hoan thien chd khdng phai ban than ngddi GV va nSng Idc cua hp cin dddc phan tich, phe phan.
3.4. Suy ngim va tiep tuc day hay dat ke hoach tiep theo - d day cd the cd nhieu cau hdi dddc dat ra va giai dap nhd: cac GV nhd cd tiep tuc nghien cdu bai hpc nay khong? Neu co thi cin dieu chinh cho nao? Cai gi da lam tot va cai gi ban mudn thay ddi d lan tiep theo? Nhdng van de nao da niy sinh ma ban mudn giii quyet d
vong sau?
Nhd vay, neu qua trinh NCBH dddc thdc hien mpt lin d mpt Idp dddc xem nhd mpt ddn vi thi chu trinh tien hanh mpt NCBH cd the bao gdm nhieu qua trinh ddn vi. Mdi qua trinh NCBH ddn vi tiep ndi nhau va hd so bai hpc se ddpc tiep thu, phat then va hoan thien. Chu trinh nay bio dam cho qua trinh NCBH ddpc chinh sda, thdc hien, danh gia va hoan thien lien tuc.
4. Nhurng Ipi ich td NCBH la gi?
NCBH dddc sd dung nhd la mpt mo hinh bdi dddng, phat then nghiep vu cho GV bdi nd mang lai cho cac GV nhieu Idi ich khi tham gia [1].[2],[6],
Thd nhat, khi tham gia vao NCBH de cai tien day hpc npi dung cu the GV se hieu ve npi dung dd hon va suy nghT nhieu ve each day npi dung dd.
Thd hai, NCBH cung cap cho GV cd hpi de xem xet viec day va hpc dien ra trong thdc tien mpt each khach quan thdng qua dd lieu quan sat gid hpc trdc tiep hoac gian tiep (qua so lieu quan sat cua cac GV khac, bang hinh, y kien nhan xet..). Do dd, GV phat hien va danh gia ddpc mdc dp tac dpng cua nhdng phddng phap va kT thuat day hpc minh sd dung den viec hoc tap cua HS.
Thd ba, NCBH dat trong tam vao hpc tap cua HS. Thong qua quan sat va thio luan ve nhdng gi dang xay ra trong Idp hpc, each HS phan dng vdi cac tac dpng, GV tham gia cd nhan thdc diy du hon ve each HS hpc va suy nghT cung nhd each HS hieu bai, dap lai nhdng cai GV day. Hdn nda, tham gia NCBH giup GV nang cao kT nang quan sat va thiet ke cong cu de lam cho hpc tap va td duy cua HS trd nen dd hieu ddi vdi GV, cd the nhin thay dddc.
Thd td, NCBH thuc day, duy tri sd hdp tac gida cac GV. Viec hdp tac nay thu hep khoang each gida cac thanh vien trong nhdm nghien cdu va gdp phin tao ra khong khi hdp tac, doan ket trong nha trddng. NCBH tao ra cong ddng hpc tap, van hoa hpc tap va cung cd tinh ddng nghiep trong nha trddng.
Thd nam, tham gia vao NCBH GV thdc hien vai tro cua ngddi nghien cdu, cii tao thdc tien va hp trd nen vdng vang hdn ve chuyen mdn.
nghiep vu va tu" tin hdn trong viec giai quyet van de cua thdc tien de nang cao chat Idpng day hpc cua minh.
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5. Doi net ve lich sir phat trien cua NCBH NCBH cho rjen nay, van phd bien d nhieu trudng d Nhat Ban va dupe xem nhu mpt hinh thUc chu yeu de phat trien nang luc chuyen mdn cua GV tai trudng. NCBH cung da dupe gidi thieu d nhieu nddc nhd My, DUc, Uc, Trung Qudc, Hdng Kong. Han Qudc, Singapore, Thai Lan, Indonesia... va la mpt chu de GD ddpc quan tam tren the gidi [4]. TU nhdng nam cudi the ki trudc (1990) NCBH da dupe du nhap vao My mot each nhanh chdng. theo Lewis (2006) d My da cd 24 trddng dai hpc cd cac nhdm NCBH.
6 Chau A. NCBH da xuat hien d mpt so nddc nhd Trung Qudc. Hdng Kong, Singapore, Indonesia. Thai Lan, Malaysia va Viet Nam. TU dau nam 2000, hinh thdc NCBH da dupe van dung d Viet Nam nhung con it va rai rac. Dd an hdp tac ki thuat gida Bp Giao due va Dao tao va JICA (To chdc phat then hpp tac qudc te cua Nhat Ban) ve "Tang cudng bdi dddng GV theo cum trudng va quan li nha trddng d Viet Nam 2006 - 2007" la mpt trong nhdng nghien cdu van dung NCBH.
Bai viet nay vda md ta sd Idpc ve md hinh NCBH cho phat then nghe nghiep cua GV. Tac dpng tich cdc cua NCBH ddi vdi sd phat then cua GV, HS. van hoa cua nha trddng... da ddpc khang dinh. O Viet Nam. sinh hoat chuyen mdn thddng xuyen d cac trddng da dddc dd an hpp tac gida Bp Giao due va Dao tao va JICA td chdc theo hudng NCBH va da cd nhdng ket qua tich cdc.
Hddng phat then nay cua NCBH co the la kinh nghiem tot de dda NCBH vao nha trddng Viet Nam nham cai tien day hpc mpt each ben vdng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ng. T. Duyen, Sd dung nghien ciru bai hoc de nang cao chat luong cua viec day va hoc toan d trudng trung hoc pho thdng. Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, OHSP Hue 2007.
2. Tran Vui. Sd" dung nghien cuu bai hpc nhu mot cdng cu phat then nghiep vu cua giao vien toan. Tap chi Giao due, So 151, 2006.
3. Vu Son va cac tac gia. Bien soan tai lieu hudng dan giao vien day hpc sue khoe d Idp ghep. Hoi Dong Anh.
Viet Nam & Vien Khoa hpc GD, 2002-2003.
4. A. Takahashi. Implementing lesson study in North American schools and school districts. DePaul University, (www.crme.kku.ac.th)
5. A. Takahashi et al. Developing good mathematics prac- tice through lesson study: A U.S. perspective. APEC- Tsukuba International Conference Japan,2006.
6. W. Cerbin & B..Kopp (2006). Lesson Study as a Model for Building Pedagogical Knowledge and Improving Teaching. Int Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Vol. 18, No. 3. ISSN 1812-9129, 250-257, 2006.
7. Fernandez & Yoshida, A Japanese approach to improv- ing mathematics teaching and learning. Routledge, 2004.
8. Fernandez, C. (2005). Lesson study: A means for ele- mentary teachers to develop the knowledge of mathe- matics needed for reform-minded teaching7 Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 7(4), 265-289.
9. Lewis, C, et al (2006). How should research contribute to instructional improvement? The case of lesson study.
Educational Researcher, 35(3), 3-14.
10. Lewis, C. & Tsuchida, I. (1998). A lesson is like a swift- ly flowing river Research lessons and the improvement of Japanese education. American Educator, Winter, 14-17 & 50-52.
11. Makoto Yoshida (2003). Overview of Lesson Study in Japan, www. lessonstudy.com
12. Murata A. , Bindu E. Pothen (2008). Lesson study:
Measuring growth in teacher knowledge www.calessonstudy.org/2008/docs/proceedings/Bindu
Pothen.pdf
13. Takuya Baba (2007). "Japanese education and Lesson study: Overview'. Trong cudn: "Japanese lesson study in Mathematics. Its impact, diversity and potential for educational improvement". Masami Isoda, Takeshi Miyakawa (e?i h?c Tsukuba, Nhat Ban), Max Stephens (DH Melbourne, Uc) & Yutaka Ohara (eHSP Naruto, Nhat Ban).
14. Vu S. (2005). improving teaching and learning for health in multigrade schools in Vietnam. Luan an Tien si Vien Nghien ciru Giao due, DH Luon Don (Tieng Anh) 15. Lesson study: A challenge for quality improvement in
education. 1st International Conference on Leson Study (31/7-1/8/2008), DHSP Indonesia, www.upi.edu 17. Translating Lesson Study From Japan to the United
States, www.corwinpress.com SUMMARY
Lesson Study is used to refer an approach to teacher professional development through a school-based collabo- ratively research process for improvement of teaching and learning in a particular curhculum area. The article intro- duces main characteristics of the lesson study process, by which a group of teachers collaborates with each other to co-design lesson plan, -implement and make observations of classroom teaching and learning, - debrief based on evi- dence found in the classroom and -revise the lesson plan based on group's reflection for re-teach the lesson in other classrooms. This model has been used successfully in many countries and in several schools in Vietnam. It can be applied into school for promoting teaching and learning innovation.
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