NGU! p ' l l N G UDNG liNIHIJ 15 (1959)
VA MOT S6 KINH NGHIEM LICH SU"
TS TRAN TANG K H O I *
Oau Hiep djnh Gionevo, dat nude ta ra (j)khdi cudc khang cMen chdng thyc dan Phap vdi nhung the va lye mdi, song ngay thdi diem dd da phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khan, thir thach phire tap. Ke thu mdi ciia dan tdc Viet Nam la de qude My Meu cMen vdi tiem lye khdng Id ve kinh te, quan sy va bin chat nham Mem, giau mat eiia chii ngMa thyc dan mdi.
Trong luc dd, xu the chung cua the gidi la giai quyet cIc tranh chap bing thuong lugng, hda binh. Cae nude ldn trong he thdng XHCN khuyen ta nen giu nguyen trang d mien Nam, tap trung xay dung CNXH d mien Bac; hoac cho rang Viet Nam can trudng ky mai phuc, xay dyng va tich IQy lye lugng lau dai, ehd thdi CO thuan lgi.
Neu giu nguyen Men trang d mien Nam, thyc Men "trudng ky mai phuc", dat nude ehiu sy chia cat lau dai tM ddng bao mien Nam phai chiu nMeu tdn that, hy sinh to ldn. Thyc tien each mang miin Nam giai doan 1954-1958 da cho thay dieu dd: Ca miin Nam ton thit 9 phin
• Hgc vien CT-HC Quoc gia H6 Chi Minh
10 so can bd dang vien. d Nam Bd: khoang 7 van can bd ding vien ta bi dich giet; gan 90 van can bg, nhan dan bi bat, bi hi day, gan 20 van bi ha tin thanh tan tat, cM cdn khoang 5 ngMn so vdi 60 ngMn dang vien trudc do. Ben Tre cdn
162 dang vien, Tien Giang cM cdn 92, Gia Dinh, Bien Hda mdi nai cM cdn 1 cM bd Dang, d Khu V (luc nay gdm ea Tri-TMen va eye Nam Trung Bd) khoang 40%> tinh uy vien, 60%
huyen uy vien, 70%) cM uy vien xa bj bat, bi giet, cd tinh cM edn 2-3 cM bd, 12 huyen ddng bang khdng cdn ca sd Dang. Rieng Tri- TMen cM cdn 160/23.400 dang vien trude dd'.
Hanh dgng khiing bd dien cudng, man rg ciia My - Diem da day mien Nam vao canh
"dau sdi, lua bdng", phong hao each mang cd nguy ca bi tieu diet. Kha nang dau hanh bang phuong phap hda binh ddi thyc Men Mep thuang tdng tuyen cu theo quy djnh cua Hgi nghi Gioneva khdng cdn. Van de dlt ra cho each mang d mien Nam la lam the nao de vira dam bao lgi ich tdi cao ciia dan tgc, vira gdp phan bao ve hda binh, dn dinh tren the gidi; vira giu dugc ddc lap, tir chu trong hoach dinh
46 TAP CHl UCH Sir DANG-SO 12/2008
TRAO Ddl
dudng ldi, lai vira tranh thu dugc sy giiip da cua Trung Qude va Lien Xd.
Trong bdi canh day khd khan, phiic tap nhu vay, Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Trung uang 15 (md rdng) "Ve tang cudng doan ket, kien quyet dau tranh giu vung hda binh, thyc Men thdng nhat nude nha" cd tam quan trgng dac biet, la nggn dudc soi dudng cho each mang mien Nam tien len.
Nghj quyet khang dinh "each mang Viet Nam do Dang lanh dao gdm 2 nMem vu chien luge: each mang xa hdi chu nghia d mien Bac va each mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan d mien Nam. Hai nMem vu chien luge dd tuy cd tinh chat khac nhau nhung quan he huu ca vdi nhau, song song tien hanh, anh hudng sau sac lan nhau, hd trg manh me cho nhau, nhlm phuang hudng chung la giu vung hda binh, thyc hien thdng nhat nude nha, tao dieu kien thuan lgi de ca nude Viet Nam tien len chii ngMa xa hdi"^.
Sau kM phan hch dac diem tinh hinh xa hdi mien Nam, Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Trung uong 15 da trinh bay mdt each cd he thdng dudng ldi each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam. Nghi quyet xic dinh nhiem vy, vach rd phuang hudng va kha nang phat trien cua each mang mien Nam:
Nhiem vu ca bdn cua each mang mien Nam la giai phdng nhan dan khdi ach thdng tri cua de qude, phong kien, thyc Men ddc lap dan tdc va ngudi cay cd rudng, holn tiianh each mang dan tdc dan chu.
Nhiem vu tru&c mdt la danh do ach thdng tii cua de qude My va tay sai, thanh lap CMnh phu lien Mep dan tdc dan chu d mien Nam, thyc hien thdng nhat nude nha, gdp phan bao ve hda binh d Ddng Nam A va tiie gidi.
De di tdi thang lgi, Nghi quyet khang dinh:
con dudng duy nhat la khdi ngMa gianh cMnh quyen bang bao lye each mang ciia quan chiing.
Nghi quyet neu rd, mye tieu, con dudng each mang mien Nam la "lay site manh cita qudn chiing, dua vdo luc lugng chinh tri cua qudn chimg Id chit yeu, kit hgp v&i luc lugng vU trang di ddnh do quyin thong tri cua de quoc vd phong kien, dimg lin chinh quyen cdch mgng cita nhdn ddn" .
Du kiin khd ndng phat trien tinh Mnh, Nghi quyet eho rang, "can phai cd mdt qua tiinh dau tianh lau dai va gian khd, phai tich eye xay dyng, eung cd va phat trien lye lugng each mang tM mdi cd the cd dieu kien nIm lay thdi ca thuan lgi va gianh lay chinh quyen"''. Ben canh dd, each mang mien Nam van cd kha nang hda binh. Kha nang dd tiiy la rat it, nhung can ra sue tianh thii, ddng thdi tich eye chuan bi mgi mat theo hudng can ban la khdi ngMa danh dd My - Diem.
Net dac sac cua Nghi quyet 15 la da dat nMem vy giai phdng mien Nam ddng thdi vdi nMem vy xay dyng CNXH d mien Bac kM ly luan cua chu ngMa Mac- Lenin chua cd sy cM dan tuong ty; khi suy ngM cua mdt sd Dang Cdng san anh em, mdt bd phan can bd, ding vien va nhan dan ta dang bi cM phdi theo nhQng cMeu hudng khac nhau.
Nghi quyet 15 the Men sy quan triet eua Dang ta ve quan diem bao lye each mang, quan diem mdi quan he hda binh va cMen hanh each mang cua chu ngMa Mac - LeMn. Trong sudt qua tiinh ehdng My, cim nude. Dang ta ludn xic dinh viec danh gia tuong quan lye lugng la diem xuat phat ca ban de giai quyet nhung van de cMen luge va phuong phap cleh mang. Nghi
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quyit 15 da danh gia dung tiiong quan lye lugng giQa ta va dich. Nhin chung tren ca nude tM lye lugng cleh mang manh hon lye lugng phin each mang, nhung rieng d mien Nam thi lye lugng cleh mang cdn yeu hon lye lugng de qude va tay sai. Chd yeu ca ban ciia cM'nh quyen My - Diem la khdng cd co sd xa hdi rdng rai va vQng chac. Do dd, Nghi quyet nhan manh: Chung ta cd nhung thuan lgi rat co ban de giQ gin hda binh, gianh lay thing lgi cho each mang XHCN d mien Bac va each mang dan tdc dan chu nhan dan d mien Nam, thyc hien thdng nhat nude nha. Nghj quyet cGng dy lieu cudc khdi nghia cua nhan dan mien Nam cd kha nIng chuyen thanh mdt cudc ddu tranh vii trang tru&ng ky.
Trong Cach mang thing Tim nam 1945, Ding ta da sing tao phuong thuc tien hanh khdi nghia tu khdi nghia tung phan tien len Tdng khdi nghia gilnh chinh quyen trong ea nude.
Den cudc khlng chien ehdng My, cuu nude.
Ding ta chi dao khdi dau cudc khdi nghia tu khdi nghia tung phan tien len tdng khdi nghia khi thdi co den de tien tdi gianh thang lgi holn toin. Dieu dd the hien mdt quy Mat chung la con dudng gianh ddc lap, tii do cho cac dan tgc thudc dja va phu thudc chi cd the thyc hien dugc bang sue manh cua bao lye cleh mang, bang cao trao each mang cua quan chung nhan dan dudi sy lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san.
Tuy khdng the tranh dugc nhung han che nhat djnh, tuy ra ddi cham, song Nghj quyit Trung uong lan thu 15, Khda 11 cua Ding da di vio ljch su cudc khlng chien chdng My, cim nude cua dan tdc ta. Nghi quyet danh diu budc trudng thanh cua Dang ta, thi hien sau sic tinh than ddc lap, ty chu, nang dgng sang tao eua
Dang hong viec van dung ly luan Mac-LeMn vao each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam. Nghi quyet da lam xoay chuyen tinh the, dap img nguyen vgng hire bach, ndng bdng cua can bg, dang vien va ddng bao mien Nam. Y ngMa ljch sir cua Nghi quyet la d ehd tao nen sy nhat tii cao trong toan Dang, toan dan va toan quan, cham dut giai doan lung tiing, be tac ciia each mang mien Nam sau Hiep dinh Gioneva, thdi bung nggn lua each mang bang cao trao Ddng khdi 1959- 1960, md dudng cho cleh mang mien Nam tiep tyc tien len. Ddng thdi tiep tuc bd sung, phat trien va hoan ehinh dudng loi each mang mien Nam cua Dang ta trong cudc khang chien chdng My, cim nude.
Gan 50 nam da trdi qua, vdi do lui ciia lich su eho phep chung ta thay rd hon vai trd, y nghia lich sir to ldn va ca nhung khiem khuyet cua Nghi quyet Trung uong lan thu 15, Khda II ciia Dang ddi vdi sy ngMep giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nude. Dang ta due ket dugc mdt sd kinh nghiem hr qua trinh hoach djnh dudng ldi cleh mang.
Thu nhdt, tru&c moi bu&c chuyen cua cdch mgng, cdn nhdn ro dm mint, bdn chdt cita chu nghia di quoc vd su da man, tdn bao ciia cdc thi luc chong doi cdch mgng. Sy cham tre trong viee tim ra con dudng di len cua each mang mien Nam sau kM Hiep dinh Gioneva dugc ky ket cd nguyen nhan la Dang ta danh gia chua dung am muu cua de quoc My, mac du sdm xac djnh de qude My la ke thii chinh nguy hiem nhdt tru&c mdt cita nhdn ddn ta.
Viee phai doan My trude dd da khdng ky ket vao cac vln kien Hdi nghi ma chi ra mdt ban tuyen bd gM nhan, rd rang la mdt ddng thai cho thay ve sau nay, hg se khdng thyc Men Hiep
48 TAP CHl UCH Sir O A N G - S O 12/2008
TRAO Ddl
djnh Gioneva. Trong vai nam tiep sau dd, kM de qude My da tryc tiep xam luge mien Nam, tan sat can bd, dang vien v l nhan ta mdt each man rg, dim phong tilo each mang mien Nam trong bien mau, tM Dang ta van edn hy vgng khi nang thdng nhat dat nude bing con dudng hda binh. Hay ndi each khlc, chiing ta van cdn ao tudng ve tMen cM cua de quoc My hong viec thyc Men Hiep dinh, cang dau tianh bang phuong phap hda binh, dau tranh bang cMnh tii ddi tM hanh Hiep dinh tM phong trio cich mang mien Nam cang tdn that nang ne^.
Trong thdi dai ngay nay, am muu v l nhung cMen luge chdng phi phong trao each mang, thdng tri the gidi ciia chu ngMa de qude ma diing dau la de qude My ngiy cang tham ddc va xao quyet, lai dugc ngyy trang dudi sy dieu cMnh tinh vi cua chu nghia de qude Men dai.
Nhung tdn that cua cleh mang mien Nam tiude khi Nghi quyet Trung uong lan thu 15 ra ddi do ta khdng dinh gia day du, kip thdi ve ban chat tham ddc, nham Mem vl tan bao cua de qude My la bai hgc xuong mlu ve nam rd ban chat ciia chil nghia de qude, khdng ngimg nang eao tinh than cinh gilc ddi vdi am muu "Dien Men hda binh" trong qui trinh hdi nhap Men nay.
Thu hai, luon tin tuang vdo sue manh cita nhdn ddn, bdm sdt thiec tien, nhgy ben v&i su thay doi cua th&i cuoc. Ngay sau kM gat thyc dan Phap ra khdi gudng miy cai tri va ddc cMem mien Nam, My - Diem dien cudng khiing bd phong hao each mang mien Nam. Tu cudi nam 1954, de qude My va be IQ tay sai Ngd Dinh Diem da gay ra nhung vu tan sit dam mau d Hudng Dien - Ngan Son, CM Thanh, Chg Dugc, Md Cly, Cu CM, Binh Thanh,... Chimg md nhieu dgt "td cdng", "diet
cdng", thang tay dan Ip cIc cudc dau ti-anh yeu nude ciia ddng bao mien Nam; "dat mien Nam trong tinh trang cMen tranh"; ban hinh Luat 10/59, " dlt cdng san ra ngoai vdng phap luat", tMet lap 3 tda an quan sy dac biet d Sai Gdn, Budn Ma Thudt va Hue, dua cIc "bi can" ra xet xii, khdng can md cudc "tham cuu" (Dieu 12, Luat 10/59). Tu giua nam 1958 den dau nam 1959, phong tilo cleh mang mien Nam cIng bj tdn that nang ne. Thyc tiang dd da tac ddng den quan chiing nhan dan, lam niy sinh hi hrdng hoai ngM, khdng tm vao nhung chii tiuong, bien phip dau tianh do Dang de ra se gilnh dugc thang lgi. Quan chung cho rang "dau tianh cMnh tii cM cd cira hue vl cira thua";
"dau tranh the nay tM se tdn that ldn". Do dd, quan chiing, can bd, dang vien til cac dia phuong mien Nam de dat, kien nghi dau tranh vQ trang danh dd cMnh quyen tay sai Ngd Dinh Diem mdi cd the cim dugc nhan dan khdi che do thdng tri tan bao cua chung. Ngay cl chu truang dau tranh "tiiong ddi hda binh" do Xu uy Nam Bd de ra tai Hdi nghi Xir uy lan thir ba cung khdng dugc quan chimg tiep nhan.
Nhan dan mien Nam tu Idu khong the song nhu cU, khong the chiu mdi su thong tri tdn bao vd da CO nhimg phdn img doi v&i chit truang ddu tranh chinh tri khong con thich hgp v&i tinh hinh mien Nam. The nhung, ngoai nguyen nhan khich quan, trong giai doan nay. Dang ta ehua that sy sau sit thuc tien each mang mien Nam, khdng thay het nhu cau chay bdng cQng nhu sue manh to ldn ctia nhan dan mien Nam trudc ach thdng tri tan bao cua ke thu. Do dd, da cham chuyen hudng dau tranh eho phu hgp vdi tinh Mnh mdi vl dan den hau qui lye lugng each mang bi tdn that.
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35 nam sau, kM tdng ket mdt sd van de lich su thdi ky 1954 - 1975, Bd CMnh tri Ban Chip hanh Tmng uong (Khda Vll) da ket luan: Nghi quyet Trung uong 15 rat dung, lam xoay chuyen hin tinh the, nhung trudc dd. Dang cd khuyet diem ve cM dao each mang mien Nam.
Dac Met trong hai nIm 1957-1958, ta cd sai lam trong chi dao cMen luge, cham chuyen hudng cM dao dau tianh, cM nhan manh dau tranh ehinh tri kM dich da dung bao lye phan cleh mang, thang tay giet hai cin bd, nhan dan.
Tu thyc tien ljch su each mang Viet Nam, mdt tiong nhQng bai hgc duge Dang ta diic ket trong qua trinh lanh dao la biet ling nghe nguyen vgng cua nhan dan, sdm phat Men nhQng tin Meu mdi cua ddi sdng thdng qua viee tdng ket thyc tien mdt cleh thudng xuyen va kjp thdi. Nhung y kien, nguyen vgng va sang kien cua nhan dan cd vai trd quan tigng trong viee hinh thanh dudng ldi ciia Ding. Chia khda cua thanh cdng la biet dya vio nhan dan, xuat phat tu thyc tien vl thudng xuyen tdng kit thyc tien, phat Men nhan td mdi, tilng bude tim ra quy luat phit triln. Cung vi the, tong kit 20 nam ddi mdi dat nude, mdt trong nam bai hpc kinh ngMem m l Van kien Dai hdi dai biiu toan qude lan thii X cua Dang da neu la.' Doi m&i phdi vi lgi ich cua nhdn ddn, dua vdo nhdn ddn, phdt huy vai tro chit dgng, sdng tao cita nhdn ddn, phu hgp v&i thiec tien, luon luon nhgy ben v&i cdi m&i.
Ba la, tinh dgc lap tu chii trong qud trinh hogch dinh duong loi cdch mgng. Trude bdn bl thich thu'c, khd khin eua dat nude kM ke thu pha hoai Hiep djnh Gioneva, dit nude Viet Nam bi ehia cit thi nhung dien biln phire tap tren chinh trudng quoc tl trong thdi dilm dd
cang tac ddng sau sic den sy lya chgn phuong thuc tien hanh each mang mien Nam va vi vay, tinh ddc lap tii ehu, ban llnh each mang va khoa hgc ctia mdt cMnh dang cdng san hon liie nao het can phai duge the Men tiong bdi canh day cam go eua each mang mien Nam.
Sy quyet dinh khdi ngMa timg phan eua Nghi quyet 15 da dap iing nguyen vgng cMnh dang ctia nhan dan mien Nam, the Men diing vdi quy luat "d dau cd ap hire d dd cd dau tranh", tiude sy da man, tan bao eiia ke thu chdng pha dien cudng each mang mien Nam ngay sau Hiep dinh Gioneva. Quyet dinh do eung da "lam dao ldn ca cMnh hudng Dien Kremli" nhu nha sir hpc Nga ILYA.V. Gaiduk da thira nhan trong cudn sach "Lien bang Xdviet va cMen hanh Viet Nam".
Trong bdi canh phire tap Men nay, kM ma thdi ca va thach thuc dan xen, cac the lye thu dich van dang va tiep tyc thyc Men cMen luge
"Dien Men hda binh", hdng xda bd nhung thanh qua to ldn ma dan tdc ta da gilnh duge dudi su lanh dao cua Dang va lam cho nude ta chech hudng XHCN, nhihig kinh ngMem lich sir tir qua trinh hoach dinh dudng ldi each mang mien Nam van giu nguyen gia tri hong cdng eupc xay dyng va bao ve Td qude Men nay.
1, 6. Xem: Ban chi daoTong ket chiln tranh true thuoc Bg Chinh Tri: TPng kit cuoc khdng chien chong My, cuu nude. Thdng loi vd bdi hoc, CTQG, H, 1996, tr.321,321
2, 3,4. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng Todn lap CTQG, H, 2002, T.20, tr.62,82,82-83
5. Xem: NgM quyet Hpi nghi ldn thie sdu ciia Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang, Khoa n, thang 7-1954.
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