u*c t i e n g i d o due •Khoa hoc Gido due
N H O N G G I A I P H A P H t f C f N G N G H I E P V A P H A N S A U T R U N G H O C C O S O 0 D O N G B A N G
L U O N G H O C S I N H S O N G C O U L O N G
• ThS. PHAM VAN KHANH Sd Giao due va Dao tao Tien Giang 1. Dat van de:
Hdn 20 nam qua, thdc hien chu trddng phan luong HS sau trung hpc cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao, cac tinh trong vung Dong bang Song Cdu Long tuy co dat dddc mot sd ket qua dang khich le song cung dang ddng trddc nhieu yeu kem keo dai chda khic phuc ddpc mpt each triet de, nhat la trong cdng tac hddng nghiep va phan luong HS sau trung hpc cd sd.
Trong thdc te, khi giai quyet van de phan luong HS sau trung hpc cd sd phai gan lien vdi viec giai quyet tot van de giao due (GD) hddng nghiep d trddng phd thdng, van de phat then GD nghe nghiep, van de nhan thdc va tam li xa hpi ddi vdi viec phan luong.
2. Phan luong trong GD la gi?
Phan luong HS sau trung hpc la viec Ida chon, sap xep mang tinh xa hoi de HS sau khi tot nghiep trung hoc (trung hoc cd sd hoac trung hpc phd thong) tiep tuc dddc GD va dao tao theo nhdng khuynh hddng va nganh hpc khac nhau phu hdp vdi nguyen vong, nang Idc HS va nhu cau xa hpi.
Viec phan luong HS sau tot nghiep trung hpc phd thdng vi vay la le dddng nhien phai chap nhan va it nhieu HS deu cd tam the chuan bi td trddc.
Viec phan luong HS sau td't nghiep trung hpc cd sd hien nay it ddpc chuan bi hdn vi vay con nhieu vddng mac, trd ngai trong thdc hien.
Sau trung hpc cd sd, HS dddc phan chia theo ba luong: GD trung hpc phd thong, GD thddng xuyen va GD nghe nghiep. Trong moi luong cd sdphan hda theo luong, thi du trong luong trung hpc phd thong cd trddng trung hpc phd thong chuyen, trddng khong chuyen, cac trddng nang khieu khac nhau hoac phan hda nhd hdn nhd
cac ban khoa hoc td nhien, khoa hpc cd ban, khoa hpc xa hpi nhan van trong trddng trung hoc phd thdng phan ban.
Trong GD nghe nghiep cd trddng trung cap chuyen nghiep, trddng trung cap nghe. sd cap nghe vdi nhieu nganh, nghe dao tao khac nhau.
Nhd vay, sd phan luong HS sau trung hpc cd sd cung cd nhieu khuynh hddng da dang.
Tuy nhien can phan biet phan luong khac vdi phan hda. Phan hda giup cho phan luong dddc da dang va cu the hdn. Khai niem phan hda rpng hdn phan luong, phan luong va phan ban la cac giai phap thdc hien day hpc phan hda.
3. Thdc trang va giai phap phan luong HS sau trung hoc co sd d Dong bang Song Cdu Long.
3.1. Thue trang:
Khd khan bat cap hien nay trong cong tac phan luong HS sau trung hpc cd sd (THCS) d Dong bing Song Cdu Long la luong trung hpc phd thong cd ti le va so Idpng qua Idn, luong GD thddng xuyen va GD nghe nghiep con nhd, chda tddng xdng va chda thong thoang ddi vdi ngddi hpc. Tuy khong phai la tat ca nhdng dd la kho khan chung cua nhieu tinh trong vung. Mpt so tinh cd tdi 30-40 trddng trung hpc phd thong nhdng chi cd 3-4 trddng trung cap chuyen nghiep (TCCN), day nghe. Nhieu tinh do ti le tuyen sinh Idp 10 THCS len tdi hdn 70% HS sau td't nghiep THCS nen cung cd tdi 20% HS Idp 10 khong du sdc len Idp 11 vao nam sau va da so HS trong dien nay thddng bd hpc gay lang phi Idn cho xa hpi.
Nguyen nhan co ban cua tinh hinh nay la do nganh GD md rpng tdi da luong trung hoc phd thdng hoac do HS khong danh gia ddpc nang Idc, dieu kien cua minh nen chon luong sai. Od Bang thong ke tuong quan so luong giUa cac trudng trung cap chuyen nghiep (TCCN) va
trung hoc phd thdng (THPT) cua mpt so tinh trong vung (nam 2009)
STT Ten tinh So trddng THPT So trddng TCCN Ti le TCCN/THPT
1 Tien Giang 34 5 14,72%
2 Long An 41 2 04,80%
3 Ben Tre 31 2 06,45%
4 Dong Thap 42 5 11.90%
5 Hau Giang 22 1 04.50%
KHGD so 52, thdng 1 - 2010 5 7
Khoa hoc Gido due
cung chinh la nhCrng yeu kem trong cong tac hudng nghiep va phan luong HS sau THCS hien nay.
3.2. Giai phap
Mot each tong quat, de thUc hien tot viec phan luong HS sau THCS can co 4 dieu kien:
*ThU nhat: Mudn phan luong dung nghia trudc het phai cd du luong, cd sd can ddi gida cac luong, da dang trong phan hda luong.
*Thd hai: Luong phai thong thoang du dung lddng, ngUdi tham gia cd du thong tin ve luong ma minh Jua chon.
*Thd ba: Cac luong cd sd lien thong can thiet. khong cd luong ngd cut.
*ThdtU: ChUng td ddpc hieu qua xa hoi sau phan luong.
Thi du nhu sau khi thuc hien phan luong HS sau THCS manh me d mot dia phuong nao dd thi hieu qua dat duoc la:
- Ddi vdi GD phd thdng mat bang chat Iddng dai tra cua GD phd thong dddc nang len.
- Ddi vdi GD thddng xuyen da so HS hoc tap vdi chddng trinh vda sdc nen hoc tap cd ket qua, tien bp.
- Ddi vdi GD nghe nghiep tay nghe bac thd HS sau td't nghiep dam bao theo chuan nghe nghiep va cd ddpc viec lam, cd thu nhap cho ban than, gia dinh.
- So Idpng, ti le va cd cau nhan Idc qua dao tao cua dia phddng ddpc cai thien.
Cac giai phap phan luong HS sau THCS trong tinh hinh hien nay can thdc hien cac nhdm giai phap nhd sau:
3.2.1.Nhdm giai phap tac dong nhan thuc:
Huy dpng phat huy vai tro cua nhieu chu the tham gia nhd cac cd quan nha nddc, nha trddng, gia dinh, doanh nghiep, Doan Thanh nien Cpng san Hd Chi Minh, bao chi, tac dpng den cac ddi tdpng cd lien quan den hddng nghiep nham lam tang tinh hieu qua cua GD hddng nghiep va phan luong. lam xoay chuyen td duy va tam li cua xa hpi ve dau td cho GD va viec hpc nghe.
Oac biet can lam xoay chuyen nhan thdc xa hpi nhd tam li khoa bang, tam li khdng thich hpc nghe, hoc trung cap chuyen nghiep cua HS THCS dan den viec Ida chpn luong, chpn nghe khdng phu hpp vdi ban than.
3.2.2. Nhdm giai phap dau tu: Jang kinh phi dau td bang nhieu nguon Idc cho cac trddng trung cap chuyen nghiep, cac trddng nghe, cac trung tam GD thddng xuyen vdi t? le thich dang de cac trddng nay du manh tao ra cac luong can ddi, hieu qua. Can tranh khuynh hddng qua tap trung dau td cho GD phd thong, dau td nhd gipt cho GD nghe nghiep. GD thddng xuyen.
3.2.3. Nhdm giai phap chinh sach va xa hpi:
Khuyen khich cac nha dau td hddng vao ITnh vdc trung cap chuyen nghiep, day nghe. Tuyen dddng ngddi cd tay nghe, bac thd gidi, cap hpc bdng cho HS hpc nghe, giai quyet viec lam cho ngddi hpc sau khi dao tao.
3.2.4. Nhdm giai phap ve quan li nha nude:
Sd dung cac bien phap quan li nha nddc de chi dan, dinh hddng cho cdng tac hddng nghiep, thdc hien phan luong HS sau THCS lanh manh, dung hddng. Xay ddng va kiem soat chuan dao tao trong GD nghe nghiep chat che.
4. Nhdng de xuat:
Nganh GD nen cd cac van ban chi dao nham cu the hda ve Ip trinh, bddc di dinh hddng viec phan luong HS sau THCS. Nen chang den nam 2015, 2020 con khoang 50-60 % HS sau THCS vao trung hpc phd thong. Tang dan ti le HS sau THCS vao trung cap chuyen nghiep, day nghe len 25-30% vao nam 2015, 2020,
Cai tien cdng tac GD hddng nghiep tai cac trddng trung hpc ve npi dung, td chdc lai bp may GD hddng nghiep, gan ket chat che hon nda cong tac GD hddng nghiep vdi cac doanh nghiep dia phdOng, cac trddng dao tao. Can cd mpt dinh bien chuyen trach ve cdng tac td van hpc dddng, td van hddng nghiep d cac trddng THCS, trung hpc phd thong. Djnh bien nay dddc dao tao chuan ve chuyen mdn nghiep vu.
O nhdng ndi cd dieu kien chuyen dan chdc nang, nhiem vu GD kT thuat tdng hdp hudng nghiep tU cac trung tam kT thuat tdng hpp hudng nghiep hien nay ve cac trudng phd thong. Cac trung tam kT thuat tdng hpp hudng nghiep dupe nang cap de trd thanh cac trddng dao tao. Ve lau dai, cac trddng trung hpc phd thong, THCS phai dam nhan cong tac GD kT thuat tdng hpp hddng nghiep cho HS cua minh.
Cd chdong trinh, ke hoach phat then cac trddng trung cap chuyen nghiep trong vung nhd tang qui mo dao tao du giao vien trung cap chuyen nghiep day nghe dang thieu hien nay, cd trddng Dai hpc sd pham kT thuat lam nong cot dao tao bdi dddng cho vung trong nhdng nam tdi. ChdOng trinh phat then cac trddng trung cap gan ket chat che vdi chdong trinh phat then nguon nhan Idc.
Chi dao chat Idpng dao tao trung cap chuyen nghiep theo hddng chpn mpt sd trddng thi diem de dau td ve trang bj, ve chua'n dao tao chat Iddng cao. Ve dai tra, chuan dao tao phai dam bao HS khi td't nghiep ra trddng cd td tren 90 % di vao san xuat dddc ngay. Ve kien thdc, kT nang trinh dp cua HS sau khi td't nghiep dam bao bing hoac cao hdn mat bang trinh dp kT thuat (Xem tiep trang 62)
58 KHGD sd 52, thdng 1 - 2010
Khoa hoc Gido due
mang internet, cac phat ngon cua nhdng dien gia, cac bao hoac tap chi'...).
- Thdc hien bai noi phan hoi van hpc:
+ Trinh bay giai thich ve tac pham the hien viec dpc - hieu kT cang va cd cai nhin sau sac.
+ Dda ra sd giai thich kem theo cac quan diem, tieu de. hinh anh ro rang.
+ Trinh bay va bao ve each giai thich cua minh bang viec sd dung cac vi du va bang chdng xac thdc.
- thdc hien bai ndi thuyet phuc:
+ Dda ra mpt Idi de nghi ro rang.
+ Neu nhdng bang chdng cu the.
+ Dda ra mpt thong tin hoan chinh, logic.
+ Thu hut sd chu y cua ngddi nghe va khuyen khich hp chap nhan Idi de nghi ay.
- Trinh bay mpt van de va giai phap:
+ Lap luandda tren nhdng nguyen nhan va ket qua cua moi van de, tao ra sd lien ket gida van de dddc ndi den vdi it nhat mpt each giai quyet van de ay.
+ Neu ra nhdng bang chdng thuyet phucde chdng td tinh dung din cua van de va each giai quyet da neu.
Nhd vay, cd the thay nhdng yeu cau dat ra trong viec ren luyen kT nang nghe, ndi cua HS tieu hpc d California - MT la rat cu the, chat che, tich cdc. HS phai biet ket hdp Idi ndi, dieu bp, cd
C A C G I A I P H A P . . . (Tiep theo trang 58) cong nghe theo yeu cau xa hpi.
Xay ddng mo hinh trddng trung hpc kT thuat danh cho nhdng HS sau THCS cd nang khieu ve kT thuat. Trddng trung hpc kT thuat ndi de'n d day nhd la mot trddng trung hoc phd thong chuyen kT thuat ben canh cac trddng chuyen ve van hda, nghe thuat, the due the thao da cd.
Ben canh cac chddng trinh dao tao cua trddng trung cap chuyen nghiep, trung cap nghe, cOng can cd mpt loai trddng (nhd trung hpc nghe trddc day) hoac mpt chddng trinh chi dao tao nghe don thuan ma khong kem them day van hda danh cho nhdng ddi tdpng cd nhu cau chi hpc nghe nhd HS da hpc trung hpc phd thdng nhdng chda tot nghiep, danh cho thanh nien dang cd nhu cau dao tao lai, dao tao nghe thd 2, thd 3, ngddi mudn chuyen ddi nghe
Nhdng ndi cd dieu kien nen sat nhap trung tam GD thddng xuyen cap huyen vdi cac cd sd khac nhd trung tam kT thuat tdng hdp hddng nghiep, trung tam day nghe de nang cao tinh hieu qua cua cong tac hddng nghiep. phan luong.
Nen tach dan he dao tao trung cap ra khdi
Gido due nude ngi chi, dpng tac vdi viec sd dung phddng tien kT thuat hd trp de trinh bay suy nghT, y tddng cua minh d ca hai mang van de la van hpc va ddi song. Ren luyen va thdc hanh tot hai kT nang tren de dat ddpc nhirng yeu cau da de ra chdng td kha nang ITnh hpi va phan dng trddc cac tinh hudng, van de cua HS la rat td't.
Nhdng hoat dpng. chu de ma HS tieu hpc d California thdc hanh nghe va ndi deu dddc chuyen the thanh nhdng van ban de ren luyen kT nang viet. Nhd vay, nghe, ndi va viet luon di lien vdi nhau. hd trp nhau.
Nghien cdu kT noi dung, yeu cau va each ren luyen kT nang nay cua giao due MT, chung ta cd the rut kinh nghiem, dieu chinh va bd sung chddng trinh. sach giao khoa Tieng Viet de nang cao hon nda kha nang nghe - ndi cho HS Viet Nam ngay td nhdng nam hpc dau ddi cua cac em.
SUMMARY
This article presents some concrete requirements on
listening and reading skill drilling by primary school children in California (USA). The requirements are specific, active.
Children have to be able to combine language, gesture.
and actions with the use of supportive equipment to pres- ent their thinking, ideas.
cac trddng dai hpc de trong tdong lai cac trddng dai hpc chi con dao tao he dai hpc vdi hai trinh dp dai hpc va cao ding.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Bp GD&DT: Hpi thao "Cac giai phap phan luong HS sau trung hpc co so va trung hpc pho thong", 2009.
2. Bp GD&DT - Vien Nghien ciru phat trien GD: Chien luge phat then GD trong the ki XXI - Kinh nghiem ciia cac quoc gia. NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, 2002.
SUMMARY
Over the last 20 years the post lower secondary edu- cations vocational orientation and streaming in Mekong Delta has got many successes but also faces many prob- lems. The author proposes 4 groups of solutions for solv- ing those problems: awareness solutions, investment solu- tions, policy and social solutions, educational management solutions; and some concrete recommendations for improving and innovating vocational orientation in schools.
developing vocational education, continuing education for good, effective streaming students after lower secondary.
62 KHGD so 52, thdng 1 - 2010
