6IA TRI BAN THAN - CO SO CUA NHAN CACH

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NGHIENCOULiLUANlUI

6IA TRI BAN THAN - CO SO CUA NHAN CACH

PHAM MINH HAC Email: [email protected]

T6mtdt Bai Viet di cap den van de gia triban than - ca sd cua nhan each. Theo tdcgid, nhan each Id mot van de phLfctgptrongtdnilfhoc;nhancdchldchiJthecdcthdido,L(ngxCtd6ivdithegidixungquanh,vdingudikhdcvdvdichinh minh. Gid tn ban than la cong cu tarn 11, con ngudi diing no deiing xCrvdi cong dong, xa hoi vd vdi chfnh minh. Cdc thanh phan cua Gid tri ban than, bao gom: 1/ Gid tn ca the; 2/Gid tn ca nhdn; 3/Gid tri nhdn cdch. Ba thdnh phan ndy cd moi quan he gdn bo vdi nhau. Phgm vi gido due gid tri vd nhdn cdch cho ngUdi hoc cua cd he thong gido due rat rang. Binh dien "cd thi'bdt ddu trong bao thai vd bdc Mam non; b'lnh dien 'cd nhdn" it nhieu dcdp Tieu hoc vd thi/c su tit cap Trung hoc casd; binh dien 'nhan each", cotCfll -12 tuSi vd suot thdi gian hoc trung hqcpho thong. Nhdn cdch cd thehodn thien suot ddi, phu thuoc vdo nhieuyeu to, tCtgia dinh, nhd tnldng, xd hoi; tCftri thdc, kindng, trdinghiem, thuc tiin, tinh cdm...

Tifkhda: Gid tn ban thdn; nhdn cdch; hocsinh; gido due.

(Nhdn bdingay 25/8/2016; Nhan ket qua phdnbienvachinhsdangay 08/9/2016; Duyet dang ngay 27/12/2016).

I.DMvantf^

Nghi quyet 29 cua Trung uang ngay 04 thang 11 nam 2013 ve Doi md\ can ban va toan dien nen giao due nadc nha va Nghj quyet 33 ngay 09 thang 6 nam 2014 cua Trung aong ve Xay dUng va Phat trien van hoa, con nguoi Viet Nam deu de ra nhiem vu chu trpng giao due nhan each, dat nhan each trong day khai niem ciing v6i dao diic, tri tue, nang iuc sang tao, loi song, the chat, tam lion, tinh than trach nhiem cong dan, y thiJc phap luat;

dUa giao due gia tn vao giao due nhan each: "Tap trung vao nhCfng gia tri cO ban cua van hoa, truyen thong va dao li dan toe, tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai, gia tri cot loi va nhan van cua chu nghTa Mae - Le nin va Ii/tadng Ho Chi Minh" (Nghj quyet 29). Nght quyet 33 chi ra 7 gia tri:

chan, thien, mi, dan tpc, nhan van, dan chu va khoa hoc.

Quy Hoa binh va Phat trien Viet Nam da c6 cong trinh nghien CLTU van de nay va de xuat 11 gia tri can giao due hocsinh,sinh vien.

Tuong quan giCa he gia tri va nhan each la mot van de het sire phQc tap trong thue tien cupe song cCing nhiT trong If luan khoa hpc. Tai lieu ve van de nay den nay chua CO nhieu [l].Quy luat chu dao trong xa hpi v6i kinh te thi trUdng la quy luat gia tri. Cuoi the kl XX, dau the kr XXI CO quan tam hon, nhat la tam li hpc tuvan va tam If hpc (Sng dung, dac biet trong khau tuyen nhan lue. Van de quan he gia tri voi nhan each c6 y nghfa rat thiet thUe.

Trong bai viel nay, chiing toi tap trung phan tfch gia tri ban than - ca set cua nhan each.

2. Khai niem Nhan each va Gia trj ban than 2.1. Khai niem Nhan cdch

Nhan each la mot van de phiJc tap trong tam li hoc [ll.Theochungtoi'Nhan each lachutheeaethaido, i^ng xLf doi voi the gioi xung quanh, vai ngudi khae va vai chinh minh [2]. Gia tn quy dinh thai do, nhan each hlnh thanh tren eo sa gia tri, thai do dan den ling XLI. Gia tri daoc xac dinh boi loi I'eh, y nghfa, su ua thich cua doi tuong vai mot nguoi, nhom ngu'di, cong dong, dan tpc.

Vdi mot ngudi. do la y nghfa doi voi su ton tai, hoat dong, chia se, trach nhiem, cong hien.., trong mot khoangthdi gian nao do, tap hop lai thanh "he gia tn ban than". Cae gia tri ay duae sap xep theo mot each nao do - ta c6

"thang gia tri"ciia ban than. Dem "thang gia trj" ra danh gia ban than hay xung quanh - ta e6"thudc do gia tri"eua ban than. Cuoi ciing, rat quan trpng la "djnh hudng gia tri": chuan bi "thang gia tri" cho tuang lai gan va tuong lai xa. Bon thanh phan vCfa ke cf tC/ng ngUdi hop lai thanh

"gia trj ban than". TCf day, hlnh thanh va van hanh toan bp cae thai dp trong nhan each - "gia trj b i n than" ta CO sd hlnh thanh va the hien nhan each trong hoat dong va cupc song.

2,2. Gid tn ban than

Gia tri ban than !a cong cu tam li, con ngadi dung no de Lfng xi^ v6i cong dong, xa hoi va vdi chfnh minh.

Trong eau true nhan each, "gia tri b^n than" trd thanh dong CO. Vf du, song khong ph^i chi ia "song eon" {ton tai), ma con "chia se, trach nhiem, cong hien, luong tam"

[2]. Bay cung la nhu eau, myc dfch cua cupc song. Neu

"cong hien"la nhu eau, muc dfch, dong cochudao-taco nhan each Idn.Tii minh hrnh thanh va van hanh cae thai dp - con ngUdi trd thanh chu the cae thai do cua minh.

Nhan each la binh dien cao nhat trong eau true tam li cua eon ngUd'y. mifc thap nhat la binh dien "ea the", roi den binh dien"ca nhan"va eudl ciing la binh dien "nhan each" [3]. 6 binh dien "ca the" con ngudi la dai dien cua loai ngydi. Ca the ngUdi mang cae gia trj cua loai nhu"

tinh ngudi, tinh ngUdi, tri tue, lao dong, ngon ngCr..

duoi dang tiem nang, cO sd ciia tang bac sinh ton cua eon ngUdi - tang bac dau tien trong eau true tam ii eon ngUdi. Ngi/di nao cung mang gia tri loai trong minh. goi la "gia tn song c6n"[4], va phat trien, phat huy nhU the nao vao gia tri d cae binh dien cao han la do giao due va tU giao due quyet dinh. Trong "Tha giri cae em hoc sinh"

sau Tuyen ngon doc lap, Chu tjeh Ho Chi Minh viet: "Xay dung mot nen giao due lam phat trien hoan toan nhCrng nang lac san cd cua cae em" [5], Nhieu nude phat trien tiem nang cue eon ngUoi da dat nhQng dinh cao.

Gia tri ban than la sOc manh cua ti/ng ngUOi.Ti/ gia trj ban than cua tirng ngudi mdi thanh sQc manh cua dan toe, ngay nay gpi la SOc manh mem", d tuoi di hoe, nhd giao due (theo nghla rdng ciia ti/nay] va tugiao due phai hinh thanh duac "gia tri ban than", bao dam euoc song cua minh, cua gia dinh mdi cd the ndi den chuyen dong

SO 135-7HANG 12/2016 • I

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I NGHIEN COU Li LUAN gop, cong hien..

Ti/day, moi ngUdi mdi cd"tUtin"va"tUtrong"-day la hai pham chat rat quan trong trong nhan each. Tat nhien, mat khac eon phu thuoc vao moi tradng gia tn xa hoi - nhan to nay rat quan trong, cd khi quyet dmh nhu kinh nghiem cua cae nUde eUdng thinh cho hay.

Con ngadi ton tai, song, hoat dong trong mdi trUdng tU nhien, mdi truang xa hdi, ed cae quan he xa hpi, nhat la quan he ngUdi - ngUdi. Con ngtfdi trUdc het la khach the xa hoi, chiu su chi phoi cua cae quan he xa hoi, dan dan hinh thanh tinh than xa hoi, trong qua trinh trudng thanh quan he khaeh the trong chCfng mUc nao day gan vdi quan he chu the. Binh dien "ca the"ehuyen hoa len binh dien "ea nhan"- ca nhan ton tai nhU mot thanh vien epng dong xa hpi CJ day c6 nghia vu xa hoi, trach nhiem xa hoi theo cae chuan mUc, ghi trong huong Udc, ndi quy trudng hoc, cO quan, xf nghiep..., quan trpng han ca la theo phap luat nha nudc. Ngay nay, chiing ta dang song trong thdi dai hpi nhap, cd e^ cae chuan muc qude te. Nghia vu xa hdi nang len thanh trach nhiem xa hdi [4]. Cae gia tn dan toe (khlc phyc tam li tieu nong, phong kien, xay dUng tam li cong nghiep, hdi nhap) phai la mot bp phan thiet yeu trong "gia tn ban than", tinh khaeh the gan vdi tinh ehu the, binh dien "ca nhan" g i n vdi binh dien "nhan each".

3. Cae thanh phan cua Gia trr bdn than

"Gia trj ban than"e6 3 thanh phan, bao gdm: 1/Gia trj ea the; 2/ Gia trj ea nhan; 3/ Gia tn nhan each. Ba thanh phan nay c6 mdi quan he gan bd vdi nhau. Gia tn ca the do the he trUdc de lai, moi ngUdi tU phat huy, c6 su ho tro cua giao due; cd tn thilc, tri tue phat trien, tiem nang duoc phat huy, nhan each hlnh thanh.

Vai tro cua nha trUdng rat Idn vdi "gia tri ea nhan"

"gia tri nhan each" (cae gia tn tren binh dien nhan each goi la "gia tri nhan each").

TCr nam 1995, the gidi va cae chau lue phat ddng phong trao "giao due kJ nang song", eu the hoa "giao due gia tn song". 6 nUdc ta khdng hudng irng nhieu. Nhieu nUdc cong bo he gia trj, hay ndt tdi "he gia tn Mf".

Mot vi du khac, Singapore cudi the ki XX de ra "He gia tn Singapore" gom 5 diem' (1) Qudc gia tren het, xa hdi dau tien; (2) Gia dinh la goc, xa hoi la than; (3) Quan tam giong nhau, dong cam cong kho, {4)Tm cai dong, gat bat dong, hiep thuong cung hieu biet; (5) Chung toe hai hoa, ton giao khoan dung

Nam 2004, B6 Giao due Singapore cong bo He gia

tri cua nganh gom 4 diem: (a) chinh true; (b) con ngudi la tieu diem, phat huy cai tot cua moi ngUdi; (c) dam me hoe tap, hpc tap la dudng ddi, ddn tUOng lai; (d) chat lLrang[4].

Pham vi giao due gia tri va nhan each cho ngifdi hoc cua c l he thong giao due rat rpng. Ve dai the, ed the noi, binh dien "ea the" bat dau trong bao thai va bac Mam non; binh dien "ca nhan" it nhieu d cap Tieu hocva thuc sa tL/ cap Trung hpc ea sd; binh dien "nhan each" nhieu tai lieu cho hay ed the tCr 11 - 12 tuoi va suot trung hoc phd thong Nha trUdng cung vdi gia dinh va cae doan the cd nhiem vu truyen dat md hinh nhan each xa hpi cho cae em. Van de chinh yeu la d tCfng ngUdi hoc, nhat (a hoc sinh trung hpc pho thong va sinh vien, tiep thu va tU hinh thanh, phat huy va phat trien thanh "gia tri ban than". Vdi \(la tuoi hoe sinh va sinh vien, ngoai tinh than dan toe, long yeu nUdc, cham hoc - thich hpc va ham hoe, cham lam, tinh than trach nhiem, quan he vdi moi ngUdi td trong gia dinh la cae gia tn vda ca ban, viTa cot Idi, can duoc hinh thanh va phat trien trong gia tn ban than (va c i suot ddi ngUdi).

Nam 1947, trong "Sifa doi loi lam viec" Ho Chii tieh da viet: Phai giao due" tinh than yeu nudc va can, kiem, liem, chinh" [6]. Co "gia trj ban than" la thanh ngudi, va bing "gia tri ban than" ma lam ngUdi. Gia tr; ban than la SLfe manh tinh than cua moi ngudi. Nhan each cd the hoan thien suot ddi, phu thuoc nhieu yeu to, tCr gia dinh, nha trUdng, xa hdi.., tu' tri thde, kf nang, trai nghiem, thuc tien, tinh cam..., va quyet dinh la phan dau ca nhan.

TAILI£UTHAMKHAO [1], Mang Google ngay 16-7-2016

[2]. Pham Minh Hac, (2016), Tam if hoc dai cuang, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Noi.

[3] Pham Minh Hac, (2015), Tim hieu cdc gid tn dan toe Viet Nam vdi tam li hoc vd gido due hoc, NXB Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Noi.

[4], Pham Minh Hac, (2010, 2012), Gid m hoc-co scr // luan gop phan due ket, xay dung gid tn chung cua ngudi Wet/Vamthd/nay, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Npi; Cong ty sach Anpha, NXB Dan tri. Ha Noi.

[5]. Ho Chi Minh toan tap, (2011), xuat ban Ian thiJtU, tap 4, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi

[6] Ho Chi Minh toan tap. [2011), NXB Chinh tn Quoc gia. Ha Ndi

SELF VALUE - BASIS OF PERSONALITY

Pham Minh Hac Email: [email protected] Abstract:The article analyzed self-value-basis of personality. According to the author, personality IS a complex issue in psychology, it is the subject of attitude, behavior towards the world, others and yourself. Self-value is a psychological tool, people use it to interact with community, society, and himself. Components of self-vaiue included: I/ Individual value; 2/ Personal value. 3/ Personality value. These components have close relationships. Scope of learners' value and personality education is very wide. The concept of "personal" begins in pregnancy and kindergarten stages, the concept of "individual" appears at Primary and clearly at Secondary levels, the concept of "personality"starts from 11-12 years old and dunng high school "Personality" can be perfect in all life-time, depended on many factors, from family, school, society, knowledge, skill, experience, practice, emotion...

Keywords: Self-value, personality, pupils, education.

• KHOA HOC 61A0 DUG