Quoc t6 hoa giao due dai hoc - giai phap quan trong tao ra nhung cong dan toan cau: kinh nghiem quoc te
va bai hoc cho Vi6t Nam
Nguy&iThiAnhTuya NgO Thi HSng Nhung Truong Dai hgc Lao dOng - Xa hoi
Qudc td hda gido dgc dai hgc la mdt trong nhung xu hudng chinh cfla su phdt trien, la mdt ydu cdu tdt ydu trong qud trinh toan cdu hda. Gido due dgi hgc hidn nay khdng chi bd hep trong pham vi cua mdt qude gia ma nd cdn lan tda trdn todn thd gidi. Qudc td hda gido due ndi chung vd qudc td hda gido due dgi hgc ndi rieng sd Idm cho cdc cd nhan cua cdc qudc gia ddn ddn hodn thien ban vd trd thdnh nhflng cdng dan toan cau. Bai vidt nay nham tim hidu ro hon ban chdt cua qudc td hda gido due, cdc gid tri chudn muc cfla cdng ddn todn cdu cflng nhu kinh nghidm qudc te bda gido due cfla m6t sd nude trdn thd gidi. Qua do, nhom tdc gid cung rut ra mdt sd bdi hoc kinh nghidm cho Vidt Nam ti'Dng tidn tiinh qudc td boa gido due dai hgc nhdm tao ra nhung cdng ddn toan cdu.
1. Mo dau
Qudc td hda gido due dai hgc h6 trg qua trinh cdi cdcb giao due qudc gia tai Viet Nam va dua ydu td qudc td vdo chuang trinh dgy vd hgc trong cdc tnrdng dgi hgc vd cao ddng. Qudc te hda giao due dai hgc se gdp phan xay dgng tidm Iuc kinh te, xa hdi va nguon nhan Iuc chat lugng cao thdng qua thflc day va nang cao chdt lugng ddo tgo, nang eao vi tri xep hang todn cdu, giup edc nghidn cflu khoa bgc dat dugc cdc chuan mgc qudc td, thdng qua cdc chuang trinh trao ddi gido due se cung cdp cho ngudi hgc cdc trdi nghidm hgc tap todn cau, thflc ddy qud trinh hdi nhdp cfla gido due dgi hgc Viet Nam trong khu vuc vd trdn the gidi de tu dd gia tdng tidm nang va ca hdi nghe nghiep cho sinh vidn, hudng cho nhirng sinh vien Viet Nam tid thanh nhtmg cdng dan toan cdu.
Cdng ddn todn cdu la ngirdi bidt ve thd gidi rdng ldn, nhdn ra vai trd cfla minh, tdn trgng vd hidu cdeh thd gidi boat ddng kinh td, chinh tri vd xa hdi, van hda, cdng nghd va mdi trudng, khdng chap nh$n xd hgi bat cdng, sdn sang Idm cho thd gidi cdng bdng va dn djnb ban, va tham gia tich cue vao sg phdt tridn cua xa hdi d cdp dia phuong vd todn edu (Oxfam, 1996).
u Vidt Nam, thudt ngfl cdng dan todn cdu gdn ddy xudt hidn nhieu hon tidn cac phuong tidn thdng tin dai chflng. Cdng dan todn cdu cd xu hudng djch chuyen vd di lai gifla nhieu qud'c gia khde nhau. "Hd chidu xanh di quanh thd gidi" chinh Id cdu khdu hidu cua nhflng cdng ddn todn cau. Hg co co hdi dugc trai nghidm, du lich, Idm vide tai nhidu qudc gia vd vflng lanh thd trdn Uid gidi.
Nhuvay, cd thd thdy rang, cdng ddn todn eau chinh la nhirng ngudi tu tin, bdn Ilnh, can trudng, vugt qua dugc nhiing pham vi, rdo cdn qudc gia dd vuon tdi tdm vdc qud'c td trong mdt thd gidi phdng. Xu thd phdt trien bidn dgi nay da xoa bd rao can ve mat dia Iy.
Cdng dan cfla moi qudc gia co ca hdi dugc lam vide d nhieu noi tren thd gidi, tao ra gia tri Uch cue cho ban than, gia dinh, qud'c gia vd qud'c td'.
Qude td hda gido due dgi hgc dd cap den mdt qud trinh chuydn ddi the che todn didn, nhdm muc dich tich hgp phgm vi qud'c td va lidn van hda trong su mdnh vd chflc nSng cua cdc td chflc gido due dai hgc md vdn khdng thd tdeh rdi khdi bdn sdc va van hda cua mdi qud'c gia. Sanjay (2016) va cdng su tim hieu qudc te hda gido due dgi hgc thdng qua nhidu kbi'a canh va chu thd khac nhau: ddi vdi sinh vidn vd giang vidn thi cd su van dgng, di chuyen; dd'i vdi trudng Uii CO su giao thoa hgp tdc; cdc chuang trinh dao tao cd su hd trg cua cdng nghe thdng tin hidn dgi.. .Tdt cd cdc khia canh do hinh thdnh ndn ban chdt cfla qudc td hda gido due: gido due dai hoc mang tam qudc te.
Tdm lai, qudc te hda giao due dgi hoc dd Id qud tiinh tich hgp tinh qudc td vd lidn van hda vdo cbuc nang giang day, nghidn cttu va djch vu cfla cdc td chflc dd ndng cao chat lugng gido due vd nghien cuu cho sinh vidn, gidng vidn vd xa hdi todn bd.
2. Vai tro cua quoc tehoa giao due trong viec tao ra nhung cong dan toan can
Qudc td hda gido due dai hoc dem lai nhiing lgi ich to Idn d nhtmg cap do khac nhau vd quan trgng la gidi
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NGHIEN CUU
phdp tat ydu de tgo ra nhtmg cdng ddn toan cdu, bdi:
- Qudc te' bda nang cao nhan thuc cua sinh vidn vd eac van de toan cdu bao gdm da dgng van hoa va iam cho sinh vidn cdi md, hidu biet hon
- Cac boat ddng bgc tap va giang day bao gdm cac hoat dgng ngi khda vd ngoai khda dugc dieu chinh theo tidu chudn qudc te. Ngoai ra, chuong trinh giang day cd Uie dugc phdt tridn bdi cdc ddi tdc qudc td, cung cap cdc chuang trinh gidng day qudc te, ca sd vdt chat hien dai de hogt dgng dao tao cd ket qud nhat.
- Chia sd kien thuc, kinh nghiem vd thuc tien td't nhat nhdm cdi thidn chdt lugng day vd hgc eho hgc vidn, sinh vidn vd cd gidng vidn
- Qudc td hda tang cudng nghien cthi the chd vd sdn jQidt tri thiic, nang lgc bdng cdeh bd sung cdc ngudn luc, ky nang vd kien thflc Uidng qua mdt loat cdc lidn minh, hgp tdc, lidn kd't giua trudng dai hoc vdi nhau.
- Qud'c te hda duge coi la mgt chid'n luge hidu qua de tang cudng su hidn didn qude td, thuang hieu, bo so, danh tidng va xdp hang efla trudng dgi hoc.
- Qud'c te boa giao due dgi hgc dong nghia vdi vide cac trudng phdi khdng djnh vi tri cfla hg trong bdi cdnh cdc ueu chudn qudc td va do dd thflc day cdc trudng, cdc cd nhan cai thien hieu suat cua hg so vdi eac dd'i thfl canh tranh.
- Qudc te bda gdp phdn ddm bao hgp tac qudc td vd kdt ndi mang, vd do dd tgo ra sflc manh tdng hgp, cung nbu tan dung cac nd luc tap thd va dau tu.
- Qud'c td hda cung dugc coi Id mdt ngudn thu nhdp da dgng vd gia tang bdi vi nd cd thd thu hflt sd lugng sinh vien nude ngodi tra hgc phi.
Ket qud cfla qud'c td hda giao due dai hoc la nhiing sinh vidn da thay ddi quan diem ve thd gidi va hidu rd dugc hg Id phai la mdt ca the tich cue trong the gidi dd. Qud'c td hda giao due dgi hpc tgo dieu kien thuan Igi cho su phat trien cua tat ca cdc sinh vidn vd cdc ky nang, kidn thflc vd thai dp, se trang bi cho hg cd hanh trang tdt nhdt ngay sau kbi td't nghidp dd trd thdnh cdng ddn toan cau, sd'ng vd Idm viec hieu qud trong mdt xd bgi toan cdu dang thay ddi nhanh ehdng vd ngdy cdng kdt noi. Chinh nhflng lgi ich to ldn cua qudc te' hda gido due dai hge se lam cho chat lugng dgy vd hgc dugc cai thidn ban, ddp ung tidu chuan qud'c td ban, dan ddn tgo ra nhflng cdng dan todn cdu cd day dfl nhtrng dgc didm hien dgi va qud'c td.
3. Kinh,nghiem cua mot so nnoc tren the gidi ve quoc te hoa giao due
3.1. Kinh nghiem cua Canada
Trong thdp ky qua, qudc td hda da trd thanh mgt chie'n luge edt ldi ddi vdi hau het cdc trudng tgi Canada vd dugc hd trg bdi cdc chinh sdcb mang Unh thuc Udn manh me. Khdo sat tu cac tbanb vien cfla Van phdng Giao due Qud'c te Canada (CBIE) nam
O O KlNH T± CHAU A THAI BlNH DUOhiG I T H A N G 3 R E S E f i R C H
2016 da xac dlnh dm;c ba cong vi$c qu6c ti ^i^^^.
uu tien hang d i u la: tuygn sinh vien quoc te t w w . tang so luong sinh vi6n Iham gia hoc 6 nuac ng (59%); va qu«c ti hda tai ch6, bao gom ca viec quoc ti hoa cac chuong trinh gidng day (52%) Van phong Giao due Quoc tg Canada (CBIE) vira co bao ^a" ^ so luong sinh vien quSc te' hoc tai Canada nam 2018 Vao cuoi nam 2018, Canada c6 572.000 sinh vien qu6c te cd giiy phep hoc tjp, tang 16% so vdi mOt nam trudc.
Cung theo ket qu4 cua mdt lihao sat do CBIE thuc hien, sinh vien qudc ti danh gia 3 1? do hang dau de lua chon hoc tai qudc gia nay bao g4m: chit luong ciJa he thdng gito due, xa hdi khoan dung va khdng phan biet ddi xii, qud'c gia an toan.
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3.2. Kinh nghidm cua My
Ld mgt qudc gia rdng Idn, bao quanh Id Canada, Bai Tay Duong, Mexico va Thdi Binh Duong, My bao gdm 50 bang vdi didn tich khodng 9.629.047km2 , dat nude duge coi la phdt tridn nhdt trdn the gidi vd mgi mat: kinh td, gido due, cdng nghd khoa hge... Trong qud trinh xay dung va phdt tridn eua minh, MJ dac bidt quan tam dd'n vide ddu tu cho gido due. Theo hidp bdl gido due lidn van hda qudc td cfla My, la each qude te hda tdt nhdt trong ede chuang trinh gidng day bidn cd, giflp hgc sinh hgc tdp thdng qua vide tang kidn thflc vd hidu biet ve cac vdn de qudc td nhu Iam quen vdi van boa cfla cdc qud'c gia. Han nfla, ndi dung qudc td cho cdc khda hgc hidn tai cd the ddn ddn vide tmydn dat tich cue cdc gid tri, thdi do vd sinh vidn, kidn thuc vd con ngudi, he thdng, vdn boa vd cac qude gia khdc nhau.
La dat nude cd nen gido due phdt tridn mgnh me vd mang tinh thuc tidn cao, vdi mdt he thd'ng cdc tnrdng Dgi bgc tdt nhat trdn the gidi, vdi chinh sach
"trai thdm dd" mdi ggi sinh vien nude ngoai mong mud'n du hgc d My trong nhung nam gan day, sd lugng du hgc sinh nude ngoai d My da khdng ngimg tang Idn vd ludn ddn ddu trdn toan thd gidi. Theo Bdo cdo Open Doors cfla Vidn Gido due Qudc td Hoa Ky (HE), trong nidn khda 1954-1955, sd sinh vidn qudc td d M?
la 34.000 sinh vidn tbi ddn nidn khoa 2003 — 2004 la ban 572.000 sinh vidn vd nidn khoa 2006 — 2007 la 583.000 sinh vien dang hgc tap, nghien cuu d My.
3.3. Kinh nghidm cua Singapore
Vdi tdm nhin trd thdnh dai bgc todn cau hdng dau gdp phdn dinh hinh tuong lai, tmdng dai hoc qudc gia Singapore (NUS) dang vuon ien trd thanh dgi hoc xudt sac vd dang cdp trong khu vgc vd tren the gioi. NUS la dai hgc di ddu tai Singapore cflng nhu khu vuc va tiid gidi ti-ong ddi mdi vd qudc td bda giao due dgi hgc.
cac chuang trinh trao ddi sinh vien, cac diem tmdng d nude ngoai nhdm thuc day tinh thdn khoi nghiep ti-ong hoc tap vd gidng dgy la nhflng diem ndi bat gdp phdn gia tang qudc td hda cfla NUS. NUS co 10 diem tmdng (NUS Overseas Colleges - NOQ tgi cac qudc gia nbu: Hoa Ky, Vuong qudc Anh, Dfle, TJ^JJ g
Israel... Tgi cac didm tiirdng ndy, sinh vidn ndm thii 3 sd dugc Uiue tdp tai cdc cdng ty khcri nghidp vdo ban ngdy va tham gia cdc khda hgc vd khdi nghidp budi tdt tai cac trudng dai hgc dd'i tdc. Sang nam Uiu tu, sinh Mdn sd quay Igi NUS, d ky tflc xa va ciing cdc sinh vidn d nhidu qudc gia khdc nhau thuc bidn cac y tudng kinh doanh. Mdi nam, NUS co khodng 350 doanh nghiep khdi nghidp tfl sinh vien.
NUS eung thudng xuydn td chflc cdc khda thgc tdp, ti'di nghidm cho sinh vidn thdng qua chuong trinh STEER (Study trips for Engagement and Enrichment), giflp ngudi hge iam quen vdi mdi trudng kinh td - van hda - xa hdi da dang tgi cac khu vuc, qudc gia khae nhau. Dugc khdi xudng tu nam 2010, tinh ddn nay, cd hon 1.300 sinh vidn tham gia chuang trinh nay va dia didm cfla chuong trinh duge md rSng tdi nhieu qudc gia nhu Myanmar, Costa Rica, Brazil, Thai Lan, A Rdp Saudi, Indonesia,.. .Tang cudng hgp tdc vdi cdc ddi tdc chidn luge giflp NUS tham gia tich cue vao mgng ludi toan cdu, tu dd co Uid cung cap cac chuang trinh giao dflc, nghidn cflu va kinh doanh toan cau da dang vd phong phu. Nhu vdy, cd thd thdy trong vide qudc td hoa gido due thudc khdi ASEAN Singapore ludn di ddu, Singapore ndi bdt nhat vdi sdng kien "Ngdi trudng loan edu" vdo nam 2002, vdi muc tidu xdy dung nen tmng tam gido due chdt lugng vd dat dugc thdnh qua thu hflt 150.000 sinh vidn nude ngodi nhap hgc trong nam 2015.
4. Bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
O Yi^t Nam, trong sudt ban hai th^p ky qua, cdc hogt ddng qudc td hda trong giao due didn ra ngdy cang gia tang ve quy md, da dgng cd ve hinh thuc, muc dich, ngi dung vd ddi tuong. Ngodi su cd mat eua cac ca sd dgi hgc qud'c te thu hflt nhieu sinh vidn nhu RMIT va British University Vietnam (BUV), cdn ed cdc Irudng dugc thanh l£ip theo thoa thudn hgp tdc cdp chinh phu nhu cdc dai hgc Vidt Due, Viet Nhat, Vidt Phap. Tdng sd sinh vien dang theo hgc cdc tnrdng ndy cflng Ien tdi con sd chue ngdn. Ngay trong cde trudng dgi hgc tiong nude, cd tdi gdn 500 chuang trinh lidn kdt dao tao gifla cac ca sd giao due dgi hgc Vidt Nam vd nude ngoai. Cac chuong trinh ndy thudng dugc gidng dgy bdng hai ngdn ngfl tidng Anh vd tidng Vidt.
O cdp vi md, nhieu gidng vidn sau khi dugc dao tgo tidn sy d nude ngodi trd vd trudng dgi hge trong nude da nd Iuc ddi mdi chuang trinh dao tao vd chuang tnnh mdn hgc bdng nhidu each nhu gidi thidu nhung ndi dung mdi, thay ddi cdu tnic mdn hgc vd chirong tiinh, dp dung each thflc td cbuc gidng dgy mdi. Cflng chinh nhtmg gidng vidn nay da dua cdc tidu chuan hgc thuat qudc td vao mdi trudng hgc thuat trong nude.
Cac chi sd nhu sd lugng bai bdo ISl/SCOPUS, sd luong trich ddn, hay chi sd H dflng dd do ddm chat lugng vd muc do dnh hudng cua cde xuat bdn vd cdng trinh nghidn cflu khoa hge ddu Id nhung tieu chudn phuang
Tdy dugc 'nhap khau' vdo Viet Nam thdng qua cdng dong cdc nhd nghidn ciru, gidng vidn dgi hgc. Nd Iuc ddi mdi, cdi cdcb trong GDDH trdn quy md qudc gia do vd trong qua trinh qudc td hda cd the ke den vide chuyen ddi he nidn che sang tin chi, vd cdc hogt ddng Kiem dinb chdt lugng trong pham vi AUN-QA (ASEAN University Network - Quality Assurance). Trong bdi canh cudc each mgng cdng nghidp lan thu 4, hdi nhap qud'c td, qud'c td boa giao due dai hoe cd y nghia hdt sflc quan trgng. Viec nay gdp phdn day mgnh hdi nhdp kinh te qud'c te va cflng Id su menh de dam bdo cdc trudng dgi hgc tdn tgi vd pbat tridn. Cd 6 ndi dung rdt quan trgng Viet Nam ed the nghien ctm tii kinh nghidm cac nude. Do la, cdng tac lanh dgo, quan tri dai hgc; lidn kdt ddo tao; dam bao chat lugng; kd't ndi gitia cdc trudng dai hgc vd doanh nghidp; nghidn cflu khoa hgc; djch chuydn, trao ddi hgc sinh, sinh vien vd cac giang vien.
5. Ket luan
Qud'c td hda giao due dai hgc Id xu thd phat tridn chung cua cdc trudng dai hpc trdn the gidi vd Viet Nam. Ddy Id xu hudng tdt ydu vd dang phdt tridn, the hidn trong cdc van ban cfla Ddng vd Cbinh phfl vd Ddi mdi can ban va toan dien gido due va dao tao. Trong bdi cdnh cudc cdcb mang cdng nghiep Idn thfl 4, hdi nhgp qudc te, qudc te hda gido due DH cd y nghia hdt sue quan trgng. Bdi hgc cho Viet Nam rflt ra tu kinh nghiem cfla cac nude trong qudc td hda gido due dai hgc se gdp phdn nang cao chat lugng trdi nghiem hgc tap toan cdu, thflc day qud trinh hgi nhdp cfla giao due dgi hgc Viet Nam trong khu vgc va trdn the gidi dd tu dd mang lai tiem nang nghe nghidp cho sinh vien.
Qudc td hda gido due DH ddng vai trd quan trgng trong vide ndng cao chdt lugng gido due DH, ddo tgo ra nhting cdng dan toan eau vd thu hflt bgc sinh, sinh vien qud'c te hgc tap tgi Viet Nam, nang cao thfl hgng cfla Vidt Nam tren thd gidi trong Hnh vgc giao due,/.
Tai lieu tham khao
Nguydn Tien Hflng (2016), Giao due cdng ddn todn cdu . Tgp chi Khoa hgc Gido due Sd 130, thdng 7, tr.3- 5.
Oxfam, C. H. (2006). Education for Global Citizenship. A Guide for Schools.
Oxfam (20I5}.Education for global citizenship: A guide for schools, Oxfam, 2015.
Soon-Yong Pak. 20I3.Global Citizenship Education:
Goals and Challenges in the New Millennium. Asia- Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding (APCEIU).
