iiru- -Khoa hoc Giao due
D O I M O I R E N L U Y E N N A N G L I / C D A Y H O C T R O N G
T H I / C T A P S U P H A M C U A S I N H V I E N D A I H O C S O P H A M K l T H U A T T H E O T I E P C A N N A N G L O C T H U C H I E N
R e n luyen nang lyc day hpc (NLDH) la npi dung quan trpng trong thyc tap su pham (TTSP), la mpt hoat dpng chuyen biet, dac thu cua trudng su pham noi chung, dai hpc su pham kT thuat (DHSPKT) noi rieng nham ren luyen, cung co va nang cao nang lyc nghe nghiep cua ngudi giao vien tuang lai. Trong nhung nam gan day, thyc hien muc tieu doi mdi npi dung va phuang phap dao tao d cac trudng DHSPKT, viec ren luyen NLDH trong hoat dpng TTSP dang dupe cac nha nghien cuu quan tam nhim tim ra nhung giai phap nang cao chat lupng hoat dpng nay, gdp phan nang cao nang lyc dpi ngu giao vien kT thuat - day nghe.
Ngay nay, dao tao theo nang lyc thyc hien (NLTH) dang trd thanh xu the pho bien tren the gidi. (y nude ta, nha nude cung dang cd chu truang phat then dao tao theo NLTH. Luat Giao due 2005 da ghi ro: phuang phap giao due nghe nghiep phai ket hop ren luyen kT nang thyc hanh vdi giang day li thuyet de giup ngudi hpc cd kha nang hanh nghe va phat then nghe nghiep theo yeu cau cua tung cdng viec.
Trong dao tao theo NLTH, ngudi ta quan tam den viec dao tao con ngudi biet van dung kien thuc, kT nang, thai dp vao giai quyit nhCrng nhiem vu thyc tiln, cung cap cho hp nhCrng nang lyc cin thiet, phu hpp d i thyc hien tot cac yeu ciu hoat dpng nghi nghiep. Do vay, tiip can dao tao NLTH theo hoat dpng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP se cho phep nang cao nang lyc su pham cua sinh vien, giup hp vung vang hon, thyc hien tit hon nhung doi hoi tu thyc t l nghi nghiep cua nha giao.
1. Khai quat chung ve dao tao NLTH
Cd nhiiu each hiiu v i NLTH, ngay trong cac tai lieu nude ngoai, khai niem "NLThf cung cd npi ham rpng, hep khac nhau. Tuy nhien, dilm chung cua NLTH la lien quan din nhiiu thanh to co ban tao nen nhan each con ngudi, thi hien sy phu hpp d muc dp nhit djnh cua nhung thupc tinh tam, sinh li ca nhan vdi mdt hay mpt so hoat dpng nao dd.
• ThS. VU XUAN HUNG Tong cue Day nghe
Chi thdng qua sy thyc hien co kit qua, mpi ngudi mdi co thi cdng nhan ngudi dd cd nang lyc.
Theo Hanno Hortsch [6, tr 12]: "NLTH la su thi hien kha nang, trach nhiem, trinh dp trong moi quan he hoat dpng nghe nghiep". Cung theo dd thi NLTH bao gom cac thanh phan co ban nhu: nang luc chuyen mdn, nang luc v l phuang phap, nang luc xa hpi va dupe hinh thanh tren co sd kien thue, kTnang va thai do cua ngudi lao dpng.
Trong kit qua nghien cuu d l tai "Tilp can dao tao nghi dya tren NLTH va viec xay dung tieu chuin nghi", tap thi cac nha khoa hpc giao due da dua ra mpt djnh nghTa ngln gpn v i NLTH: "NLTH la kha nang thuc hien dupe cac hoat dpng (nhiem vu, cong viec) trong nghi theo tieu chuin dat ra doi vdi tung nhiem vu cong viec do" [4, tr. 14]. NLTH la cac kT nang, kiln thuc, thai dp ma ngudi lao dpng cin cd d l thyc hien cd kit qua mpt cong viec nao do cua mdt nghi.
Vdi quan niem v l NLTH nhu vay, dao tao theo NLTH la phuong thuc dao tao nhim hinh thanh va phat then d nguai hoc nhung kien thuc, kT nang, thai dp c§n thiet de sau khi tdt nghiep ho co nang luc de hoan thanh tat ca cac cong viec cua nghe, dat chuan chat lugng trong nhung dieu kien nhat djnh.
2. Hoat dqng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien DHSPKT
2.1. Quan niem ve nang NLDH
& goc dp tam li giao due, co thi hilu NLDH la to hop nhung kiln thuc, kT nang va thai dp ma ngudi GV cin phai co d l cd thi thyc hien tot cdng viec day hpc trong dilu kien cua mpt nghe chuyen mdn cu thi.
Day hpc la mpt qua trinh hoat dpng phuc hpp cua ngudi GV bao gom nhiiu cdng viec theo tung budc cua qua trinh day hpc. O i lam tot nhCrng cong viec nay, ngudi GV cin co cac nang lyc tuong ung, do vay, NLDH la mpt nang lyc tong
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Khoa hoc Giao due
hop gom nhieu nang lyc thanh phan va la nang lyc quan trpng nhit trong trong nang lyc sir pham.
Tir viec phan tich nghe va phan tich cong viec ciia ngudi giao vien kT thuat-day nghi cho thiy NLDH bao gim cac nang lyc nhir: nang lire chuin bi cac dieu kien cho cho viec day hoc, NLTH hoat dong day hoc tren Idp, nang lire td chdc day hoc thirc hanh d xudng, nang lire kiem tra va danh gia kit qua hoc tap cua hoc sinh, sinh vien.
2.2. Dac diem hoat dqng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien DHSPKT
Ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP la npi dung quan trpng thupc chirong trinh dao tao sir pham cho sinh vien cac trirdng DHSPKT. Ben canh nhirng net chung, hoat dpng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP ciia cac trirdng DHSPKT co nhirng dac trirng sau:
- Vi muc tieu ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP ciia sinh vien DHSPKT: Day la mpt trong nhirng hoat dpng thyc hanh v l nghiep vu sir pham nhim hinh thanh, ren luyen va phat triin cac nang lyc chuin bi day hpc va NLDH kT thuat trong cac trirdng kT thuat - day nghe;
- Ve ndi dung ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP: Mpt trong nhirng npi dung quan trpng la chuin bj va thyc tap liang day theo chirong trinh dao tao ciia mpt ng' nao do. Chuong trinh day nghi trong nhirng nam gin day da dirpc doi mdi manh me, tir cac chuong trinh truyen thong theo mdn hpc chuyln doi sang cac chuong trinh dao tao kit hpp giua mon hpc va mo dun, toan bp npi dung li thuyit chuyen mon nghi, thyc hanh nghi trudc day da dupe md dun hda. Dieu nay din din each thirc to chirc day hpc cung khac trudc. Mat khac, chuong trinh day nghi cung ddi hoi ngudi day phai co kT nang nghe gidi, dat tdi mire thuan thuc, cd nhu vay ngudi GV mdi co thi thyc hieri thao tac mlu (trinh dien mlu) mpt each chuin xac, diing quy trinh va kT thuat hoac hudng din, udn nin cac sai sdt ciia SV trong qua trinh ren luyen kT nang nghe nghiep chuyen mdn mpt each co hieu qua.
- Ve ddi tirqng TTSP: Sinh vien dupe TTSP chu yiu d cac trudng, Idp day nghi d trinh dp cao dang, trung d p hoac so d p . Hpc sinh hpc nghe da dang v l trinh dp nhan thirc, v l dac dilm tam sinh li va din tu nhiiu vung khac nhau nen co nhung khac biet trong hpc tap, sinh hoat.
- Ve cac trang thiet bj day thirc hanh d trudng day nghe (noi sinh vien di thyc tap) va trudng DHSPKT co sy khac nhau v l chung loai, v l trinh dp cong nghe. Vi thi trong qua trinh ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP, sinh vien phai tilp can, tim hilu,
ren luyen each thirc sir dung, van hanh cac thilt bj va phuong tien day hpc.
Nhung dac dilm tren cd anh hudng din viec to chirc hoat dpng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP tai cac trudng DHSPKT, do vay day la nhung dilm cin luu y khi thyc hien nhung doi mdi, nang cao chit lupng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP tai cac trudng DHSPKT.
2.3. Thirc trang chung ve ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien DHSPKT
Thyc tien nhieu nam qua cho thiy, cdng tac ren luyen nghiep vu su pham ndi chung, ren luyen NLDH ndi rieng trong TTSP, khau rit quan trpng trong dao tao giao vien kT thuat - day nghi d cac trudng DHSPKT cdn nhung khoang each dang k i mdi dap irng yeu ciu ciia sy nghiep doi mdi trong ITnh vyc giao due nghi nghiep.
Qua viec khao sat thyc trang NLDH cua giao vien kT thuat - day nghi cung nhu thyc trang ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP tai 4 trudng DHSPKT:
Hung Yen, Nam Djnh, Vinh, Tp. Ho Chi Minh va khoa SPKT Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Npi vdi cac doi tupng la giao vien kT thuat - day nghe, giang vien hudng din, can bp quan li va sinh vien nam thir 3, thir 4 cho thiy hoat dpng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP ciia sinh vien cac trudng DHSPKT cdn co nhung tin tai chung nhu sau:
- Ve muc tieu ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP:
Ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP la hoat dpng thyc hanh cua sinh vien DHSPKT nam cuoi khoa, nhung muc tieu ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP van chi mang tinh chit djnh tinh, chung chung, chua chi ra dupe nhung cdng viec cu thi ma sinh vien cin phai thyc hien cung nhu nhung chuin cin dat trong qua trinh thyc hien cac cong viec d i ren luyen NLDH.
- Ve ndi dung ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP:
He thong cac NLDH can ren luyen chua dupe djnh hinh rd rang, cu thi; co ciu true chua chat che, thiiu logic, chua diy dii, xa rdi kiln thirc li thuyit trong viec ren luyen kT nang; sy lien kit cac kiln thirc v l tam li, giao due va nhung kT nang su pham vdi ITnh vyc kiln thirc chuyen mdn nghe trong cac trudng DHSPKT cdn yiu, din din nhieu trudng con nhiiu lung tung khi xay dyng npi dung ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP. Mat khac, cung chua xac djnh dupe cac dilu kien cin thiit d l dam bao viec thyc hien ren luyen cac npi dung TTSP co kit qua.
- Vi td chirc ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP:
Viec to chirc ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cdn nang ve kinh nghiem, chua co quy trinh cu the. Cac budc thyc hien cac cdng viec vin phu thupc chu
46 KHGD so 61, thang 10-2010
yeu vao kinh nghiem cua tung trudng DHSPKT, tham chi la cua tung giang vien huong dan, chua dugc thiet ke theo mpt quy trinh tong quat mgt each khoa hgc vua co cau true dong tam, vua co ciu true tuyln tinh de co the vua de dang trong thuc hien, vua hieu qua trong to chuc ren luyen NLDH.
- Ve phirong phap va cong cu danh gia:
Phuang phap va cong cu danh gia kit qua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cdn dan dieu, ngheo nan chua dugc dinh hudng theo mgt he thong nang lyc xac dinh, theo mgt qui trinh luyen tap hgp li.
Do vay, din din tinh trang khi danh gia kit qua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien da khdng dya tren mgt chuin xac dinh nao ma con tuang doi tuy tien, vi thi chua kich thich dugc sy tim toi sang tao, tinh chu dgng cua sinh vien cung nhu tinh thin trach nhiem cua dgi ngu giang vien hudng din TTSP d trudng kT thuat-day nghi.
Xu thi doi mdi ngi dung, phuang phap dao tao dang dien ra manh me d nhiiu ca sd giao due dai hgc va ca sd day nghi, trong khi dd, hoat dgng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP d mgt so trudng DHSPKT van ap dung ngi dung va phuang thuc cu, din din nhung bit cap ca v l muc tieu, ngi dung, quy trinh to chuc va phuang thuc danh gia. Do vay, cin cd nhung doi mdi d i khic phuc nhung ton tai tren, gop phin nang cao chit lugng dao tao giao vien kT thuat - day nghe hien nay.
3. Doi mai ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien DHSPKT theo tiep can NLTH
Doi mdi hoat dgng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien DHSPKT theo tilp can NLTH hudng tdi viec thyc hien dong bg cac ngi dung sau:
3.1. Doi mdi muc tieu ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP
Ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP theo tiip can NLTH chu trgng vao diu ra cua qua trinh dao tao.
Do vay, muc tieu cua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP can dugc xac dinh cu the, rd rang d i co thi danh gia dugc kit qua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP qua viec thyc hien tung cdng viec cua hoat dgng day hgc, nghTa la ngudi hgc sau khi kit thuc giai doan nay co kha nang thyc hien cac nhiem vu chuin bi va day hgc theo chuin dat ra doi vdi tung cong viec cu the ma cac thanh to cot Idi cua NLTH la kiln thuc, kT nang va thai do gan vdi tung cong viec cu the cua nghe, dap ung yeu cau cua thyc tiin day hgc trong dao tao nghe.
3.2. Doi mdi ngi dung ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP theo tiep can NLTH
Khoa hoc Giao due Dl thyc hien dugc muc tieu nhu tren, ngi dung
ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP can dugc thilt k l mgt each cu the, chi tiit va phu hgp vdi thdi lugng TTSP.
D i cd ngi dung ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP dya tren NLTH, trudc tien phai xac dinh cac NLTH ma sinh vien cin phai nim vung nhu la kit qua, la dau ra cua qua trinh dao tao. Cac NLDH ma sinh vien cin ren luyen va hinh thanh trong qua trinh TTSP cin dugc xac djnh thdng qua viec phan tich nghi, phan tich cac cdng viec thyc t l ma ngudi giao vien kT thuat - day nghe phai thuc hien. Co thi liet ke mdt sd nang lyc cu thi ma sinh vien cin phai dat dugc sau qua trinh ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP nhu: nang lire chuin bi day hoc (nang lyc thilt k i bai hgc, nang lyc chuin bj do dung va phuang tien day hgc, nang lyc chuin bj nguyen nhien lieu thuc hanh,...); NLTH day hoc tren lop (nang lyc md dau bai hgc, nang lyc su dung phuang phap day hgc, nang lyc su dung phuong tien day hgc, k i ca cdng nghe thong tin trong day hgc; nang lyc kiim tra, danh gia...) va nang lire to chirc thirc hanh (nang lyc trinh diln kT nang, nang lyc to chuc nhdm luyen tap, nang lyc hudng din luyen tap...).
Theo tilp can NLTH, toan bg ngi dung ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cin dugc thilt k l thanh cac mo dun tich hgp giua li thuyit va thyc hanh. Kiln thuc li thuyit dugc cung co, bo sung d muc do cin thiit du hd trg cho sy hinh thanh va phat triln cac NLTH neu tren.
3.3. Doi mdi quy trinh ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP theo tiep can NLTH
Doi mdi quy trinh ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP hudng tdi viec md hinh hoa cac budc, cac cdng doan va toan bd qua trinh ren luyen NLDH trong qua trinh TTSP la thi hien trinh ty tung budc cong viec cua tung nhiem vu trong qua trinh ren luyen NLDH thanh mgt he thong chuin, cd tinh logic cao nhung linh hoat, khong cung nhic d i mgt mat giup sinh vien de dang trong viec luyen tap, ty kiim tra, danh gia, mat khac cung giup cho giang vien hudng din va can bg quan li, chi dao danh gia qua trinh luyen tap dugc chinh xac, khach quan hon
3.4. Doi mdi phirong thirc danh gia ket qua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP theo tiep can NLTH
Ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP theo tilp can NLTH dan tdi viec phai doi mdi hoan toan viec danh gia kit qua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien. Mii sinh vien phai cd dugc cac thong tin phan hoi cu thi v l sy phat triln NLTH cua minh va co du dieu kien can thilt dam bao cho qua trinh luyen tap de co dugc nhung nang lyc do.
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Khoa hoc Giao due
Oe viec danh gia ket qua ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien mpt each khoa hpc, chinh xac, cdng bang, cdng khai, can phai xay dyng cac tieu chi de danh gia cac NLTH cua SV. Viec danh gia theo tieu chi co nghTa la danh gia sy thyc hien cac cdng viec day hpc cua mpt sinh vien trong moi lien he vdi cac tieu chi, vdi chuan chd khong lien he, so sanh gi vdi sy thyc hien cua sinh vien khac va dupe thyc hien theo cac quan diem sau: a) Sinh vien phai thyc hien cac cdng viec theo each thirc giong nhu ngudi giao vien kT thuat - day nghe trong thuc te giang day; b) Danh gia rieng re tung sinh vien khi hp hoan thanh cong viec va cd dupe mpt hay mpt nhdm cac NLTH.
Doi mdi ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP cua sinh vien DHSPKT theo tiep NLTH nhu tren se khic phuc dupe nhung bit cap hien nay, ding thdi nang cao dupe chit lupng ren luyen NLDH trong TTSP, gdp phin nang cao chit lupng dao tao giao vien kT thuat-day nghi d cac trudng DHSPKT va nang cao chit lupng dao tao nguon nhan lyc cho quoc gia.
TAl LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Oinh Chinh, Thwc tap sw pham, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi, 1991
2. NguySn Minh Dudng, Tiep can he thong trong nghien cwu khoa hoc vi sw pham kT thuat, Tap chi Khoa hpc giao due, so 1, thang 10, Ha Npi, 2005
3. Dang Ba Lam, Cac giai phap cai tiin quan li day hoc thwc hanh cho sinh vien sw pham kT thuat theo tiip can NLTH, Tap chi Khoa hpc giao due so 4, thang 1/2006.
4. NguySn Dire Tri, Tiep can dao tao nghi dwa tren NLTH va viec xay dung tieu chuin nghi, Bao cao tong ket de tai cap Bp B93-52-24, Vien nghien ciru va phat trien giao due, Ha Npi, 1996.
5. Tran Anh Tuin, Xay dung quy trinh tap luyen cac kT nang giang day co ban trong cac hinh thwc thwc hanh, thwc tap swpham, Luan an PTS Khoa hpc Su pham - Tam li, Dai hpc Su pham, Ha Npi, 1996
6. Hanno Hortsch,D/daW/'/c der Berufsbildung, Hochschulskripten Universitaet Dresden, 2003.
7. Rudolf Tippelt, Competency-based training, Larissa Weigel, Heidelberg, Germany, 203.
SUMMARY
This article presents study on drilling of teaching abilities in pedagogical practice by technical teacher trainees using performance approach. The study clarifies characteristics and hindrances for teaching ability drilling in pedagogical practice among technical teacher trainees based on performance approach on goal, content, process and assessment changes for improved quality.
11 en cuu fe GIAO DUC BIEN D O I K H I H A U . . .
(Tiep theo trang 33) III. Mot so kien nghj
- Doi vdi GV:
+ Phai dua vao npi dung bai hpc, cac kiln thirc GDBDKH dua vao bai hpc phai cd moi lien he logic vdi cac kiln thirc trong bai, tranh trung lap, phu hpp vdi trinh dp cua HS, khong gay qua tai, khdng go ep...
+ Kien thuc GDBDKH khi dua vao bai phai diing luc, diing cho va hpp li.
+ Kiln thirc GDBDKH dua vao bai phai phan anh dupe hien trang thyc t l dang xay ra d i HS cam thiy thilt thyc...
+ Nen sir dung cac phuong phap day hpc tich cue, hudng ngudi hpc vao cac hoat ddng gin vdi thyc tien.
- Doi vdi Bp GD & DT:
+ Cin bien soan tai lieu boi dudng, tai lieu tham khao v l GDBDKH cho GV, HS. Tao diiu kien cho viec triln khai dua GD BDKH vao cac nha trudng.
+ To chirc tap huin cho GV, can bp quan li de cd luc lupng triin khai GD BDKH cho tit ca cac trudng thupc mpi cip, bac hpc.
- Doi vdi cac don vj, co> so GD & dia phuxmg:
Tuyen truyen, van dpng cdng dong cung tham gia cac hoat dpng thiit thuc nhu bao ve MT dja phuong, sir dung tiit kiem nang lupng...
nham ching lai BDKH va biit each thich irng vdi BDKH...
TAl LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Hpi thao nang cao nhan thwc va nang Iwc ung pho voi nhwng thach thwc cua biin doi khi hau, Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi, thang 10 nam 2009.
2. Chwong trinh GD phd thong mon Dja li (Ban hanh theo Quyit dinh so 16/2006/QD-BGDOT ngay 05 thang 5 nam 2006 ciia Bp trudng Bp GD va Oao tao). NXB GD, 2006.
3. Sach giao khoa va sach giao vien Dia li cac Idp 6, 7, 8, 9.
SUMMARY
According to the author Geography in lower
secondary school has many possibilities to teach climate change. Climate change education in geography is seen in integration, mostly links. The selection of lessons and lessons units as well as the integration degree is important to avoid overload and pressure on students.
48 KHGD so 61, thang 10 - 2010
