'Shi hdnh fihdfi. luAl S6 5 (278) - 2015
GIAI QUYET TO CAO VA BAO VE NGVOI TO CAO
NANG CAO HIEU QUA CONG TAC DAU TRANH PHONG, CHONG THAM N H O N G
iJhS. NGUYEN V A N S t
1. T h i ^ trang \\ gidi quyet \h cdo, bdo v$
ngirdj to cdo tham nhQng
Nhhi l^i gan 10 ndm thuc hipn Lu$t Phdng, chong tham nhung, cdng tde phdng, chlng tham nhung (PCTN) thl t^i cde ca quan, don vj, t l chiic chira t\r kiem tra, thanh tra ngi bp minh md phdt hifn ra hdnh vi tham nhung, ho$c neu cd thi cung chi dfmg lai d mdc d$ "ddng ci^a d^y nhau". Ben c^nh dd, ho^t d$ng thanh tra, kilm tra, gidm sdt, kiem toan cua co quan ehde ndng dugc tien hdnh hdng ndm nhung s6 v^ vipc phdt hipn hdnh vi tham nhiing ehuyen co quan chuc ndng xd I^ khdng nhieu. Cde vu dn tham nhung phan nhieu dugc phdt hi$n qua don thu td cdo vd gidi quyet to edo di^u ndy cd the khdng dinh rdng, vifie tilp nhan gidi quyet t l cdo cd vai trd rit quan trpng ddi vdi cdng tdc dau tranh PCTN. Tuy nhiSn, dieu dang quan tdm lo Idng nhit Id trong thdi gian ddi viJra qua chdng ta dd n h ^ ra tam quan trpng cua nd vd c0ng dS d§t ra nhihig yeu chx cap bdch, nhung su quan tdm diu tu chua diing miic, din den nhieu tin tgi yeu kem ehua cd bifn phdp khdc phyc.
Dl tinh trang don thu vupt clp ton dOng keo ddi, chdt lugng gidi quylt ehua eao; mpt s6 co quan chiic ndng cd bieu hifn thilu trdch nhipm, ne trdnh ho9c dCm diy trdch nhiem cho nhau Idm cho don
thu di Idng vdng; cdng tdc phdt hien xu Iy cae vy vifc tieu c\rc tham nhung cung nhu thi hdnh quylt dinh gidi quylt t6 cdo chua nghiem; m^t sd vu vifc tham nhCng gay du Iu|in quan tam dd cd su chl dao ciia cap ed tham quyen nhung vifc gidi quyet khSng thda dang ho^c mang tinh hinh thiic chilu If, ddi phd; viec xii ly ngudi mdc sai ph^un thilu trift dl, thilu kien quylt thdm chi Id diing Iai d muc dp kiem diem, phe binh, nhdc nhd... nen n g u ^ b) to cdo ed co hpi quay Iai tra thii ngudi to cdo. Ben canh dd cong tdc giu bi mat thdng tin, bdo ve, khen thudng ngudi t6 cdo, phdt hien xd Iy hdnh vi tra thii ngudi to edo chua tot. Tinh tr^ng phan bift ddi xii, ky thj mac cam vdi ngudi td cdo Id phd biln, tham ehi hi hanh hung trd thu Idm hp phdi thudng xuyen song trong tlnh cdnh nom ndp Io sg, bi khiing b6 tinh thin bdng chat ban, min, danh dap, tan cdng. Cd ngudi di to edo tham nhung mdi dugc khen thudng, tung hd Id ngudi hiing chua bao lau da mat vifc hoac bj chuyin cdng tdc tdi noi khd khdn, vat vd.
Tgi buoi vinh danh 88 cdng dan tieu bieu PCTN nam 2009 do Vdn phdng Ban Chl dgo Trung uong ve PCTN td ehfic, hau het ngudi dugc vinh danh deu ndi hp dd tumg bj trfi d$p, de dpa... nhung vSn kien tri, dOng cdm, chip nhan cd s\i trd thii de diu
Dan chu & Phap luatl
Qhi hdnh phdp. ludi
So 5 ( 2 7 8 ) - 2 0 1 5tranh vi edng I^ vd lg phdi. Ngodi nhung guong m|t tren edn cd rit nhieu con ngudi khdc dang ngdy dem cam chiu so phan nghift ngd sg hi trd thii, triim iim, trii dap bdi d6i tupng bj t6 cdo tham nhung Id nhihig ngudi cd chiic vy, quyen h ^ , dja vi trong xd h^i thudng d "thl manh" cdn ngudi \h cdo thl thudng Im d "the yeu".
Den nay vin chua cd dia phuong ndo th6ng ke day dli ngudi to cao hdnh vi tham nhung b} trd thii nhung qua nghien ciiu mpt s6 vy vifc xdy ra d mpt s6 dja phuong cd thl xdc n h ^ nhihig tdc dpng eiia ngudi vi pham hode than nhdn ciia hp nhu mua chu$e, de dpa, gay thift hai Id cd thiit vd Id nguyen nhan dan den mpt s6 vy dn hlnh sv khdng duge ldm rd hoac khdng dugc xd I;^ trift dl vd dan den cae ket qud tieu cyc khdc.
2. Mpt so vudng mdc trong quy djnh bdo vf ngudi to cdo
T 6 ehiic Minh bach quoc te (TI) da cdng bo bdng xip hang ngdy 03/12/2014 ve "ehi so nhan thiic tham nhung ciia 175 quoc gia, trong dd Vift Nam xip thli 119 vdi s6 dilm khdng d6i trong ba ndm". Theo dd eho thiy, chl khodng 1/3 ngudi dan Vift Nam sdn sdng to cdo hdnh vi tham nhung, day Id ^ If khd thap so vdi cdc nudc khdc trong khu vyc. Nguyfn nhdn mOt phin do cdc quy djnh ve bdo vf ngudi to cdo d \^et Nam cdn chung chung, khd thyc hifn, ngudi dan cdn e ngai vd khdng t6 cdo vl khdng tin tudng ho|ic sg bi trd thCi.
6 Vift Nam tir Hien phdp ndm 1992 cho den Hiln phdp ndm 2013 deu thl hifn khilu ngi, t6 edo Id quyln ea bdn cda cdng dan; co quan, to chuc, cd nhdn cd tham quyen phdi cd trdch nhifm tilp nhgn, gidi quyet, neu gay Aift hai thl phdi boi thudng;
nghiem cam vifc trd thu ngudi khieu ngi, t6 cdo.
Lu$t Phdng, chong tham nhOing ban hdnh siia d6i, bS sung mpt 56 dieu ndm 2007, ndm 2012 cung cd che djnh bdo vf ngudi to edo ch6ng tham nhiing
vd \%p quy khen thudng cho ngudi to edo. Che dinh ndy dugc din chilu dp dyng den Lugt To cdo ndm 2011 vd cy the hda tai Nghi dinh so 76/2012/
ND-CP ngay 03/10/2012 quy dinh chi tilt thi hdnh mOt s6 dieu ciia Luat T 6 cdo: 'Trong qud trinh giai quylt t6 cdo neu cd cdn cir cho thiy ed nguy ca gdy thift hgi ve tinh mgng, siic khde eiia ngudi to cdo, ngudi thdn thich cua ngudi to cao thi ngudi gidi quylt t6 cdo cd trdeh nhifm chl dao bode phoi hpp vdi CO quan cdng an noi ngudi dugc bdo vf cu tni, Idm vifc, hpc tgp hode co quan, to chiie, ca nhan khde cd thim quyen dp dung bifn phdp bao vf va tiidng bdo cho ngudi duge bdo vf bilt".
Quy djnh ndy van cdn mang tinh ehung ehung, giiia \^ Iu§n vd thyc tiln lam cho che dinh bao ve ngudi t6 cao van chua thyc sy di vdo cupc song nen myc dieh PCTN vin chua dgt dugc nhu mong dgi. Quy djnh nhu vgy, cd the hieu cdc co quan co thim quyln ehi dp dyng bifn phdp bdo vf ngudi [6 cao khi ngudi do c h ^ g minh dugc yeu elu ciia minh Id cd edn cii. Cdn cii ndy thl hifn dau hifu nhu the ndo la rat khd chiing minh vd ehua ed vdn bdn ndo giai thfch, hudng dan thi sS dan den vifc hieu vd dp dung theo ehii quan ciia ngudi yeu cau vd ngudi thye thi phap ludt.
Tuong tu, khi xac djnh hdnh vi xdm hai ngudi dugc bdo ve dang diln ra hode ed nguy co xdy ra ngay tiic khdc, tuy theo tinh chat, miie dO nguy hiem ciia hanh vi xam hgi, ngudi cd thim quyln gidi quyet to cdo phdi chi dao ho$e phli hpp vdi CO quan cdng an dp dyng ngay cdc bifn phdp bdo vf nhu bo tri lyc lugng, phuong tifn, cdng cy de bdo vf an todn cho ngudi dugc bdo vf tgi noi can thiet; tgm thdi di chuyen ngudi dupc bdo vf din nai an todn. Thl nhung, dia diem bdo vf ngudi to cdo dugc quy dinh la "noi eln thilt" va "noi an todn" van chi Id nhiing khdi nifm chung chung, ehua ed hudng dan cy thl. Theo dd, cdc bifn phdp
Qhi hdnhphdp. lugi 3 6 5 (278)-2015
bao dam thyc hifn nhu thl nao, trdeh nhifm phoi hgp ciia ehinh quyen, eo quan, dodn the d miic dd ndo de thyc hifn nhiem vy ndy hay khdng vin Id mpt vin de cin phdi chi tilt ey thl. M§t khde, chua cy the hda quy trinh thii tyc thdi gian phoi hgp, xdc minh yfiu cau dugc bdo vfi cAa ngudi td cdo se ( ^ din su diin day trdch nhifm Idm cham tri thdi gian xdc minh, de dpa din tinh mang, siic khde eua ngudi t l cdo vd ngudi thdn ciia hp.
3. M$t st kiln ngh}, gidi phdp
Ddng, Nhd nudc ta ddc bifit quan tam din vifc xdy dyng cung eo vd phdt huy quyen dan chii xd hpi chu nghta, thdng qua dd tgo dieu kifn cho qudn chung nhdn dan tham gia vdo hogt d$ng qudn Iy nhd nudc, qudn Iy xd hpi. Dan chii d ddy the hifn bdng hlnh thOrc ddn ehu tryc tiep va dan ehO dgi difn, quyen t6 cao chinh Id quyln ddn ehu true tilp, hdnh vi ndy chinh Id quyen tham gia tryc tiep vdo hogt dOng cda bO mdy nhd nudc. Vi vgy, Nha nudc da siia doi, bo sung ban hdnh nhieu chinh sdch phap Iugt phii hgp, nhu: Bp Iugt To tyng hmh sy; BO lugt Hinh su, Lugt PCTN, Ludt Khieu nai, Lu$t T 6 cdo vd nhieu vdn bdn hudng din thi hdnh.
Trong dd, Lu^t To cdo ndm 2011 ddt ra cdc ehe tdi phdp ly dli mgnh, tgo hdnh Iang phdp I^ ddm bdo cho quyen to cdo khdng bj xdm hgi, nlu b} xam hgi sfi dugc phye hoi Idm cho ngudi mu6n t6 edo mgnh dan hon.
Be tilp tyc khdc phyc nhiing t6n tgi ylu kem vd phdt huy siic mgnh cda cd hf thong ehinh tri, hifn thyc hda quy dinh cua phap lugt ve gidi quyet to cdo, bdo vf ngudi t6 cao hdnh vi tham nhting di vdo ddi s6ng xd h$i tnrdc mdt eln de ra mgt s6 gidi phdp nhu sau:
Mpt Id, hi^n thuc hda quy dinh phap lugt hdo v^ ng^ai to cdo
Bdo vf bf mgt thdng tin nguM t6 edo phdi dugc xem nhu mpt nguyfin tic d$c bift trong suot qud
trinh tilp nhdn, xii I^ don thu va gidi quylt to edo;
trdch nhifm nay phdi quy dinh ro thii trudng co quan, to chiic, don vj dugc the chl hda bdng quy chl, trinh tu thO tuc nghifp vy ve tilp nhgn, xii I;^ va gidi quyet to cao. Dong thdi, tuyen truyen, ph6 bien giao dye sau rpng, ndng cao y thtic trach nhifm cdn bp, nhan ddn tfch cue tham gia diu b'anh PCTN. Khi n g u ^ thyc hifn quyln td cao phdi tudn thd nghiem tiic quy djnh ciia phdp Iu|it, neu cd co sd xdc dinh vific to cdo ciia minh cd thfi gay nguy hai den tfnh mgng, siic khde, xdm hgi din tdi sdn, uy tin, danh dy, nhdn phim, ho^c bj trii dap, phan bift ddi xii tgi noi lam vifc, noi sinh s6ng eua bdn thdn vd ngudi tiidn thi khdng nhat thilt chi yeu clu ngudi gidi quylt to cdo, co quan edng an md chii thl Id CO quan, t6 chiie ed lien quan thugn lgi nhit dp dyng bifn phdp bdo vf.
Hifiu nhu the ndo Id cd "cdn cir" d.h yfiu clu bdo vf, hifin nay phdp lugt chua tong kit kinh nghifm thuc tien d l dua ra khai nifm diy du. Theo kinh nghifm ciia chiing tdi can phdi coi trgng ede ddu hieu de dy bdo h%\x qud cd the xdy ra nhu: Thai dp ngudi to cdo, hdnh vi to cdo, tinh chit, hgu qud se xdy ra vd tfnh cdch, vi trf xa hpi eiia doi tuong bi to cdo, danh gia, nhgn djnh phan iing ciia hg dfi cd bien phdp phdng ngira trudc khi xdy ra, thi dugc xem la bifn phdp rat can thiet giiip ngudi td edo trdnh riii ro. Theo dd, can quy dinh che d$
bdo ve ngudi t6 cdo vd ngudi thdn cda hp nhu che dp bdo vf nhan chiing trong ITnh vyc tu phdp; ho trg nhihig thiet hgi ve vat ehit do thyc hien nghia vy t6 edo gay ra (chi phi di lgi, cdng chiing, giam dinh...); quy dinh ede bifin phap k5^ thu^t ddc bift d l bdo vfi ngudi t6 edo nhu cho phep kilm sodt vd ghi dm cde cude difn thogi eiia ngudi to cao, ngudi bi to cdo...
Hai Id, tdng cudng sif phoi hffp giiea nguai gidi qt^l td cdo vd ca quan lien quan bdo v? nguai
Dan chu & Phap luatl
Qhi hdnh phdp. ludt S6 5 (278)-2015
tScdo
Trdch nhifim chinh trong viec bdo vf ngudi td cdo trudc hit thu$c v l ngudi gidi quyet to cao, theo dd Id trdch nhifm ciia cde co quan phoi hgp nhu co quan, td chiic, don vi ciia ngudi to edo cdng tdc, ehfnh quyen dia phudng noi cu tni, co quan doan the nai nguoi to cdo dang sinh hoat, co quan cdng an cd tham quyen, co quan truyen thdng bao chf.
Sy ph6i hgp ndy khdng nhimg hgn chl duoc tmh trgng dun diy, nfi trdnh trach nhifm vifc bdo vf tfnh mgng, siic khde, tdi sdn, danh dy, nhdn pham, uy tin vd cdc quyln nhan than khac ciia hp, md cdn tiep siic cho ngudi t6 cdo hdnh vi tham nhting cam thay khdng "don dOc" khi quylt tdm diu tranh bdo vf quyln Igi ciia minh vd diu tranh bdo vf cdng bdng 16 phdi.
Theo quy djnh ciia phdp Iuat thl ngudl cd tham quyen gidi quylt t6 cdo ciing mdt Iiic ed hai nhifim vy Idn, viia gidi quylt t6 cdo viia ehi dao, phoi hpp bdo vf ngudi t6 edo (xde djnh ca quan cdng an noi ngudi dugc bdo vf cu trii, Idm vifc, hpe tgp..., nhit Id cdc thih hudng khin truong b l trf lyc lupng, phuang tifn, edng cy bdo vf, tam thdi di chuyin ngudi duge bdo vf den noi an todn...). Day Id m$t hoat dpng cd phgm vi khdng de doi vdi ea quan cd thim quyen gidi quylt to cdo. Tuy nhien, dl Idm dugc dieu ndy Thanh tra Chfnh phii eln phdi cd vdn bdn chi dgo hudng din cy the, trudc mit can ban hdnh quy chl mau v l ph6i hpp giiia CO quan gidi quylt t6 cdo vd co quan trong bdo vf ngudi to cdo, ddng thdi chl dgo ede tinh, thdnh ph6 tryc tiiuOc trung uong trien khai din tCmg eo quan, to chtic, don vj, dia phuang tiiyc hifn.
Ba id, thu h^p ddu mdi tiep nhgn thong tin ngu&i to cdo
Coi trpng vifc ngdn chdn cac hdnh vi trd thd ngudi to cdo d$c bift Id hdnh vi to cao tham nhung;
day khdng chi Id ghi nhdn mang tmh nguyen tie ve
bdo vf ngudi td cdo nhu quy dinh cda phap Iugt mi cy the theo hudng: Thu hep dau m6i co quan tiep nhgn thdng tin t6 cdo vd ngudi tilp nhgn tnic tiep - bilt rd thdng tin cd nhdn eiia ngudi to cdo nhim hgn chl toi da khd ndng rd ri nhOng thdng tin ndy ra ngoai; phat hifin quy kit, xii \y' trach nhifim ca nhdn d6i vdi ngudi tilp nhgn to cdo nhung de If thdng tin. Cln quy djnh chi co quan thanh tra, co quan edng an mdi cd quyen tiep nhgn to cdo vd cdc CO quan ndy cd trdeh nhifm ehuyin ede thdng tin din CO quan nha nudc cd thim quyen gidi quylt;
can b$ tilp nhdn thdng tin t6 cdo Id ngudi duy nhat bilt dugc hp, tfin, dja chi ciia ngudi t6 cdo.
D$t ra chl tdi dii mgnh vifc xd ly nghifim khic doi vdi ngudi ed trach nhifm tilp n h ^ t6 cdo tham nhung, ngudi gidi quylt t6 cdo tham nhung md de 10 thdng tin ve ngudi to cdo do loi c6 ^ ho^c vd ^ thl se bj xti I^ k^ lu$t den buOc thdi vifc ho$c bj truy cihi trdch nhifm hinh sy, neu gay thift hgi thi phdi chju trdch nhifm b6i thudng theo quy djnh ciia phap lu|it.
Bon Id, tiep nhgn td cdo ngc danh cd ndi dung cu the rd rdng
Quy dinh eiia Luat To cao ndm 2011, ngudi t l edo phdi to cdo trung thyc, nfiu rd hp tfin, dia chi, cung elp diy du, chfnh xdc thdng tin, tdi lifu md minh cd va hgp tde vdi co quan, t6 chiie, don vj, ed nhan cd thim quyen xii \^ t l cdo. Tiiy nhien, d6i vdi vifc to cao tham nhung cd tfnh ddc thii Iifin quan din tfnh mang, tai sdn, siic khde vd ngudi than ciia hg nfin can phdi xem xfit t6 edo n$c danh, mgo danh. Day cOng Id van d l md cdc dai bilu Qu6c hpi deu rit quan tdm dli vdi ngudi to cdo cac hanh vi tham nhung nhdm Ioai bd nhihig nii ro ma ngudi td cdo cd the mic phdi trong qud trlnh to edo tham nhiing.
Thyc te eho thiy, don thu t6 cdo n$c danh, mgo danh tiiudng la ngudi trong co quan mdi hilu rd
I Dan chu & Phap luat
Qhi hdnh phdp. luctt
5 6 5 (278)-2015
nfi bg, thii tnidng cd tham nhiing hay khdng, du c6 bit binh din ddu gdn bp dudi quyln cimg khdng dam diing dan vi sg triim iim trii ddp va phdi ddi difn vdi co quan chire ndng. Neu khdng xem xet don ndc danh thi hgu qud ngay cdng nghifim trgng, miic dp thift hai ciia Nhd nude tang gap nhifiu ldn.
Do do, can phai tilp nh|in xd I^, neu khdng tim ra sai pham thi day ciing Id dip tdt d l mmh oan cho ngudi bj to cdo.
N&m Id, tdng chi tdi hdnh vi trd thii ngu&i td cdo
Tdng cudng trdch nhifm cua co quan ed thim quyln dli vdi cde trudng hgp trd thii ngudi khieu nai, to edo, nhung hanh vi tin cdng, trd thii ngudi t l cdo phdi dugc ldm rS vd phdi dugc xii ly nghifim.
Da dgng hod hinh thiic edng khai tgi try sd Idm viec, noi tiep edng dan, noi sinh s6ng thdng bdo trfin phuang tifn thdng tin dai chiing dfi ngudi vi pham thiy dupc h§u qud md tii bd y djnh tra thu ngudi t l cdo. D6ng thdi, ban hdnh quy djnh ve nhdn chiing vd bdo vf nhdn chirng trong cdc vy an tham nhung, nhiing quy djnh nay se bao ham vifc quy djnh nhu the ndo la hdnh vi to cdo tham nhiing, nhu the nao Id hdnh vi trd thu ngudi to cdo tham nhung. Siia doi, bo sung BO Iugt Hlnh sy tiieo hudng tdng n ^ g ehe tdi hlnh sy, hmh sy hda ve nhdm tOi pham ndy nhu hifn nay Id qud nhp (hanh vi trd thii ngudi khilu ngi, t6 cdo md chl bi "edi tgo khdng giam giii den 03 ndm hode phgt tii tii 06 thang den 05 ndm") la chua dii tdc dyng gido dye, rdn de, phdng ngira ehung.
Sdu Id, vinh danh ngu&i dung cdm id cdo hdnh vi tham nhiing
Ngudi dting Ifin t6 cdo tham nhung diing dugc bdo vf quyen Ipi ehfnh ddng, duge t^ng Bdng khen vd thudng tiln, day Id dgng thdi mgnh dl "ddnh"
vdo "cdn bfnh" tham nhiing. Tdng Bdng khen ctia Thu tudng Chfnh phd vd Hudn chuong Diing cdm;
Bang khen ciia Tdng Thanh tra Chfnh phii cho nhiing ngudi noi tren. Theo quy djnh tai Dilu 6, Thdng tu lien tjch so 01/2015/rrLT-BNV-TTCP ngay 01/5/2015 quy dinh khen thudng cac nhan cd thanh tich xult sde trong vifc td cdo hdnh vi tham nhung thi doi vdi ngudi nhgn Bdng khen ciia Thii tudng Chfnh phu Id 40 Ian miic luong co sd, ngudi nhgn Huan chuang Dung cam la 60 iln Iuong co sd dp dyng dli vdi edn bO, cdng chic, vifin chiic (sau day gpi tit la miic luong ea sd). Bdng khen eua cap bp, ngdnh, tinh, dodn thl TW la 20 iln miie Iuong co sd. Trong trudng hgp giiip thu hdi dupc cho Nhd nude so tien, tai san co gia tri trfin 600 Ian mdc Iuong co sd thi dugc xet thudng vupt miic quy dinh tren nhung khdng vupt qud 10% sd tien, gid tri tai sdn dd thu hbi vd khdng dupe vugt qua 3.000 Ian miic luong ca sd.
Nhu vdy, td edo tham nhung dung dugc Nhd nudc vinh danh con cd chl dO khuyin khfch dpng vien cao hon so vdi cdc nudc trong khu vyc (Trung Qudc trieh thudng 10%).
CuOe chien dau tranh PCTN eiia ehung ta ngay cang khd khdn, phiic tap ban, dk timg budc diy liii dugc nd chi dya vdo vai trd ciia nhdn dan, chinh la nhd quyen to cdo cdng dan. Day la nguon tin quan trpng ddng tm c^y nhit ldm cho nhilu hdnh vi tham nhiing bj phdt hifn xii ly bdo ve quyfin lgi feh ciia cdng dan va Nhd nudc. Chiing ta can phai thing thin n h b nhan khach quan sy ton tgi yeu kem hien nay nhu da trinh bay d tren d l kip thdi khdc phyc vd de ra cac gidi phap hihi hifu nhim bdo vf va phat huy quyen to edo ndi ehung vd td edo hdnh vi tham nhung ndi rifing. Can phdi ed sy quylt tdm cao cua ede cap, cdc nganh vd cd todn hf thing chfnh trj, tap trung Iam tot cdng tdc tiep ddn, giai quylt t6 cao va bdo vfi ngudi to eao la nhan to quan trpng ddm bdo eho tiling Igi eua euOe dau Uanh PCTN a
