CAC VAN OE XA HOI
GI^ TRI B^JV TH^JV- CO* sa cua nhan each
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. • GS.W;nSl PHAM MINH K«C
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\ii tri ban than'\a ndi ham cija mdt khia
• canh trong 'He gii tri - Muc tieu phat ' trien nhan each ngudi hoc' dang dupe cac nha nghien cuu khoa hpc giao due va van hda quan tam. Dd cung la quan diem CO ban trong muc tieu phat trien tpan didn eon ngudi Viet Nam, duoe the hien khdng chi trong Nghj quyet 29-NQAW ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uong khda XI v l 'Doi mdi can ban, toin dien giao due vi dio tao, dap dng yeu ciu cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda trong didu kien Idnh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia va hoi nhap qudc te" ma cdn dupe the hidn rat rd net trong Nghi quyet 33-NQ/TW cQa Ban Chap hanh Trung uong khda Xi v l 'Xay dung vi phit trien van hda, con ngudi Viet Nam dip ung yeu ciu phat trien bdn vung dat nudc'. Ca hai nghj quyet nay diu d l ra nhiem vu chu trpng giap due nhan each, dat nhan each trong day khai niem cimg vdi dao dire, tri tue, nang luc sang tao, Idi sdng, the chat, tam hdn, tinh thin trach nhiem cdng dan, y thire phap luat; dua giao due gia tri vap giap due nhan each. Nghj quyet chl rd: 'Tip trung vao nhung gii tri ca ban cOa van hoi, fruyen thdng vi dao ly din tdc, tinh hoa van hda nhan loai, gii trj cdt Idi vi nhan van ciia chCi nghia Mic - Lenin vi tu tuang Hd Chi Minh'. Cac nghj quyet tren da ehi ra 7 gia trj: ehan, thien, my, dan tdc, nhan van, dan ehu va khoa hpc. Quy Hda binh va phat trien Viet Nam da cd cdng trinh nghien ciiu van d l nay va d l xuat 11 gia trj cln giao due hpe sinh, sinh vien.
Tupng quan giira he gia trj va nhan each l a i mdt van d l hit sire phue tap va cd y nghia thidt' ttiuc trong thuc tiln cupc sdng, cung nhu treng ly luan khoa hpc. Tuy nhien, tai lieu v l vln de nay den nay ehua ed nhilu'". Nhu ehiing ta da biet, quy luat ehij dao trpng xa hdi vdi kinh te thj trudng la quy luat gia trj. Cudi the ky XX, diu the ky XXI, tu ban ed quan tam hon den phuong phap tiep can nay, nhat la tam ly hpc tu van va tam ly hpc ung dung, dac bidt trpng khau tuyen nhan lue.
Tu nam 1991 den nam 2010 da cd ddng dao cdc nha khoa hpc va giao dye ca trong nudc va nude ngoai tien hanh mpt sd ehuong trinh va d l tai cap nha nudc v l con ngudi, ngudn nhan luc, van hda, hgp tic vdi Oilu tra gid trj the gidi va chau A. Phuong phap tiep can gia trj hpc la mdt treng nhirng phupng phap tiep can cija cac chucng trinh va mpt sd d l tai. Nhilu cdng trinh da cdng bd ket qua nghien ciru, trpng dd ed edng trinh 'Gia tri hgc - ca sd ly luan gdp phin due ket, xay dung gia tri Chung cua ngudi Viet Nam thdi nay" xult ban nam 201012' „ j Tim hieu cic gii tri din tdc Ket Nam vdi tam ly hgc vi giao due hgc' xuat ban nam 2015'3'. Tir nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu dd, xin dupc ban ludn them v l 'Gii tri ban than • ca sd cua nhan cach'de hieu chinh xac hon, mpt phln cOa mdt khia canh dang dupc cdc nha chuyen mdn nghien ciiu.
Xin bat diu tir dmh nghia nhan each, day cung la mdt vln de phue tap trong tam ly hpc. Co the dinh
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nghia: Nhan each la chii the cac thai dd, ung xu ddi vdi the gidi xung quanh, vdi ngudi khae va vdi ehinh minh. Gia ti-j quy djnh thai dp, nhan each hinh tiianh tren eo so gia t i thai dp d i n den iing xu. Gia tri dupe xac ^nh bdi loi ich y nghTa, ua tiiich eua ddi tupng vdi mot ngudi, nhdm ngudi, cpng ddng, dan tdc. Vdi mpt ngudi, dd la y nghTa doi vai sy tdn tai, hoat dpng, chia se, trach nhiem, cdng hien..., ti'ong mpt Wioang thdi gian nao day, tap hop lai tiianh he gia trj ban than. Cac gia tri ay duoc s^p xep tiieo mot each nao day - ta cd Viang gia fr/'eua ban than; dem "thang gia trj" ra danh gia ban than hay xung quanh - ta cd
"Wudc do gia fry"cua ban than, cuoi ciing r^t quan ti'ong la "dinh hudng gia ti": chuan bi "thang gia tri"
cho tuong lai g^n va tuang lai xa. Bon thanh ph^n vira k l a tiing ngudi hop lai thanh "gia tri ban than".
Tli day hinh tiianh va v3n hanh toan bo cac tiiai dp trong nhan each - "feia tri ban than" la co s d hinh thanh va till hien nhan each trong hoat ddng va cuoc sdng. Ndi each khac, "gia tri ban tiian" la cdng eu tam ly, con ngudi diing nd de irng xuvdi edng ddng, xa hpi va vdi chinh minh. Trong cau true nhan each,
"gia tri ban /ftan" t r a thanh ddng co, vi du, song khong phai chi la tdn tai, ma cdn "chia se, trach nhiem, cong hien, luong tam".
Day cung la nhu c^u muc dich cua cupc sdng. Neu "cdng hien" la nhu c§u muc dich, ddng
CO chu dao - ta cd nhan each Idn, Tu minh hinh thanh va vSn hanh eae thai dp - eon ngudi t r d thanh chij the cac thai dd cua minh.
Nhan each la binh dien eao nhat trong cau true tam ly cija con ngudi: mirc thap nh^t la binh dien "ca the", rdi den binh dien "ca nhan" va cudi cung la binh dien "nhan each". 0 binh dien "ca the"
con ngudi la dai dien cua loai ngudi. Ca the ngudi mang cac gia tri cua loai, nhu tinh ngudi, tinh ngudi, tri tue lao dpng, ngdn ngir... dudi dang tiem nang, CO sd cua t^ng bac smh tdn eua eon ngudi, t i n g bac 6hu t e n trong cau true tam ly con ngudi. Ngudi nao eung mang gia trj loai trong minh, gpi la gia tri sdng cdn, va phat trien, phat huy nhu t h ^ nao vao gia tri d cac binh dien cao hon la do giao due va t u giao due quyet djnh. Trong "Thu gui cac em hoc sinh" sau Tuyen ngdn ddc lap, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh nhan manh: xay dyng "mdt ndn giao due lam phat trien hoan toan nhirng nang lye san ed eua cae em".
Viec phat tnen t e r n nang cua con ngudi d nhi§u nudc tren the gidi da dat dupc nhung dinh cao.
Gia tri ban than la siic manh cua tung ngudi.
Tir gia tr; ban than cua tiing ngudi mdi thanh sire manh cija dan tpc, ngay nay gpi la "sue manh mem". 6 tuoi di hoc, nhd giao due (theo nghTa rdng cua tir nay) va ti; giao due phai hinh thanh dugc "gia tn ban than", bao dam cupc sdng cua minh, gia
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dinh, va mdi cd the ndi den chuyen ddng gdp, cdng hien... Tir day, mdi ngudi mdi ed 'tl/ tin'm 'tu trgng'- hai pham chat rlt quan trpng trpng nhan each. Tat nhien, mat khac, cdn phu thupe vap mdi trudng gia tri xa hdi - nhdn td nay rlt quan trpng, ed khi quyet dinh, nhu kinh nghidm eua cae nudc cudng thjnh cho thly.
Con ngudi tdn tai, sdng, hoat dpng trong mdi trudng tu nhien, mdi trudng xa hdi, ed eac quan hd xa hpi, nhat la quan he ngudi - ngudi, con ngudi trudc het la khach the xa hdi, chju su chi phdi eija eae quan h? xa hpi dan din hinh thanh tinh thin xa hdi, trpng qua trinh trudng thanh quan he khdch the trong chirng muc nao day gan vdi quan he chu thi.
Binh dien 'ci the' chuyen hoa len binh dien 'ci nhan", ea nhan tdn tai nhu mdt thanh vien cdng ddng xa hdi. 0 day cd nghia vu xa hpi, trach nhiem xa hdi theo cac chuan mue, ghi trong huong udc, ndi quy lang xa, trudng hpe, eo quan, xi nghiep..., quan trpng hon ca, thep phdp luat nha nupc. Ngay nay, ehiing ta dang sdng trpng thdi dai hdi nhap, cd ca cdc chuan muc qudc te nira. Nghia vu xa hdi nang len trach nhiem xa hpi. Cac gia trt dan tdc (khic phuc tdm ly tilu ndng, phpng kiln, xdy dung tam ly cdng nghidp hdi nhap) phai la mpt bd phdn thiet ylu trong "gii tri ban than', tinh khach thi gan vdi tinh ehij the binh dien 'ci nhin' gan vdi binh dien "nhin cich'.
Nhu viri'gla tn ban thin' cd 3 thanh phln:
'gii tri ca the", 'gii tri ci nhin'va 'gia tri nhin each', gan quyen vdi nhau. 'Gli trici the'do the he trudc de lai, mdi ngudi tu phat huy, cd su hd trp cua giao due: cd tri thirc, tri tup phat trien, tilm nang dupc phat huy, nhan each hinh thanh. Vai trd cua nha trudng rlt Idn vdi 'gia tri ca nhan', "gia tri nhin each' (cac gia tri tren binh dien nhan each gpi la 'gii tri nhin each"). Tir nam 1995, nhilu qudc gia da phat dpng phpng trap "giao due ky nang sdng', eg the hda "giao due gia tn song', a ta cung ed nhiing phong trao giao due nhung chua cd phong trao nay. Nhilu nudc cdng bd he gia tri. Cudi thi ky XX, Singapore d l ra "He gii tri Singapore'g6m 5 diem: (11 qudc gia tren hit, xa hdi diu tien; (2) gia dinh ia gdc, xa hdi Id than; (3) quan tam gidng nhau ddng cam edng khp; (4) tim cai ddng, gat bat ddng.
hiep thuong ciing hieu biet; (51 chijng tdc hai hoa, tdn giao khoan dung. Nam 2004, Bd Gidp due Singapcre cdng bd He gia tri eOa nganh gdm 4 diem: (a) chinh true; (bl cpn ngudi la tieu dilm, phat huy eai tdt eua mpi ngudi; (c) dam me hpc tap, hpc tap la dudng ddi, ddn tuong lai; (dl chit lupng. Tii kinh nghipm cua mpt sd nude, Quy Hoa binh Viet Nam va gidi khoa hpe cung mcng mudn cac co quan lanh dao va quan ly giao due - dao tao, van hda nghien ciru, xem xet.
Pham vi gido due gia trj va nhan each chp ngudi hpe eua ca he thdng giao due r l t rpng. Vl dai the, cd the npi, binh dien ea the bat diu trpng bap thai va mim non; binh dien "ca nhan" it nhilu d tieu hpc, thuc su fci trung hpc co sd bat diu cd binh di6n "nhan each". Thee nhilu tai lidu, cd the til 11- 12 tudi va sudt thdi gian trung hpc phd thdng, nhd trudng ciing vdi gia dinh, doan the cd nhidm vu truyin dat md hinh nhdn each xa hdi cho cdc em.
Van de chinh yeu la timg ngudi hpc, nhat la hpc sinh trung hpc phe thdng vd sinh vien, tiep thu va tu hinh thanh, phat huy va phat triln thanh 'gia tri ban thin'. Vdi tudi hpc sinh va ca smh vien, thee chiing tdi, ngpai tinh thin dan tdc yeu nude, chdm hpe - thich hpc va ham hpc, cham lam, bnh thin trach nhiem, quan he vdi mpi ngudi - tu trong gia dinh la cac gia trj vira ca ban, vira edt Idi, can hinh thanh va phat trien trpng gid trj ban than (va sudt ca ddi ngudi). Nam 1947 trong 'Si/a doi Idl lam viec' Bac Ho da vilt: phai giao due tinh thin yeu nudc va cin, kiem, item chinh. Cd "g'li tri ban than' la thanh ngudi, va bang 'gia tri ban thin" ma lam ngudi va o ddi: 'gia tri ban thin' la siic manh tinh thin cua mdi ngudi. Nhdn each cd the hoan thien sudt ddi, phu thupe nhilu yeu td, til gia dinh, nha trudng, xa hdi; tir tri thiie, ky nang, trai nghiem, ttiuc tiln, tinh cam..., va yeu tc quyet djnh nhat vln la phln dau ca nhan.a
(1) Mang Google ngSy 16-7-2016 .
12) Pham Mmh Hgc: Gjd ti ftoc - ca so ly lu$n gop ptian Sdc ket, xiy dvng gli tn chimg ciia nguoi Viil Nam tt* ray Nxb. Giao dgc VietNam, H, 2010.
(3) Pham Minh Hac: TtmtiiSticacgiitndantOcViett^amvditamly hoc va giao dvc hoc. Nxh. Chinh trj quoc gia - S^ that, H, 2015.
6 6 I Tqpchi TUYtNGUtosd 8-2016
