Quan ly niTdfc va tam quan trong tiriihia canh moi triTofng'
O ThS. LE ANH TUAN
Vien Chien luac phat then - Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu
Ve ban chat, quan ly ngudn nude la dieu hoa nhUng nhu cau c?nh tranh ve ngudn nudc. Quan 1^ nudc (QLN) dugc xac djnh la cdng viec sdp xep hop ly cac h$ thdng chinh tri, xa hdi, kinh te va hanh chinh de phat trien va quan ly cac nguon nudc cung nhu phan phdi cac dich vu nudc cho mdt xa hdi.
Cac khia canh quan ly nUdc
Xa hdi: Lien quan tdi viec SLf dyng cdng bang eac ngudn nude. Khia canh nay nhan manh tdi mdt thUe te la nudc dupe phan bd khdng ddng deu ea ve khong gian l l n thdi gian va giQa eac tang Idp kinh te - xa hdi (KT-XH) khac nhau trong xa hpi, Sy phan phdi cae ngudn nudc cung cac djch vy lien quan vi vay cung cd nhUng anh hudng trUc tiep tdi sUc khde va cd hdi sinh ke cua eon ngudi.
Kinh re.'Quan tam tdi viee sCf dyng hieu qua cae ngudn nyde i/a vai trd eua nude ddi vdi sy tang
^:ry6ng kinh te. Quan ly ngudn .TUdc hieu qua hdn ed the nang
;ao kha nang thanh cdng trong :dng tac giam ngheo va tang ,rudng kinh te.
i[ Cdng bang ve mat chinh tri:
^"hUa nhan mpi cdng dan cd cd , dl nhu nhau trong viec gay anh (jUdng va giam sat eac qui trinh c.et qua quan ly ngudn nUde. Dac jiet, can chu y den nhUng ngUdi .(lude dan tdc thieu sd, phu nu' va .gudi ngheo, nhOfng ngudi hiem
^^\ dUdc nhin nhan nhUdditUdng Ji quan he hpp phap trong cac i^(jye't djnh lien quan tdi nude ngpt
^^^ thudng khong cd tieng ndi, the
ehe va kha nang de day manh Ipi fch ve nudc.
Van de ben vOng mdi trudng:
Cai tien quan ly se giup nang cao tinh SLf dyng ben vUng cae ngudn nudc va tinh toan ven eua he sinh thai. Ngudn nude day du va ed chat IUdng phu hpp la yeu td vd eung quan trpng trong viec duy tri eac djch vu va chUe nang cua he sinh thai. Dae biet, khia canh mdi trUdng cdn nhan manh vai trd quan trpng cua nyde trong viec duy tri mdt mdi trudng manh khde. TU gdc dp quan ly, cac yeu td ehinh trong khfa canh mdi trudng bao gdm:
Xem xet mdi trudng nhu la mdt ngudn tieu thu nude: Mdi trUdng nen dUdc thUa nhan nhu mdt ngUdi sCf dyng nudc vdi day du quyen han va nude nen dupe phan phdi theo hUdng dd. Dieu nay, rat quan trpng trong viec duy tri cae dich vu he sinh thai nUde va eac he sinh thai lien quan.
Coi eac lUu vUe nhU mdt yeu td dja ly thich hpp de QLN. Thyc te, dieu nay ed nghTa viec QLN se rut ngan nhOng ranh gidi hanh chfnh qude te va qud'c gia truyen thdng. Thiet lap cae ddng ehay mdi trydng, nghTa la sd lupng, thdi gian va eha't lUpng cua ddng chay
ddi hdi phai duy tri dydc he sinh thai nudc ngpt va cCfa sdng eung nhu sinh ke va chat lupng sdng cua con ngudi vdn phy thudc vao cac he sinh thai nay. Xay dung ban DMT la mot phan khdng the thieu trong qua trinh len ke hoach va ra quyet djnh lien quan tdi nude; xay dyng tieu chuan chit lupng ve mdi trudng; xay dyng thdng tin mdi trudng chinh xac ve tinh trang ngudn nude ngpt; ap dyng phUPng phap tiep can he sinh thai trong viec quan ly ngudn nude ngot.
Luat Quoc te ve nguon nudc va viec quSn ly nUdc sach xuyen bien gidi
Theo thdng ke, cd khoang 263 eon sdng xuyen bien gidi chay qua vung da't eua 145 nude.
Va nhUng sdng Idn nhU: Amazon, Nile, Rhine, va Me Cong deu chay qua 5 qude gia trd ien. Sy chia se ngudn nude nay cd the la nguyen nhan cua cac cupc tranh luan song phUPng hoae da phUdng. Dia hinh cua ngudn nudc xuyen bien gidi cung dat ra khdng it khd khan cho cdng tac quan ly.
Mat khae, tam quan trpng eua mdi lien he thuy luc giQa mach nudc ngam va ngudn nudc tren be mat sdng hd dan de'n phai ed
Tai nguyen va Moi Ittftfng AA
Ky 1 - Thang 3/2020
sUe khoe va cac dieh vy ma eac HST ven bien mang lai.
Cd mot sd nguyen tic, eung cd the la tieu chf danh gia CSHT thdng minh Ung phd vdi BDKH tai vung bd bien:
Duac thiet ke dUa tren phan tich ChUc nang cua tUng khu vuc bien va phu hop vdi eac chUc nang do.
Day la nguyen tic quan trong nhat can dUde tuan thu. CSHT can dUdc thiet ke tren cd sd phan tfch hien trang tai nguyen, mdi trudng, cae HST va DDSH eung nhu tae dpng cua BDKH tdi vung bd bien de xac djnh eac chUe nang eua vung bd bien la khai thae, SLf dung hay bao ve, bao tdn. Co sd ha tang tuan thu nguyen t i e nay se phat huy tdt vai trd cua nd, giup dat hieu qua cao nhat trong khai thae, sCf dyng tai nguyen phuc vy phat trien ben vQng.
Chang han, tai cac khu vye cd eae HST quan trong va DDSH cao, ehi nen xay dyng ed sd ha tang phye vy bao tdn va phat trien du lieh sinh thai ben vQng;
cang bien ehi nen dupe xay dyng tai eae khu vye ed dp sau bien Idn, it bdi xdi, cd ngudn hang Idn can van chuyen dudng bien va can dupc thiet ke, thi cdng sao cho viec xay dyng cang anh hydng it nhat tdi tinh hinh bdi, xdi eung nhy HST, DDSH eua khu vye xung quanh.
Duac thiet ke va thi cdng dua tren nhUng ca sd khoa hpc day du va vUng chac, dam bao ca sd ha tang thUc hien dUdc cac chUc nang cua minh, on dinh, ben vOng vdi gia thanh thap nhat.
Vung bd bien la khu vye chiu anh hudng manh me eua cac qua trinh ddng luc nhu sdng va ddng chay bien. Bun cat dupe van chuyen va dat trang thai can bang dUdi tac dpng cua cae qua
Afi Tai nguyen va Moi litftfnB^ Ky 1 - Thang 3/2020
trinh ddng lye dd. Cac HST vung bd bien cung dype hinh thanh dya tren eac dac trung day bien va cae qua trinh dpng lUc. Khi xay dyng mot cdng trinh tai vung bd bien, su hien dien cua edng trinh se lam thay doi trudng sdng, ddng chay va van chuyen bun eat ven bien, tao ra nhQng khu vye bdl, xdi mdi. Cdng trinh eung se tao ra nhUng tae ddng tdi cac HST. Dac biet, nhQng thay ddi tai vung bd bien do BDKH gay ra cd the tae dpng rat manh, lam hy hdng hoae thay ddi chUc nang cua edng trinh. Do vay, neu khdng dUPc thiet ke va thi edng vdi CP sd khoa hoc vQng ehic, cdng trinh cd the khdng thyc hien dupe ehUe nang cua minh la phdng ehdng thien tai (chdng xdi Id bd bien, ngap lut.,.), tham chf gay ra eac tae dpng xau va ban than cong trinh cd the bj hu hdng hoac bf pha huy hoan toan,
Ke't hpp giQa cong trinh cUng vdi cac cdng trinh mem, tUc la ke't hpp giQa cae cdng trinh nhan tao va cac HST, sinh canh va eau true tu nhien.
cae nghien cUu tren the gidi da eho tha'y, cac cdng trinh ket hdp giQa cdng trinh cUng (nhan tao) vdi eae edng trinh mem (ty nhien) se hoat dpng tdt nha't, dam bao tdt nhatchUe nang eua minh, Thi dy, dd'i vdi cae khu vye du lich, cdng trinh bao ve bd can cd kha nang thay ddi trudng sdng va ddng chay de tao ra va bao ve cac bai eat de cac bai cat thUe hien ehUe nang giam sdng, chdng xdi Id bd bien va phyc vu du lich.
cac edng trinh dupe thiet ke'vathi cdng theo hudng nay se ed kha nang thfeh Ung vdi BDKH cao vi nd ed kha nang tu dieu chinh theo cac dieu kien thay doi cua ngoai luc do BDKH,
Hd trd bao ve cac HST, tao sinh canh tai vung bd bien.
De lam dupc viec nay, can han che tdi mUe tdi da tac dpng tdi eac HST ven bien khi xay dyng cd sd ha tang; ddng thdi, cd sd ha tang can ddpc xay dpng theo hudng hd trp eac HST phat tnen. Thi du, tai khu vye ran san hd bi suy thoai va ma't chUe nang bao ve bd bien, can phai xay dyng cac gia dd de tao dieu kien cho san hd mdi phat trien va tao nen nhOng bUe tudng ngan sdng bang ran san hd tU xa. Ddi vdi eac RNM bj xdi Id, cdng trinh bao ve bd can dupe thUc hien theo hudng giam sdng, tao sa bdi de RNM tai sinh va ngan sdng idn khi cd bao, gid mua.
Ddi vdi eae khu vuc khdng cd cac sinh eanh quan trpng can dupc bao ve, cac cdng trinh bao ve bd bien cd the dupc xay dpng theo hudng tao cac sinh canh mdi de giup eae loai thuy san phat trien,
Vdi each thie't ke va thi cdng theo nguyen tac nay, CSHT co the hd trp giam nhe tac hai do BDKH gay ra cho eae HST vung bd bien trong luc thye hien tdt chQc nang theo yeu eau.
Vat lieu than thien vdi moi trudng va dam bao qua trinh nang cap dd dang, thuan tien de dap Ung vdi cac thach thUc mdi do BDKH gay ra.
Thdng thudng, sau mot thdi
gian sCf dyng CSHT se bj xudng
cap. Cd sd ha tang thdng minh la
phai dam bao eae vat lieu dupc
SLf dung xay dung edng trinh se
khdng gay d nhilm mdi trudng va
cd the tu nd tao ra cae sinh einh
mdi cho sinh vat bien; ddng thdi
viec nang cap cac cd sd ha tang
nay ed the dupe thyc hien mot
each d l dang khi cd nhQng thach
thUe mdi do BDKH gay ra va can
nang cap de dam bao dd'i phd
dupe vdi cac thach thUe nay.B
Quan ly nirdfc va tam quan trong tir khia canh moi trifofng
O ThS. LE ANH TUAN
Vien Chien lUdc phat then - Bd Ke hoaeh va Dau tU
Ve ban chat, quan ly ngudn nudc la dieu hoa nhUng nhu cau canh
tranh ve nguon nudc. Quan /y nudc (QLN) dugc xac djnh la cdng vi$c sap xep hgp ly cac he thdng chinh tn, xa hgi, kinh te va hanh ehinh de phattriSn va quan ly eac nguon nude cung nhu phan phdi cac dich vu nude cho
mdt xa hgi.Cac khia canh quSn ly nUdc
Xa hdi: Lien quan tdi viee sCf dung edng blng cae ngudn nudc. Khia eanh nay nhan manh tdi mot thye te la nyde dupe phan bd khdng ddng deu ea ve khdng gian lan thdi gian va giQa cae tang Idp kinh te xa hdi (KT-XH) khac nhau trong xa hpi, Sy phan phdi eae ngudn nude cung eae dich vu lien quan vi vay cung ed nhQng anh hUdng trUe tie'p tdi sUe khde va cP hpi sinh ke cua con ngUdi.
Kinh te: Quan tam tdi viec sCf dung hieu qua cac ngudn nyde va vai trd cua nudc ddi vdi sy tang trydng kinh te, Quan ly ngudn nUdc hieu qua hdn cd the nang eao kha nang thanh cdng trong edng tae giam ngheo va tang trudng kinh te,
Cdng bang ve mat ehinh tri:
ThUa nhan mpi edng dan ed cd hpi nhu nhau trong viec gay anh hudng va giam sat eae qui trinh ket q u i quan ly ngudn nUde, Dac biet, can chii y den nhUng ngudi thudc dan tdc thieu sd, phy nQ va ngudi ngheo, nhQng ngUdi hiem khi dUde nhin nhan nhU ddi tupng cd quan he hpp phap trong cae quye't djnh lien quan tdi nUdc ngpt va thudng khdng ed tieng ndi, the
che va khi nang de day manh Ipi ich ve nudc.
Van de ben vQng mdi trudng:
Cai tien quan ly se giup nang eao tinh sCf dyng ben vUng eac ngudn nude va tfnh toan ven cua he sinh thai. Ngudn nUde day du va ed chat lupng phu hdp ia yeu td vd eung quan trpng trong viee duy tri cac dich vy va chUc nang eua he sinh thai. Dae biet, khfa canh mdi trudng cdn nhan manh vai trd quan trpng cua nUdc trong viee duy tri mot mdi trudng manh khoe. TQ gdc dd quan ly, cae yeu td chinh trong khfa eanh mdi trudng bao gdm:
Xem xet mdi trudng nhu la mot ngudn tieu thy nyde: Mdi trudng nen dype thUa nhan nhu mdt ngudi sCf dung nude vdi day du quyen han va nude nen dupe phan phdi theo hudng dd, Dieu nay, rat quan trpng trong viec duy tri cae dich vu he sinh thai nudc va eac he sinh thai lien quan.
Coi cae lUu vue nhu mot yeu td dia ly thich hdp de QLN, Thyc te, dieu nay ed nghTa viec QLN se rut ngln nhUng ranh gidi hanh chfnh qude te va qudc gia truyen thdng. Thiet lap cae ddng chay mdi trUdng, nghTa la sd lupng, thdi gian va chat lupng cua ddng chay
ddi hdi phai duy tri dupe he sinh thai nude ngpt va cCfa sdng cung nhu sinh ke' va cha't lupng sdng cua con ngUdi vdn phy thudc vao eae he sinh thai nay, Xay dyng ban DMT la mdt phan khdng the thieu trong qua trinh len ke hoaeh va ra quye't djnh lien quan tdi nude; xay dpng tieu chuan eha't lupng ve mdi trUdng; xay dyng thdng tin mdi trudng chfnh xac ve tinh trang ngudn nude ngpt; ap dyng phUdng phap tiep can he sinh thai trong viec quan ly ngudn nude ngpt.
Luat Quoc te ve nguon nudc va viec quan ly nUdc sach xuyen bien gidi
Theo thdng ke, ed khoang 263 con sdng xuyen bien gidi chay qua vung dat cua 145 nude, va nhQng sdng Idn nhU: Amazon, Nile, Rhine, va Me Cdng deu chay qua 5 qude gia trd len, SU chia se ngudn nude nay cd the la nguyen nhan eua cac cupc tranh luan song phuong hoac da phUPng. Dia hinh eua ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi eung dat ra khdng ft khd khan cho cdng tac quan ly.
Mat khac, tam quan trpng eua mdi lien he thuy lUc giQa mach nudc ngam va ngudn nUdc tren be mat sdng hd d i n de'n phai cd
Tai nguyen va Moi titfcfng ^4
Kyi -Thdng 3/2020
mdt bd luat qude te de ke't ndi he thdng nudc ngam. Neu khdng tfnh de'n nguon nude dupe tfch trQ trong eac tang bang, nude ngam chiem khoang 97% ngudn nude ngpt tren the gidi.
Cae mach nudc ngam cung ca'p khoang 50% ngudn nude udng, 40% nhu eau nUde sQ dung trong cdng nghiep va tQ 20-30%
nyde sCf dyng trong tudi tieu ndng nghiep, NUde ngam bao dam ddng chay ed djnh eho sdng hd, cung cap ngudn nUde eho eae sudi, giup phat tnen trdng trot va duy tri dp am b dam lay. Mae du chua ed thdng ke day du ve he thdng mach nUdc ngam tren the gidi, sd lupng mach nude ngam nam tren lanh tho eua nhieu hdn mot qude gia da dUde thdng ke la tUPng dUdng va cdn cd phan nhieu hdn con sd 260 sdng xuyen bien gidi, Chfnh vi the, cau hdi dupe dat ra la: Luat Qudc te cd tao ra dUdc mdt khung phap ly de ngan chan hoac dUa ra giai phap eho nhQng xung dot ke tren va cd thuc day viec sQ dung ben vQng ngudn nude chung?
Trudc day, Luat Qudc te chl Uu tien giai quye't va'n de
"Phat trien va sCr dyng hieu qua"
ngudn nude. Chl gan day, van de ve "Cac dieh vy sinh thai tU nUdc va tam quan trpng cua viec bao tdn va gin glQ chat lupng ngudn nUdc" mdi trd thanh mdi quan tam ehu yeu cua Luat Qudc te ve ngudn nude. Theo dd, viee hpp nha't khfa canh mdi trudng vao cac cdng cu chfnh sach qudc te ve nudc la can thie't va nen coi la mdt phan eua cdng viec dang xuc tien.
NhQng nguyen tie eua Luat Qudc te doi hdi luu vye cae eon sdng nen xem xet va quan ly theo mot the thd'ng nhat. NhQng
A^ Tai nguyen va Moi IftfcTng
Ky 1 - Thdng 3/2020
nguyen t i e xuat phat tU tap tye dia phUdng da dUa vao Dy thao Luat Qudc te ve nguon nudc xuyen bien gidi. Trong do, phai ke den Hiep Udc khung cua Lien Hpp Qude 1997 - Cdng Ude Sdng ngdi Qudc te da di vao hieu lUc.
Cdng ude Sdng ngdi Qudc te la mot thoa thuan khung hpn la hiep ude ehinh thUe vdi cae dieu luat chic chin de hudng eae ben lien quan tien tdi mdt su ddng thuan. Chinh vi vay, ehle chan cac ben lien quan se chi thuc hien va dap Qng cac yeu eau neu trong hiep ude cd the mang lai Idi fch cho hp. Cdng Udc thiet lap mdt loat cae nguyen tie quan trpng ddi hdi phai dupe tuan thu,
Nguyen t i c dau tien la cac qudc gia lien quan se "sCf dyng sdng ngdi qudc te mdt each edng bang va hdp ly".
ThU hai, cac ben lien quan cd nghTa vu "thyc hien tat ea cac bien phap can thie't de khdng gay ra tdn that Idn cho qudc gia khae"
va khi da gay ra tdn tha't, phai
"thue hien tat ea eae bien phap can thiet de iam giam nhe cung nhu khac phuc hau qua, va vao thdi diem thich hpp phai thao luan ve van de bdi thQdng eho qudc gia bj tdn that".
ThOba, Hiep ydc keu goi cac ben lien quan hpp tac tren eP sd cdi md, binh dang, thdng nhat, ddi ben cung cd Ipi, de dat dupc Ipi fch cao nhat trong khai thac va bao ve eac sdng qudc te'. Hiep Udc Sdng ngdi Qud'c te cung keu gpi su ddng thuan eua cac qudc gia trong viee giai quyet cac tranh chap quanh van de khai thac edng bang va ngan chan eac tdn hai to Idn. Ben canh dd, su hpp tac nay nen dupc cung ed blng viee thiet lap "cae cP che hoac hpi
ddng chung de dat dude Idi fch cao nhat trong khai thac va bao ve sdng ngdi qude te".
ThU tu, nhQng qudc gia cd lien quan can cd quy ehe trao ddi thdng tin dinh ky ve dieu kien eua sdng ngdi.
ThU nam, qude gia sCf dung ngudn nude ehung dang ed "ke hoach thue hien hoae thong qua cac dy an cd anh hydng khdng tdt de'n qudc gia sCf dung nude khae phai ed nghTa vu thdng bao kjp thdi eho qude gia dd".
Mot nguyen tac quan trpng nQa dype de cap trong Hiep yde la yeu eau cac qude gia "hanh dpng mdt each ddc lap va hpp tac de bao ve va gin giQ he sinh thai eua cac sdng ngdi qudc te".
Dy thao ve cac mach nudc ngam xuyen bien gidi eua Uy ban Luat Qudc te dua ra eac quy djnh de bao ve va quan ly ngudn nudc ngam bao gdm: Khai thac, sCf dyng ngudn nyde nglm xuyen bien gidi; cac hoat dpng khac cd anh hudng hoac cd the se gay anh hudng den eac ngudn nude nay; giai phap bao tdn, gin giQ, va quan ly ngudn nudc xuyen bien gidi.
So vdi Cdng udc Lien Hpp
Qude ve sdng ngdi, dy thao cd
diem mdi la da nhan ra tam quan
trpng cua viec bao ve mach nyde
ngam khdi tac hai gian tie'p nhU
phan bdn, thudc trQ sau hay chat
thai edng nghiep. Song xet tren
nhieu khfa canh, ban du thao
eung tUdng tu nhu Cdng ude ve
Sdng ngdi Qud'c te' cua UN va
bao gdm cac npi dung chfnh cua
cac luat theo truyen thdng dja
phUdng tren the gidi ve sdng
ngdi. Dac biet la ndi dung ve
binh dang va hpp ly trong khai
thae (Dieu 4), nghTa vy khdng
gay ra tdn hai Idn (Dieu 6), va
nghTa vy hpp tae, thdng nhat
trong quan ly (Dieu 7).B
Quan ly chat che nguon phat thai, giam hieu uhg khi nha kinh
O PHUONG DONG
Thegidi ndi chung, nude ta ndi rieng, dang dd'i mat vdi sundng len cua khi h$u toan cau, trong dd chu yeu la nguon phat thai khi nha kinh (KNK).
Phat thai KNK chiem tren 90% luong CO2 va 75% lUdng KNK khac phat thai d cac nudc dang phat trien. 95% cac khi phat thai tU Nganh Nang lUdng la CO2, cdn lai la CH4 va NO vdi mUc tUOng dUong.
H i e n t r a n g n g u d n p h a t t h a i Khi nha kinh ia nhQng thanh phan c u a khf q u y e n , dUde tao ra do t y nhien va cae boat d p n g eua c o n n g y d i . C h u n g c d kha n a n g hap thu cac bUc xa sdng dai dupe p h a n xa tU be m a t T r a i D a t khi dupe chieu s a n g b a n g anh s a n g mat trdi, sau dd phan tan nhiet lai c h o Trai Da't, gay nen hieu Ung nha kinh ( H U N K ) . H U N K la hien tUdng lam t a n g nhiet dp c u a Idp khi q u y e n bao quanh Trai Da't do tac d d n g c u a eae khf bUc xa ed trong khf q u y e n , d i n tdi nhiet dp tren be mat Trai D a t t a n g len (trong d d CO2 tae d d n g tdi 5 0 % hieu Ung nha kfnh so vdi eae khf c d n lai trong khi q u y e n nhU: CH4, N2O, C F C , O3...).
Phat thai trong ITnh v y e nang l y d n g chia t h a n h 3 n h d m : Phat thai do ddt ehay nhien lieu h d a t h a c h ; phat thai tUc t h d i (tUc la iQpng khf, hdi thai ra tQ cac thiet bj nen do rd ri, khdng m o n g mudn hoac k h d n g t h u d n g x u y e n tU qua trinh khai thae, ehe ble'n, v a n chuyen nhien lieu...) va hoat d d n g thu hdi va luu trU c a e - b o n . T r o n g do, phat thai tQ dot nhien lieu hda t h a c h d d n g g d p d e n 7 0 % t d n g IUdng phat thai, tieu bieu la tU cae nha m a y d i e n v a nha m a y loc d a u . N d n g nghiep, iam nghiep va
sQ d u n g dat, cac ngudn ehu y e u gay phat thai bao gdm phat thai CH4 va N2O t u c h a n nudi, trdng lua nUde, da't c a n h tac n d n g nghiep, hoat d d n g ddt trong s a n x u a t n d n g nghiep; phat thai/hap thu COg trong ITnh vpc ndng, iam nghiep va thay ddi sQ d u n g dat.
LTnh v y e nay d d n g g d p k h o a n g 3 0 % IUdng phat thai K N K toan eau, ehu y e u la do CO2 phat thai tQ nhUng thay doi trong sCf d y n g dat (phan idn la do pha rUng nhiet ddi) va CH4, N2O t u trdng trpt va c h a n nudi gia sue. Chat thai. C a c loai K N K ed the phat sinh trong ITnh vye chat thai bao g d m : COg, CH4 va NgO. C a c n g u d n phat sinh K N K chinh trong ITnh vUc cha't thai dUPe ghi nhan (a: C h o n lap c h a t thai r i n ; xQ ly sinh hpc c h a t thai r a n ; thieu huy va ddt m d c h a t t h a i ; xQ ly va xa nUdc thai. T h d n g t h u d n g , CH4 phat thai tQ cae bai c h d n la'p chat thai r I n c h i e m ty le Idn nhat trong t o n g lupng K N K eua ITnh v y e nay; CH4 trong xa v a xQ ly nude thai c u n g d d n g mdt vai trd tQdng ddi quan trpng,
6 nude ta, hai ITnh v y e hien dang ed ty trpng phat thai Idn nhat la n d n g n g h i e p v a n a n g lUpng, Tuy n h i e n , phat thai tQ n a n g l u p n g se ed x u the t a n g nhanh
trong nhQng nam tdi ea ve t o n g lupng c u n g nhU ty trpng trong cP ca'u phat thai, Gidng n h u d da s d eac qudc gia khac, nang IUdng se la ITnh v y e chie'm ty t r p n g phat thai Idn nhat trong cP ca'u kinh te qude gia nhQng nam tdi. D a c biet, ddi v d i nhQng t h a n h p h d Idn nhU: Ha Npi, TP, H d Chf Minh, nPi ed tdc dp dd thj hda eao, s d dan t a n g n h a n h , dang phai ddi mat nhQng thach thQc n g h i e m t r p n g tQ d n h i l m m d i trudng va phat thai KNK ngay c a n g t a n g . Trong khi d d , nhan thUc c u a cpng ddng, doanh nghiep va ngudi dan ve g i a m nhe phat thai khf nha kfnh c d n han ehe, N g a n h N d n g nghiep nUde ta gay ra phat thai K N K , chie'm 4 3 , 1 % t o n g lUpng phat thai nha kfnh qude gia, iam gia t a n g nhiet dp t o a n e a u . D o vay, viee tinh toan phat thai KNK tQ eac hoat d d n g san xua't n d n g nghiep co vai trd quan trong trong xac dinh cd ca'u phat thai, q u a d d de xua't cae bien p h a p g i a m phat thai K N K . T o n g phat thai KNK trong N g a n h N N & P T N T trong dieu kien canh tac binh t h u d n g k h o a n g 9 5 , 7 4 trieu tan CO2; ket qua tfnh toan c u a eac nha khoa hoc cho thay, tdng phat thai K N K den nam 2030 len tdi 96,7 trieu tan.
T a i n g u y e n v a Moi trtfafng 4 0 Ky 1 -Thdng 3/2020
Q u i n ly va giam nguon p h a t t h l i
Bao cao cua Cue Bien doi khf hau (BDKH) cho thay, viec quan ly hoat dpng giam phat thai KNK dUde Viet Nam thye hien, nhy;
Xay dyng cac thdng bao qudc gia ve kiem ke KNK va ban hanh mot sd van ban, de xuat mot sd bien phap giam phat thai, Dd la, nang eao hieu qua sCf dung, tiet kiem va bao tdn nang lupng. Phat trien cae ngudn nang lUpng mdi, nang lupng tai tao; Ung dyng edng nghe it phat thai, Quan ly chat thai; day manh nghien cUu, chuyen giao cdng nghe va Ung dung hieu qua eae thanh tUu khoa hpc, cdng nghe hien dai, vat lieu mdi trong giam nhe phat thai KNK. Mac du, mdi thUe hien cd che phat trien sach hdn 10 nam va viee sQ dyng nang lupng tai tao cdn 6 mUc khiem tdn nhung nudc ta da gdp phan quan trpng tren hanh trinh tuan thu Cdng udc Khung eua Lien Hpp Qude ve BDKH, Nghi dinh thU Kyoto eung nhu gdp phan thyc hien ChUdng trinh Myc tieu qude gia Qng phd vdi BDKH va tang trudng xanh.
Tien sT Tang The CUdng, Cue trudng Cue BDKH cho biet, tham gia Thoa thuan Paris ve BDKH, Viet Nam da cam ket tU thuc hien c i t giam 8% phat thai khi nha kinh va ed the dat 25%
khi cd them hd trp qude te so vdi kieh ban phat trien thdng thudng giai doan 2021-2030. Hien nay, ta't ca cac nganh kinh te deu dang thuc hien giam phat thai KNK, trong do nganh nang IUdng chiem ty trpng Idn trong no lUc giam phat thai. Trong xay dyng va phat then cd che mdi cho thj trudng cac-bon thap, la mot phan eua eac nd lye qude te va de thUc hien Thoa thuan Paris nham giam mUe tang ndng dp KNK trong khf quyen vdi chi phf thap. De cd cP
A A Tai nguyen va Moi trtfnfng
^ ^ Ky 1 -Thang 3/2020
sd thuc hien eae hoat ddng va dat dupe myc tieu Cong udc khf hau, Nghi dinh thu Kyoto da dUa ra cae ed ehe mem dec de eac nude phat trien, cac nudc dang phat tnen co the hpp tac nhlm thuc hien giam phat thai KNK djnh lUpng.
Theo tfnh toan, vdi mdc ddng gdp chfnh phat thai KNK eua ITnh vUc edng nghiep va nang lUpng va theo du kien ddng gdp vao mye tieu giam phat thai KNK 8%
eua qude gia thye hien NDC, ITnh vye nang lUpng se thye hien 11 giai phap chi phi thap (8 giai phap ve SLf dyng lupng hieu qua va 3 giai phap ve sQ dyng nang lUpng tai tao) de dat dupc mUc ddng gdp giam 4,4%/8% va san sang thye hien 6 giai phap chi phf eao (1 giai phap ve sCf dyng nang lupng hieu qua va 5 giai phap ve sQ dyng nang lUpng tai tao) de ddng gdp giam them dat 9,8%/25%. Nhu vay, cd the thay trong 17 giai phap giam phat thai KNK eua Viet Nam, cd de'n 8 giai phap ve sQ dung nang IUdng hieu qua la uu tien hang dau de ty thye hien, eae giai phap ve phat trien nang lypng tai tao vdi chi phf eao v l n can sy hd trp Idn tU cdng ddng qud'c te. Thach thQc toan eau va trong nude dat Viet Nam trudc yeu cau budc phai phat trien nen kinh te xanh, xanh hda san xua't, bao gdm san xuat cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep xanh va s&
dyng tiet kiem, hieu qua cac ngudn TNTN, de cao dau tU ngan ngUa va xCf ly ONMT, xanh hda Idi sdng. Day chfnh la nhQng bien phap lau dai de Viet Nam tien bude tren con dUdng quan ly hieu qua khi gay hieu Qng nha kfnh, hudng tdi sy phat trien ben vUng trong tUPng lai.
De eu the hda cac giai phap giam phat thai KNK, cac qudc gia thudng ke't hpp giQa xay dung.
phat trien cac chfnh sach gilm thii vdi day manh nghien eUu, ap dyng eac giai phap cdng nghe, Cae chfnh sach giam phat thai KNK kha da dang va khae nhau d tUng qude gia. Ben eanh cac giai phap ve ehinh saeh la giai phap ve edng nghe de bao dam giam phat thai KNK cua cac qudc gia. Theo lanh dao Cyc BDKH, thdi gian tdi, Viet Nam can thye hien: Tang cydng cac hoat dpng chuyen ddi cdng nghe, giam phat thai KNK; trien khai thi diem thj trudng cac-bon trong mot sd nganh, ITnh vuc; xay dung van ban quy pham phap luat nham quan ly, hUdng d i n de van hanh theo hudng cdng khai, minh bach bao dam thj trudng cac-bon trong nudc dupc qud'c te cdng nhan;
huy ddng tai ehfnh tU eac ngudn khae nhau nhU: ODA, FDI, xa hpi hda, tfn dung... de md rdng cae hoat dpng giam nhe phat thai KNK cd tham gia vao thj trUdng cac-bon trong va ngoai nude. SCf dyng thj trudng cac-bon la dpng lUc thuc day chuyen doi edng nghe, mang lai Ipi fch kinh te - xa hdi, mdi trudng cho dat nUdc, dac biet trong cdng cupc Ung phd vdi BDKH.
Nham quan ly, tien tdi gilm
dan IUdng khf phat thai, Thu
tudng Chfnh phu da phe duyet He
thdng qudc gia ve kiem ke KNK,
Theo dd, cd quan dau mdi eua He
thd'ng qudc gia ve kiem ke KNK
la Bp TN&MT, cd trach nhiem
chu tri, phdi hpp vdi cac bd,
nganh lien quan td chQc thye hien
eae hoat dpng KNK trong khudn
khd xay dUng eac Bao cao qudc
gia ve BDKH; td chUe thyc hien,
dam bao hoat ddng cua Ban Chi
dao thyc hien Cdng udc khf hau
va Nghi djnh thU Kyoto trong vide
danh gia va thdng qua eae Bao
cao qudc gia ve BDKH bao gdm
ket qua kiem ke KNK dinh ky.B
Han ban, xam nhap man of Dong bang song Cuti Long
O HOANG TH! HOAI LINH
Phd Chanh Van phdng Tong cue Khituang Thuy van
Trung tam Du bao Khi tugng Thuy van (KTTV) Qudc gia ghi nhan h^n han, xam nhap man (XNM) da va dang diin ra nghiem trgng tai cac tinh thugc khu vUe Ddng bang sdng Citu Long (DBSCL), dU bao XNM se tiep tuc tang cao trong thdi gian tdi.
Gia t a n g h a n h a n , x a m n h a p m a n
TU dau thang 2 den nay, khu v y e D B S C L h a u n h y k h o n g ed mUa; hien t a i , m u c n u d c t r e n d d n g chfnh s d n g M e C d n g d mQc t h a p hpn t r u n g binh nhieu n a m ( T B N N ) va c u n g ky n a m 2016 tQ 0,1-0,8 m. M p c nude tren s d n g Tien va s o n g H a u d a o d p n g theo t n e u va d mUe tUPng dUdng eung ky n a m 2 0 1 6 . X N M d D B S C L da, d a n g va se tiep t y e d i l n ra gay g i t , X N M tae d d n g den 10/13 tinh eua D B S C L , bao g d m : Long A n , T i e n G i a n g , B e n T r e , Tra V i n h , VTnh L o n g , S d c T r a n g , Bae Lieu, H a u G i a n g , C a M a u va Kien Giang.., DU bao, ed khoang 332.000 ha lua bi t h i e u nUde, k h o a n g 1 3 6 . 0 0 0 ha cay a n q u a c d kha n a n g b\ anh h u d n g . R i e n g ddi vdi nUde sinh ho^t, dU b a o trong thdi gian tiep theo c u a m u a khd, se cd k h o a n g 1 5 8 . 0 0 0 hp thieu nude sinh hoat. T r o n g d d , tinh T i e n G i a n g v a tinh B e n Tre se la hai dia phUdng bj anh hudng nang ne nha't khi han han va X N M x l y ra.
T h e o dng V u DQc Long, Phd G i a m ddc T r u n g tam D u b a o K T T V Q u d c gia, thdi gian tdi dU bao X N M ed nhQng d i l n bien nhu sau: M u a m u a d khu vUc N a m Bd se d e n m u d n va ft ed kha n a n g xuat hien mUa trai m u a , tinh trang n a n g ndng se bat d i u xay ra tren
dien rpng tQ nCfa cudi thang 3 va keo dai d e n giQa thang 5/2020.
D d n g c h a y tren sdng M e C d n g ve D B S C L tiep tuc suy giam. Do dd, thdi gian cdn lai cua m u a khd n a m 2 0 2 0 , X N M tie'p tye d i l n ra va t a n g cao trong cac ddt trieu e u d n g . Cy the, xu the X N M tQ ngay 1-10/3/2020 nhU sau: X N M tren cac sdng N a m Bd giam dan den ngay 5/3, dp m a n cao nhat tai cac tai eae tram 6 mQc xap xi va tha'p hdn so vdi tuan qua. TQ ngay 6-10/3, X N M ed xu the tang dan, dp m a n se tang eao trong ngay 10/3. TQ ngay 11-15/3, X N M tiep tuc t a n g v a dat mUc cao nhat tU ngay 11-13/3, sau giam c h a m ; dp man eao nhat trong ddt nay d mUe tUdng dUPng va cao hpn dpt m a n ngay 10-13/02 va eung ky nam 2016.
C h i e u s a u ranh m a n 1 g/l trong thdi ky nay cd kha nang n h u sau: S d n g V a m C d D d n g , V a m C d T a y : P h a m vi X N M 110-130 km; S d n g CCfa T i e u , CCfa D a l , s d n g H a m L u d n g : P h a m vi X N M 65- 95 k m ; Sdng C d Chien: Pham vi X N M 60-65 k m ; S d n g H a u : P h a m vi X N M 60-67 k m ; S d n g Cai L d n : P h a m vi X N M 55-65 k m . C h i e u s a u ranh m a n 4g/l trong thdi ky nay ed kha n a n g n h u sau:
S d n g V a m C d D d n g , V a m C d T a y : P h a m vi X N M 8 7 - 1 1 0 k m ; S d n g CCfa T i e u , CCfa D a i : P h a m
vi X N M 55-60 k m ; S d n g H a m L u d n g : P h a m vi X N M 68-78 k m ; S d n g c d C h i e n : P h a m vi X N M 55-68 k m ; S d n g H a u : P h a m vi X N M 60-67 k m ; S d n g Cai L d n : P h a m vi X N M 50-58 k m . MQc dp rui ro thien tai do X N M d D B S C L d mUc cap dp 2. X N M d eae sdng V a m C d , Cai Ldn nhieu kha nang se tie'p tuc duy tri d mUc eao de'n t h a n g 4/2020, sau giam d a n . T r o n g trudng hpp eye doan, thdi gian thieu m u a tie'p tuc keo dai ket hpp vdi viec sCf d y n g va khai thac tai n g u y e n nude trong luu vUc (tang sQ d y n g nude tren cae d d n g n h a n h va trQ nQdc tai cac dap) se lam eho tinh trang han han, thie'u nude, X N M k e o dai hdn va trd nen tram trpng hpn.
Q u a s d lieu c u a S d N d n g nghiep va Phat t h e n n d n g t h d n ( N N & P T N T ) C a Mau c h o thay, dien tich lua bj thiet hai va c d nguy ed bj thiet hai do han m a n tren dia ban tinh da hdn 4 1 . 6 0 0 ha (dien tich thiet hai hdn 16.800 ha). Ve rau m a u , tdng dien tfch cd nguy cd bi anh h u d n g , giam nang s u a t la 3 4 0 ha. U B N D tinh C a M a u n h a n djnh se cd k h o a n g 13.500 hp dan tai mot s d khu vye chua dupe tiep can n g u d n nUde ndi m a n g v a k h d n g cd n g u d n nUde n g a m de khai thac se thie'u hut ngudn nude saeh. C a Mau la tinh duy nhat khu v y e D B S C L T a i nguyen v a Moi trtfoTng ^ c
Ky 1 -Thdng 3/2020
k h d n g c d n u d c ngpt bd s u n g tQ thQpng n g u d n s o n g Me C d n g , s a n x u a t c h u y e u le t h u p e v a o ngudn nudc mua. Do d d , mdi khi b u d c v a o m u a k h d , tinh t r a n g thie'u n u d c p h u c vu s a n xua't lai d i l n ra, k e o theo nhieu he lyy k h a c la sut l u n , sat Id dat tren dien rpng, anh h u d n g rat Idn den ddi s d n g , s a n xuat c u a ngydi dan t r o n g v u n g . T a i tinh B e n T r e , X N M m u a khd nam 2020 da gay anh h y d n g nghiem trpng den hPn 3.000 ha dien tfch lua vu 3; hPn 2 0 . 0 0 0 / 3 1 . 0 0 0 ha cay an trai.
D a i K T T V tinh B e n Tre cho biet dp m a n 2,5%o da x a m n h a p de'n tan cac xa VTnh Binh, Phu P h u n g c u a huyen ChP L a c h . D i e u nay ed nghTa la, toan bp tinh B e n Tre da bi "bao vay" bdi nUdc m a n . Nudc m a n khoang 4%o da x a m n h a p toan bd eae k e n h , m u d n g npl d d n g c u a tinh. N h u v a y , eUdng dd m a n da cao h d n , x a m n h a p s a u hdn so v d i dpt thien tai nam 2 0 1 6 .
T h i c h ufng va g i ^ m thieu thiet hai
Ngudi d a n , eac c a p ehfnh quyen c a n cap nhat thdng tin d y bao, c a n h bao t h u d n g x u y e n la khuyen cao dau tien de'n cae ca'p ehfnh quyen va den ngudi dan ndi chju anh hUdng cua thien tai. He thdng d y bao KTTV qudc gia hien nay co 3 cap: Trung Udng, Dai K T T V khu vuc, D a i K T T V tinh.
Cac ban tin ve han h a n , X N M dupe T r u n g tam DU bao KTTV qudc gia cap nhat 5 ngay/lan trong d d thdng tin chi tiet eho 5 ngay, 10 ngay va thang tiep theo; cac ban tin c u a D a i KTTV khu v y e , Dai K T T V tinh dUde chi tiet hda den tUng h u y e n , xa b\ anh hudng bdi X N M . Ben canh dd, ngudi dan cac tinh bj I n h hUdng c a n chu d d n g thue hien eac bien phap tfch, trO nUdc; ddng thdi, SL/ dyng hieu qua, tiet kiem nudc, triet de chdng that 4 g T a i n g u y e n va Moi Irtfcfng
" Ky 1 - Thdng 3/2020
thoat, lang phi nude va c a n tang eudng kien thQc eho can bp quan ly va ngudi dan ve thien tai, han han va eac g i l i phap Qng phd.
D e giam thiet hai do han ban, X N M gay ra, Thu tUdng Chfnh phu N g u y i n X u a n P h u c da ra Chl thj sd 04/CT-TTg ve trien khai eac giai phap c a p b a c h p h d n g , chdng han han, thieu nude, X N M . T h e o d d , Thu tudng y e u eau C h u tich U B N D eac tfnh, t h a n h p h d true thupc trung UPng chi dao cac c d quan c h u y e n m d n d a n h gia thUe trang, d y bao ngudn nude tai cae hd chQa, he t h d n g t h u y Ipi tren dia ban de dieu c h i n h , bd sung phUPng an phdng, chdng han h a n , thieu nUde, X N M phu h d p ; dieu ehinh m u a v y , c d eau cay trdng, x e m xet lui thdi v y , c h u y e n ddi s a n xua't neu n g u d n nude khdng bao d a m ; chu ddng tfch trQ node de sQ dung trong thdi ky cao diem han h a n , X N M , day nhanh tien dp thi c d n g , s d m dua v a o khai thae eac c d n g trinh thuy Ipi, ca'p nude sinh hoat, nhat la d cae v u n g cd nguy ed eao xay ra han h a n , thieu nude, X N M ; to chUc t u y e n t r u y e n , h u d n g d i n ngudi dan thuc hien cac bien phap tfch, trU nUdc, ddng thdi sCf d u n g hieu qua, tiet kiem nUdc, triet de chdng that thoat, lang phi nudc
Thu tudng Chfnh giao Bp T N & M T ehi dao T d n g eye KTTV theo ddi, tang eudng d y bao, cung ca'p eae ban tin nhan djnh ve tinh hinh KTTV, han han, thieu nudc, XNM cho cac cd quan lien quan va cae dja phUdng de chf dao s a n xuat phu hdp vdi dieu kien ngudn nudc va chu dpng thue hien eae bien phap phdng, chdng han ban, thie'u nude, X N M ; td chQc dieu tra, tim kiem ngudn nudc dUdi dat de cung cap nQdc sinh hoat d cac vung nui cao, v u n g khan hiem nude;
theo ddi, giam sat chat che viec van hanh cac hd chQa v a cac hoat
ddng khai thae, sif dyng nudc nham p h y c vy viee dieu hda, p h a n bd ngudn nude theo quy djnh va hoan thien he thdng giam sat hoat dpng khai thae, sQ dyng tai nguyen nudc.
Bp N N & P T N T td chQc theo doi chat ehe d i l n bien ngudn nudc, d u bao chuyen nganh, danh gia nguy ed han ban, thieu nudc, X N M tai tUng vung, kjp thdi thdng tin, eanh bao eho eae dia phUdng biet de ehi dao va chu dpng trien khai cac bien phap Qng phd; kiem tra, hudng d i n , ddn ddc, hd trp cac dja phQPng t h y c hien ke hoaeh, giai phap phdng, ehdng han han, thieu nudc, X N M ; c h l dao, hudng d i n dja phUPng day manh c h u y i n ddi c d cau cay trdng, nha't la tai cac khu vye khdng chu dpng ve ngudn nyde, thudng xuyen bj han han, thieu nudc, X N M sang phat then ndng nghiep da dang, dap Ung nhu cau eua thj trUdng, chuyen tQ phat tnen theo sd iQdng sang chat lupng.
Hien cac dia phUPng trong v u n g c u n g da va dang tich eye trien khai cac giai p h a p ehdng han, m a n . Tinh B e n Tre da bd trf 46 d i e m do m a n n h a m tang CUdng do kiem tra tren cac sdng, kenh rach, cac c d n g trinh dau m d i , cac nha may nUdc de van hanh cdng trinh lay, trQ nUde hpp ly. Ngoai ra, tinh cdn thi edng nao vet k e n h mUdng vdi t d n g khdi IUdng k h o a n g 5 5 7 . 0 0 0 m ^ Tfnh c a Mau da d i p cae eon d a p tam trQ nudc ngot, ngan m a n rd rivao ben trong. Tinh trang thieu nude ngpt ehi c d the giai quye't dUpe khi d y a n hd nude ngot V u d n qudc gia U Minh Ha dUdc dau t u hoan t h a n h . C u n g vdi dd la xay d u n g h o a n thien he t h d n g thuy Ipi de d i n nudc ngot tU sdng Hau ve Ca M a u bd s u n g cho v u n g Q u a n Id Phung Hiep (54.480 ha), v u n g U Minh Ha (154.400 ha) v a v u n g N a m Ca Mau (203.000 ha).B
Thuc day "Quy hoach dieu tra
CQf ban dja chat ve khoang san giai doan 2021 - 2030, tam nhin den 2050" '
O TS. LAI HONG THANH
Phd Tdng cue trudng Tong cue Dia chat va Khoang san Viet Nam
NhCfng nam gan day, cdng tac quan ly nha nude (QLNN) ve khoang san da dat nhieu thanh tich dang ke, tuy vay vin cdn nhieu bat cap trong hoat dgng cap phep khoang san, dau gia quyen khai thac khoang san (KTKS). Chinh vi the, dehoan thanh nhiem vu ke ho^ch chung cua Nganh TN&MT, trong nam 2020, Tong cue Dia chat va Khoang san (DC&KS) can tiep tue hoan thien he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat (QPPL) ve khoang san, trong dd ban hanh Nghj djnh thay the Nghj djnh sd33/2017/ND-CP quy dinh xifph^t vipham hanh chinh trong ITnh vuc tai nguyen nudc va khoang san; Nghj djnh so 22/2012/ND'CP.
Thub trang c ^ g tac cap phep D e n nay, he t h d n g v a n b a n Q P P L ve k h o a n g s a n eP ban da h o a n thien va kha day du vdi 1 Luat, 8 nghj djnh (trong dd cd 3 Nghj djnh d u p c ban h a n h m d i d l t h a y t h e , 2 nghj dinh dUdc sCfa d d i , b d s u n g mdt s d d i e u ) , tren 4 0 t h d n g t u , t h d n g tU lien tich da tao h a n h lang phap ly day du c h o e d n g tae Q L N N ve k h o a n g s a n eung n h u ca'p p h e p , dau gia q u y e n K T K S .
Tuy v a y , ddi vdi c d n g tac c a p phep, trude khi Uy ban ThUdng vy Q u d c hpi ban h a n h Nghi q u y e t s d 7 5 1 / 2 0 1 9 / U B T V Q H 1 4 , c d n g tac d i e u c h i n h , bo s u n g quy h o a c h k h o a n g s a n k h d n g t h y c hien d y p e do Luat Q u y hoach da ed hieu lUc tU 1/1/2019, trong khi d d Q u y hoaeh tdng the qudc gia c u n g n h u cac Q u y hoaeh nganh qud'c gia ed lien q u a n chua dupe lap v a phe d u y e t . M o t s d quy hoach khoang s a n da duyet, dac biet la q u y h o a c h t h a n , q u a n g apatit, vat lieu xay d y n g khi dieu chinh, bd s u n g chua cap nhat day d u c a e t h d n g tin khu vUc quy
hogch, dan den viee mdt sd hd so da tie'p nhan, dang t h a m djnh c d ndi d u n g (dien tich, t p a d p , mQc sau, cdng suat, thdi gian...) khong phu hpp vdi quy hoach mdi nen phai xin y kien ed quan lien quan hoac T h u t u d n g Chinh p h u , d i n tdi k e o dai t h d i gian t h a m dinh, giai quyet hd s d .
Mat khac, c d m o t s d dia phUdng c h a m cd y kien ve khu vUc c a m , tam thdi c a m hoat d p n g k h o a n g s a n ( H D K S ) c u n g n h u ban hanh q u y e t dinh ehu trUdng d a u t u d y an K T K S , ed t r u d n g hpp keo dai h a n g n a m , TQ khi Ban Bf t h u T r u n g UPng D a n g ban hanh C h l thi s d 13-CTyTW, ngay 12/01/2017 ve t a n g cUdng s y lanh dao c u a D a n g ddi vdi edng tac q u a n ly, bao ve v a phat trien rQng, trong d d c h l thj " k h d n g c h u y e n dien tfch rQng t y nhien hien c d s a n g m u c dfeh sQ d y n g khae". D a y ia ehu t r y d n g d u n g dan c u a D a n g va Nha nudc, tuy nhien theo quy d m h c u a Luat Khoang san, rQng tU nhien khdng p h a i la khu vuc c a m , t a m t h d i c a m H D K S . Do d d , khi t h a m dinh
c a p p h e p H D K S phat sinh viee cae dia phUdng, doanh nghiep phai mat nhieu thdi gian de ra soat, dieu ehfnh khu vuc khai thac de loai bd dien tich ed rUng tU n h i e n . Nhieu khu v y e t h a m d d , khai thae da thudc quy hoaeh da dupe T h u t u d n g Chfnh phu phe duyet, khi lap ke hoach da'u gia, sau khi lay y kien dja phUPng thi lai t h u p c khu vUe c a m , tam thdi c a m H D K S , thudc dien tich rQng t u n h i e n , hoac dien tich c d n lai khdng d a n g ke, phai lay y kien eae CO quan hen quan dan tdi nhieu khu vpc khdng the trien khai c d n g tac dau gia q u y e n KTKS theo ke hoach da duyet.
PhUdng hUdng, g i l i phap ThUc hien "Quy hoach dieu tra ed ban dja chat ve khoang san de'n nam 2 0 2 0 , dinh h u d n g de'n nam 2 0 3 0 " tai Q u y e t dinh s d 1 3 8 8 / Q D - T T g ngay 13/8/2013 c u a Thu tudng Chfnh phu, tQ nam 2013 den 2019, T d n g cue da ed ban hoan thanh 11 de an lap ban dd Dia eha't k h o a n g s a n ty le 1:50.000 phan dat lien v d i dien tich gan 25.000 km^, n a n g d i e n
T a i nguyen va Moi titfcfng 4*1 K y i -Thang 3/2020
k h d n g ed nude ngpt bd s u n g tU t h u p n g n g u d n s o n g Me C d n g , s a n xua't c h u y e u le thudc v a o n g u d n nUdc mQa. Do d d , mdi khi bQde v a o m u a k h d , tinh t r a n g thie'u nUde p h y e vu s a n xuat lai d i l n ra, k e o theo nhieu he luy khac la s y t lun, sat Id dat tren dien rpng, anh hudng rat Idn de'n ddi s d n g , s i n xuat c u a ngudi dan t r o n g v u n g . T a i tfnh B e n T r e , X N M m u a kho nam 2020 da gay anh h u d n g nghiem trpng den hPn 3.000 ha dien tfch lua vu 3; hdn 2 0 . 0 0 0 / 3 1 . 0 0 0 ha eay a n trai.
D a i K T T V tinh B e n Tre eho biet d d m a n 2,5%o da x a m nhap d e n tan cac x a VTnh Binh, Phu P h y n g c u a h u y e n C h d L a c h . D i e u nay ed nghTa la, toan bd tinh Ben Tre da bj "bao vay" bdi nude m a n . Nudc m a n khoang 4%o da x a m nhap t o a n bp eac k e n h , mUPng ndi d d n g eua tfnh. N h u v a y , e u d n g dd m a n da cao h o n , x a m nhap s a u hdn so vdi dpt thien tai nam 2 0 1 6 .
T h i c h u'ng v a g i a m t h i e u t h i e t h a i
N g u d i d a n , cac cap chfnh quyen c i n cap nhat thdng tin dU bao, canh bao t h u d n g x u y e n la khuyen eao dau tien den cac cap chfnh quyen va den ngudi dan ndi chju anh hudng c u a thien tai. He thdng d y bao KTTV qudc gia hien nay cd 3 cap: T r u n g Udng, D a i K T T V khu vue, Dai K T T V tfnh.
c a e ban tin ve han h a n , X N M dUde T r u n g tam D y bao KTTV qudc gia cap nhat 5 ngay/lan trong dd thong tin ehi tiet cho 5 ngay, 10 ngay va thang tiep theo; eae ban tin c u a Dai K T T V khu vUe, D a i K T T V tfnh dUdc ehi tiet hoa den tQng h u y e n , xa bi anh hudng bdi X N M . Ben eanh d d , ngudi dan cac tfnh bj anh hudng c a n ehu d d n g thUe hien cac bien phap tfch, trQ nQdc; ddng thdi, sQ dung hieu qua, t i l t kiem nQdc, triet de chdng that Mc T a i n g u y e n v a M o i trtfafng
^ " K y i -Thang 3/2020
thoat, lang phf nudc va can tang cUdng kien thUe cho c a n bp quan ly va ngudi dan ve thien tai, han han va cae g i l i phap Qng phd.
De giam thiet hai do han han, X N M gay ra, T h u t u d n g Chfnh phu N g u y i n X u a n Phuc da ra Chl thi sd 04/CT-TTg ve tnen khai cac giai p h a p cap b a c h p h d n g , ehdng han han, thieu nude, X N M . Theo d d , Thu tUdng y e u eau Chu tich U B N D eae tinh, t h a n h p h d trUe thupc trung UPng c h l dao eae CP quan c h u y e n m d n d a n h gia thyc trang, d y bao ngudn nude tai cac hd ChQa, he t h d n g t h u y Ipi tren dia ban de d i e u c h l n h , bd sung phUdng an phdng, chdng han h a n , thieu nUdc, X N M phu h d p ; dieu ehinh m u a v y , ed ca'u cay trdng, xem xet lui thdi v u , chuyen doi san xuat neu n g u d n nudc khdng bao d a m ; ehu ddng tich trQ nQdc de su dung trong thdi ky cao diem han han, X N M ; day nhanh tien dd thi e d n g , s d m d u a v a o khai thae eae edng trinh thuy Idi, ea'p nudc sinh hoat, nha't la d eae v u n g ed nguy cd cao xay ra han h a n , thie'u nude, X N M ; to ehUc t u y e n t r u y e n , h u d n g d i n ngudi dan t h y c hien eae bien phap tfch, trU nude, ddng thdi sCf d y n g hieu qua, tiet kiem nude, triet de ehdng that thoat, lang phf nude
Thu tudng Chfnh giao B d T N & M T chl d a o T o n g cue KTTV theo doi, tang eudng dU bao, cung cap eac ban tin nhan djnh ve tinh hinh KTTV, han han, thieu nudc, XNM cho cac cd quan lien quan va cac dja phUdng de c h l dao san xuat phu hdp vdi dieu kien ngudn nUdc va chu dpng thuc hien eae bien phap phdng, chdng han han, thieu nudc, X N M ; td chQc dieu tra, tim kiem nguon nudc dudi dat de cung cap nUde sinh hoat d cac vung nui cao, v u n g khan hiem nude;
theo doi, giam sat chat che viec van hanh eac hd chQa va eac hoat
ddng khai thac, sCf dung n: . nham phuc vu viee dieu hoa. p h a n bd ngudn nudc theo quy dinh v a hoan thien he thdng giam sat hogt ddng khai thac, sCf dung tai nguyen nudc.
B d N N & P T N T td chQc theo ddi chat che d i l n bien ngudn node, d y bao chuyen nganh, danh gia nguy c d han han, thieu nudc, X N M tai tQng vung, kjp thdi thdng tin, canh bao cho cae dja phUdng biet de ehi dao va ehu dpng trien khai cae bien phap Qng phd; kiem tra, hudng dan, ddn ddc, hd trd cac d[a phUdng thye hien ke hoach, giai phap phdng, chdng han han, thieu nyde, X N M ; chf dao, hudng d i n dja phUPng day manh chuyen ddi eP c a u eay trdng, nhat la tai cac khu vUe khdng ehu ddng ve ngudn nUdc, thudng xuyen bj han han, thieu nUdc, X N M sang phat trien n d n g nghiep da d a n g , dap Qng nhu c a u c u a thj trudng, chuyen tQ phat tnen theo sd lupng sang chat lupng.
Hien cac dja phUdng trong v u n g c u n g da v a d a n g tfch cUc trien khai eae giai p h a p chdng h a n , m a n . Tinh Ben Tre da bo trf 46 d i e m do m a n n h a m tang cQdng do kiem tra tren eae sdng, kenh r a c h , cac c d n g trinh d i u m d i , eac nha m a y nude de van hanh c d n g trinh lay, trQ nude hdp ly. Ngoai ra, tfnh cdn thi cdng nao vet k e n h mUdng vdi t d n g khdi IUdng k h o a n g 5 5 7 . 0 0 0 m ^ Tfnh c a Mau da d i p eac eon d a p tam trQ nude ngpt, ngan m a n rd ri vao ben trong. Tinh trang thieu nUdc ngpt ehi cd the giai quyet dUpc khi d y a n hd nude ngpt V y d n qudc gia U Minh Ha dupc dau t u hoan t h a n h . C u n g vdi dd la x a y dUng h o a n thien he t h d n g t h u y Ipi de d i n nUdc ngpt tU sdng Hau ve Ca M a u bd s u n g eho v u n g Q u a n Id Phung Hiep (54.480 ha), v u n g U Minh Ha (154.400 ha) va v u n g Nam Ca Mau (203.000 ha) •
Thuc day "Quy hoach dieu tra ctf ban dja chat ve khoang san giai doan
2021 - 2030, tam nhm den 2050" '
O TS. LAI HONG THANH
Phd Tong cue trudng Tong cue Dia chat va Khoang san Viet Nam
NhOng nam gan day, cdng tac quan ly nha nudc (QLNN) ve khoang san da dat nhieu thanh tich dang ke, tuy vay vin cdn nhieu bat cap trong hoat ddng cap phep khoang san, dau gia quyen khai thac khoang san (KTKS). Chinh vi the, dehoan thanh nhi$m vu ke ho^ch ehung eua Nganh TN&MT, trong nam 2020, Tong cue Dja chat va Khoang san (DC&KS) can tiep tuc hoan thien he thd'ng van ban quy pham phap luat (QPPL) ve khoang san, trong dd ban hanh Nghi djnh thay the Nghj dinh so 33/2017/ND-CP quy djnh x&phat vipham hanh ehinh trong linh vt/c tai nguyen nudc va khoang san; Nghj dinh sd 22/2012/ND-CP.
ThiJc trang cong tac cap phep De'n nay, he t h d n g v a n b i n Q P P L ve k h o a n g s a n c d ban da hoan thien va kha day du vdi 1 Luat, 8 nghi djnh (trong d d cd 3 Nghj dinh dupe ban h a n h m d i de thay t h e , 2 nghj djnh d u p c sQa d d i , b d s u n g m d t s d d i e u ) , tren 40 t h d n g t u , t h d n g tU lien tich da tao hanh lang phap ly day du eho c d n g tae Q L N N ve khoang s a n eung n h u ea'p p h e p , dau gia q u y e n K T K S .
Tuy vay, ddi vdi c d n g tac cap phep, trudc khi Uy ban T h u d n g vu Q u d e hdi ban h a n h Nghi quye't s d 7 5 1 / 2 0 1 9 / U B T V Q H 1 4 , c o n g tac dieu c h i n h , bd s u n g quy hoaeh k h o a n g s a n k h d n g t h u c hien dupe do Luat Q u y hoaeh da cd hieu lyc tQ 1/1/2019, trong khi dd Q u y hoach t d n g the qude gia eung nhU eac Q u y hoaeh nganh qude gia c d lien q u a n ehua dUpe lap va p h e d u y e t . M o t s d quy hoach k h o a n g s a n da duyet, dac biet ia quy hoaeh t h a n , q u a n g apatit, vat lieu xay d y n g khi dieu chfnh, b d sung chUa cap nhat day du c a e t h d n g tin k h u vUc quy
hoach, dan den viec mdt s d hd sd da tiep n h a n , dang t h a m dmh cd npi d u n g (dien tfch, t p a d p , mUc sau, edng suat, thdi gian...) khdng phu h d p vdi quy hoach mdi nen phai xin y kien c d quan lien quan hoac T h u tUdng Chfnh p h u , d i n tdi keo dai t h d i gian t h a m djnh, giai quyet hd sP.
M a t khac, c d m o t s d dja phUPng Cham c d y kien ve khu v y e c a m , tam thdi c a m hoat ddng k h o a n g s a n ( H D K S ) e u n g n h u ban h a n h q u y e t dinh chu trUdng d a u t u d u an K T K S , c d t r u d n g h p p k e o dai h a n g n a m . TQ khi Ban Bf t h u T r u n g UPng D a n g ban hanh C h i thj sd 13-CTn"W, ngay 12/01/2017 ve t a n g eUdng sU lanh d a o c u a D a n g ddi vdi cdng tac q u a n ly, bao ve va phat trien rQng, t r o n g d d c h l thi " k h d n g c h u y e n dien tfch rUng tU nhien hien cd sang m y c dich sCf d y n g khac". D a y ia ehu trUdng d u n g dan eua D a n g va Nha nude, tuy nhfen t h e o quy dinh c u a Luat Khoang s a n , rQng tU nhien khdng phai la khu vQc c a m , tam thdi c a m H D K S . Do d d , khi t h a m djnh
cap p h e p H D K S phat sinh viec cac dja phUdng, doanh nghiep phai ma't nhieu thdi gian de ra soat, dieu chinh khu vye khai thae de loai bd dien tfch c d rQng t u n h i e n . Nhieu khu vUe t h a m d d , khai thae da thupc quy hoach da dupe Thu tudng Chinh phu phe duyet, khi lap ke hoaeh dau gia, sau khi lay y kien dja phUdng thi lai thudc khu vUc c a m , t a m thdi c a m H D K S , thupe dien tfch rUng t y n h i e n , hoac dien tfch eon lai khdng d a n g k e , phai lay y kien cac CP quan lien quan d i n tdi nhieu khu vQc k h d n g the trien khai c d n g tae dau gia q u y e n KTKS theo ke hoach da duyet.
PhUdng hudng, giai p h a p T h y c hien "Quy hoach d i e u tra cd ban dja chat ve khoang san de'n n a m 2 0 2 0 , djnh h u d n g d e n n a m 2 0 3 0 " tai Q u y e t djnh s d 1 3 8 8 / Q D - T T g ngay 13/8/2013 cua Thu tydng Chinh p h u , tU nam 2013 den 2019, T d n g eye da c d ban hoan thanh 11 de an lap ban d d Dia chat k h o a n g s a n ty le 1:50.000 p h a n da't lien vdi d i e n tich g a n 25.000 km^, n a n g d i e n
T a i n g u y e n v a Moi titfofng A-I Ky 1 -Thdng 3/2020 '
tich da hoan thanh cdng tac nay len 7 0 % t d n g dien tfch dat lien;
h o a n t h a n h 25 de a n d a n h gia khoang san gdm eae khoang san:
T h a n n a u , urani, sat, bauxit, titan, chi, k e m , d d n g , v a n g , w o l f r a m , m o l i p d e n , k h o a n g chat e d n g nghiep (Felspat, kaolin, barit, da hoa, vermieulit...), khoang san lam vat lieu xay d y n g (da v d i , set xi m a n g , da dp lat, da xay dUng).
K e t qua noi bat la, da xae dinh tai n g u y e n quang titan trong t a n g eat do c h u y e u thudc tfnh Binh T h u a n va 2 tinh Ninh T h u a n , Ba Rja - V u n g T a u vdi k h o a n g 5 5 0 trieu tan quang tinh cap 333 va 3 3 4 a ; q u a n g bauxit k h o i n g 1,87 ty ta'n q u a n g tinh cap 333 va 3 3 4 a . Rieng n a m 2 0 1 9 , da hoan thanh 2 de an Chfnh p h u : Dieu tra d a n h gia tdng the tiem n a n g than p h a n dat lien be Sdng H d n g , s d bp xac dmh tai n g u y e n than nau tren dien tfch 2 6 5 km^ khu vUc v e n b i e n T i e n H a i , T h a i Binh, N a m D i n h c a p 3 3 3 va 3 3 4 a dat 6,7 ty ta'n; t h a m d d q u a n g urani k h u Pa LUa - Pa R d n g , Q u a n g N a m . N g o a i ra eon phat h i e n , d a n h gia xac djnh tai n g u y e n h a n g c h y c m d q u a n g kim loai, k h o a n g c h a t c d n g n g h i e p ,
^ Q T a i n g u y e n v a M o i Irrftfng Ky 1 - Thdng 3/2020
k h o a n g s i n iam vat lieu xay d u n g , da c h u y e n s a n g t h a m d d , khai thae phuc vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cac dja phUdng va xuat khau.
De hoan thanh nhiem vy ke hoaeh chung eua Nganh T N & M T , trong nam 2 0 2 0 , T d n g eye se tap trung vao mdt s d nhiem vy trpng tam la: Tiep tyc hoan thien he thong v a n ban Q P P L ve k h o a n g s a n , theo dd se hoan thien de Chfnh phu ban hanh Nghi dinh thay the Nghi dinh sd 33/2017/ND-CP quy dmh xQ phat vi p h a m hanh ehfnh trong ITnh v y e tai n g u y e n nude v a k h o a n g s a n ; xay dUng, trinh Chfnh phu Nghj d m h thay the Nghi djnh s d 22/2012/ND-CP quy dinh ve da'u gia q u y e n K T K S ; xay d u n g , trinh Chfnh phu ban h a n h Nghi dinh ve q u a n ly k h o a n g s a n d cac khu v y e d u trU de phat trien cac d y a n dau t u tren mat.
D d n g thdi, xay d u n g 7 thdng t u eua Bd T N & M T v e : Q u y djnh ky thuat t h a m d d , d a n h gia trQ lupng khoang san da khdi iam dp lat, my n g h e ; quy djnh ky thuat edng tae khai dao edng trinh (hao, hd, gieng, dpn vet Id); quy djnh ky thuat edng tae lay m l u trong cae
edng trinh k h o a n , khai d a o ; quy djnh ve giao nop, thu n h a n v a luu giQ, bao quan va cung c a p dQ lieu ve D C & K S ; dmh mUe kinh te - ky thuat edng tac bay do tQ va trpng lye; dmh mQc kinh te - ky thuat phan tfch m l u tren he quang pho khdi I C P - M S ; dinh mQc kinh te - ky thuat c d n g tae d a n h gia tiem n a n g k h o a n g s a n r I n p h a n da't lien trong dieu tra c d ban dia chat ve khoang s a n .
B e n eanh d d , tie'p t y e thUe hien cd hieu qua eac de an thanh phan thudc "Dieu tra tdng the ve k h o a n g s a n va hoan thien nen ban d d dja chat ty le 1/50.000 v u n g Tay Bac phyc vu quy hoaeh phat trien ben vQng kinh t e , xa hpi"; td chQc trien khai thuc hien De an " D a n h gia t d n g the tiem n a n g k h o a n g s a n v u n g Trung Trung B d phye vu phat trien kinh t§' - x a h d i " ngay sau khi dupe c a p c d t h a m q u y e n phe duyet.
Ben c a n h d d , lap "Quy hoach dieu tra cd ban dja c h a t ve khoang s a n giai doan 2021-2030, tam nhin den 2 0 5 0 " de trinh Thu t u d n g Chfnh phu theo quy djnh c u a Luat Q u y hoaeh.
N g o a i ra, tiep t y e t h y c hien tdt edng tac tham dinh hd sd ca'p phep H D K S d u n g quy trinh, quy djnh c u a phap luat ve khoang s a n ; tie'p tuc td ehUc dau gia q u y e n K T K S theo ke hoach (dU kien k h o i n g 10 khu vye); tang e u d n g trien khai thQc hien giai quyet thu tuc thu tyc hanh chinh ve dia chat, k h o a n g s a n thdng q u a hinh thQc dieh vu edng trQc t u y e n mQc dp 3. T i e p tyc trien khai hieu q u i thanh tra chuyen de xac djnh s a n l y p n g k h o a n g s a n khai thac t h y c te ddi vdi khoang s a n da dp l?t, set nguyen lieu xi m a n g theo ke hoach, kien quyet xQ ly theo quy djnh ddi vdi td ChQc, ca nhan vi p h a m , gay that thoat khoang s a n , N S N N . B
