Trao do! nghiep vu Xahgihgc,s6 3(I43).20l8
GIAM NGHEO DA CfflEU DE PHAT TRIEN BEN V C N G 6 YUNG VEN DO H A NOI
TRAN NGUYET MINH THU'
Tdm tdt: Viec chuyen hudng chien luge trong gidm ngheo theo cdch tiep can da chieu dd vd dang dua Viet Nam tien gdn han vdi xu hudng quae te, no luc dgt tdi muc tieu phdt trien ben viing. Gidm ngheo vdn luan la vdn de tru tien hdng ddu, song dg phii duac md rgng hon, khong chi co thu nhdp. Bdi viet tim hieu qud trinh phdt trien viing ven do Hd Ngi, nhdn dien ngheo da chieu qua khdo sdt thuc trgng, xdc dinh vai tro cua cong tdc gidm ngheo trong nhiing dinh hudng tru tien cho phdt trien, nhiing tdn tgi vd thdch thitc cUng nhu cdc vdn de xd hgi dgt ra tgi vimg ven do trong gidm ngheo da chieu, hudng tdi muc tieu phdt trien ben viing.
TH khda: phat trien ben vimg, dd thi hda, vung ven dd, ngheo da chidu. Ha Ndi.
Nhgn bai: I3/7/201S Gin phdn Men: 20/7/2018 Duyet dang: 13/9/2018
1. B a t van de
Phat trien ben vimg la nhu cau cap bach va xu thd tdt ydu trong tidn trinh phat trien chung, vdi tieu chi do ludng, danh gia' gdm 3 ndi dung chinh: 1) Su tang trudng kinh td dn dinh; 2) Thuc hien tdt tien bd va cdng bSng xa hdi; 3) Khai thac hgp ly, sd dung tiet kiem tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve va nang cao dugc c h i t lugng mdi trudng sdng. Khai nidm "Phat tridn bdn vimg" xuit hien tit nhirng nam d i u thap nien 70 cua th^
ky 20, dugc Lien hgp qudc (1987) djnh nghia: Id suphdt triin ddp ung dugc nhitngyeu cdu cita hien tgi, nhung khong gay trd nggi cho viec ddp dng nhu cdu cita cdc thi he mai sau; qua trinh phat tridn cd su kdt hgp chat che, hgp ly, hai hoa cua phat tridn kinh td, phat tridn xa hdi va bao vd mdi trudng, trong dd trgng tam ciia ngi dung phat tridn xa hdi la "thuc hien tien bd, cdng bang xa hdi, xoa ddi giam ngheo va giai quydt vi?c lam"
(1992). Day la co sd cho viec xay dung thanh cdng Chuang trinh Nghi su chung cho toan the gidi, gin vdi timg thdi ky phat tridn cua lich sil. Trong the ky 2 1 , Chuang trinh dugc mang tdn Chuang trinh Nghi su 21 (Agenda 21). Cac qudc gia thanh vien, sau nay, trdn c a sd khuydn nghi chung da xay dung nhihig Chuong trinh Nghi su 21 cip qudc gia, trong do cd Viet Nam.
Vien Xahdi hoc, Vien Hdn Idm Khoa hoc xahdi Viet Nam.
' Tieu chi dmrc xic dinh tai Hoi nglii Tliirong dinh Trii dit vJ Moi tririmg nam 1992 v4 HSi nghi Tliucmg dinh The gi4i ve Phat trien bin vSng nam 2002. Thong tin trieh til Chuang trinh Nghi sir 21 ciia Vi?t Nam.
Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 81
Viet Nam, cling vai qua trinh thuc hien muc tieu phat trien ben vung dat nuac, nhiSu chi thi, nghi quyet cua Dang, van ban quy pham phap luat cua Nha nuac da duac ban hanh, dan di vao cuoc s6ng va tra thanh xu thi tdt yk\^. Gin day nhat la Quyet dinh s6 153/2004/QD-TTg, ngay 17 thang 8 nam 2004 cua Thu tuong Chinh phu, ve viec Ban hdnh Djnh huang Chiin lucre phdt triin bin vitng a Viet Nam (Chuang trinh Nghi sir 21 ciia Vidt Nam). Chidn luoc phat tridn bdn virng cua Vi?t Nam duac phe duydt tai Quydt dinh s6 432/QD-TTg ngay 12 thang 4 nam 2012. Day la chidn luoc khung gdm nhimg dinh huong Ion, lam ca so cho sir ph6i hop hanh dpng, nhiim bao dam phat tridn ben viing dat nuoc trong the ky 21, dfing thoi thd hidn sir cam kdt cua Viet Nam voi quoc te.
Theo xu huong chung cua thd gioi, b6i canh cac Muc tieu phat tridn ben viing (SDGs^) tidp n6i cac Muc tidu phat tridn thidn nidn ky (MOOS'*), sir chuydn huang chidn luge trong giam ngheo theo each tiep can da chidu da dugc khang dinh la huong di diing.
Su dinh huong kip thcri ciia chinh sach, each tidp c|n mai trong giam ngheo da dua Viet Nam tidn gan hon vai xu huong quoc td trong vide dat toi cac muc tieu phat tridn ben vung. Theo do, van dd ve giam ngheo van luon la uu tidn hang ddu, song tidu chi xac dinh ngheo can mo rgng hem, khong chi co thu nhap. Ngheo la van dd xa hgi mang tinh dgng va bidn doi theo thai gian. Von xa hgi ciia nguai ngheo, kha nang tidp can dich vu co ban doi khi bi han chd chinh boi loi song khep kin o do thi, sy: mac cam, tu ti bi loai trii. Hg da thoat ngheo vin c6 thd lai roi vao ngheo doi, khfing ngheo hidn tai khong co nghia la se khong ngheo trong tuong lai, ty Id hg ngheo co the giam nhanh song nguy ca tai ngheo van la mgt thach thuc (Dang Nguydn Anh va TrSn Nguyet Minh Thu, 2017). Thuc td cho thAy kdt qua giam ngheo chua thuc su bdn viing boi nhidu Iy do khach quan va chii quan.
Didu nay khien cho no lire giam ngheo da chidu vo hinh chung van la bai toan kho, dac bidt t^i khu vuc vung ven do, theo nhirng dac thii trong phat tridn kinh td-xa hgi, su giao thoa van hoa gin vol nhung ydu cau ve vide thich nghi, hgi nhap, tang trudng bdn viing dd phat trien ben viing.
2. Qua trinh dd thj h6a va mo^ rgng n$i dd Ha Ngi
Do thi hoa la khai nidm hay dugc dd cap khi noi tai sir phat trien kinh td-xa hgi ciia mgt do thi, day "la qua trinh t6 chiic lai moi trucmg cu tni cua nhan loEii, a do ben canh mat dan s6 dia ly con co mat xa hgi, mgt mat rat quan trgng ciia van dd" (Trinh Duy LuSn, 2004). Ngoai su thay d6i co c4u dan cu, t6 chiic lai moi truang cu tni, qua trinh do thi hoa con dugc thiic day boi cac dong luan chuydn, trao doi lao dgng, tien td, hang hoa, thong tin va nhidu ydu to khac (Nguyen H&u Minh, 2003). Cac do thj Vi?t Nam truac d6i
' B a o g f i m : Quylt dinh s6 187-CTnani 1991 Kg hoach quoc gia v6 Moi truimg v i Phdt triln ben vthig giai do?in 1991-2000; Chi thj s6 36-CT/TW nSm 1998 "TSng cu6mg cong tSc bao vf moi trucmg trong th&i ky cong nghifp hoa, hien dai ho4 dat nu6c"; VSn kifn D^i hpi D^i biSu t o ^ quoc 1 ^ thir IX cua D ^ g ; Chiln lupc Phit trien kinh tl-xa hpi 2001-2010; Quyet dmh s6 160/QD-TTG cua Thii tu6ng Chfnh phu nam 2013 v l vifc Phe duyet ke hoach hinh dpng qu6c gia v l ph^t trien ben vihig giai doan 2013-2015.
^ SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) dyra trSn siu chii de: nhSn pham, con nguiri, h^nh tinh, quan hf d6i tac, c6ng ly" va thinh vugng; g6m 17 m\ic tieu chung (trong 36 x6a ngh6o la myc tifu s6 1), 169 myc tieu cy thi, 232 chi tieu.
•" MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) g6m 8 myc ti6u chung (trong d6 x6a d6i giim nghfio la myc tieu s6 1), 18 myc tifiu cy thi (Target), 48 chi tif u (Indicator).
82 Gidm ngheo da chieu dephdt trien ben vUng...
mdi phat tridn cham, sd dan chi chidm 7,4% (nam 1930), 10,96% (nam 1955) va tSng khdng dang kd trong 30 nam tidp theo. Thdi diem dd, quy md dd thi nhd be va tinh chat khdng thuan nhat (Tap chi Cgng san, 2007).
Hon 3 thap ky qua, Viet Nam da gjn kdt qua ttinh dd thi hda vdi tidn trinh cdng nghidp hda, hien dai hda ddt nudc va dat nhidu thanh t m quan trong. He thdng dd thi Viet Nam da tang vd sd luong, phat tridn vd chat lugng. Theo Binh hudng Quy hogch tdng thi phdt triin he thdng do tht Viet Nam din ndm 2025 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2050, duoc Thu tudng Chinh phu phd duyet tai Quydt dinh sd 445/QD-TTg ngay 07 thang 04 nam 2009, nam 2015, du bao ty id dd thi ca nudc la 38%, nSm 2020 la 45%, nam 2025 la 50%. Dd se la nhicng khu vuc tap trung ddn cu sinh sdng co mdt do cao va chit yiu hogt dgng trong linh vuc kinh ti phi ndng nghiep, Id trung tdm chinh tri, hdnh chinh, kinh te, vdn hod hodc chuyen ngdnh, cd vai tro thiic ddy su phdt triin kinh te-xa hgi cita quoc gia hoac mgt vitng ldnh thd, mgt dia phuang, bao gdm ngi thdnh, ngogi thdnh cua thdnh phg; ngi thi, ngogi thi cua thi xd; thi trdn (LuSt Quy hoach dd thi, 2009).
Ha Ndi trudc nhiing tac ddng ciia qua trinh phat tridn chung, tren pham vi ca nudc va tai cac khu vuc lan can, cau tnic khdng gian dd thi hoa ciia thii do ciing dang diin ra su chuydn bidn mjnh me. Miic do dd thi hda cd thd dupc nhan thiy trudc tien va rd rang nhit qua sir md rdng khdng gian, lanh thd va ty id tang dan cu dd thi ttong tdng sd dan.
Vd khdng gian dd thi, Ha Ndi tu 4 quan ndi thanh va 5 huyen ngoai thanh nam 1990 da phat tridn thanh 12 quan ndi thanh, 1 thi xS va 17 huydn ngoai thanh, vdi dien tich 3.358,9 km^ (TCTK, 2016). Cd thd thiy rd su md rdng khdng gian, lanh thd; phin dinh ranh gidi dd thi-ndng thdn; chuyen ddi vi tri vung ven, bidn khu vuc ven dd thanh dd thi va khu vuc ndng thdn lan can thanh vung ven v.v... qua cac su kien sau:
Nam 1996 thanh lap quan Thanh Xuan va Cau Giay theo Nghi dinh 74-CP;
Nam 2003 thanh lap quan Long Bidn va Hoang Mai theo Nghi dinh 132/2003/ND-CP;
Nam 2009 thanh lap quan Ha Bdng theo Nghi quydt 19/NQ-CP;
Nam 2013 thanh lap quan Nam Tu Liem va Bic Tir Liem theo Nghi quydt 132/NQ-CP;
Du kien den nam 2020 tiep tuc thanh lap cac quan Thanh Tri va Hoai Diic (Trgng NghTa, 2016).
Tren binh dien miic tang dan sd, sd lieu ciia TCTK cho thiy dan sd ngi thanh Ha Ngi khdng ngimg tang ldn timg nam. Vdi viec sat nhap Ha Tay cii vao Ha Ndi nam 2008, ddn nam 2010, Ha Ndi da phat tridn thanh mdt thanh phd cd dien tich va quy md rit ion.
Nam 2011, dan sd trung binh tten dia ban thanh phd Ha Ndi la 6.761,3; tang din thanh 6.865,2 nghin ngudi nam 2012; 6.977,0 nghin ngudi nam 2013; 7.095,9 nghin ngudi nam 2014; 7.216,0 nghin ngudi nam 2015. Chi tinh ridng trong nam 2017, dan 7.654,8 nghin ngudi, tang 1,8% so nam 2016, trong dd dan sd thanh thi la 3.764,1 nghin ngudi, chidm 49,2%, tang 1,7% so nam 2016; dan sd ndng thdn la 3.890,7 nghin ngudi, chidm 50,8%, tang 1,8%.
Qua trinh md rdng ndi dd Ha Ndi, md rgng dja gidi, tang trudng dan sd, s\r phd bien cac gia tn van hda va ldi sdng do thi da tao ra nhimg xung ddng manh me, tac dgng tdi
Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 83
khu vuc nong thon ven do, tao buoc chuydn ca vd ciu true kinh tl-xa h6i va khong gian lanh tho. Qua dSy ciing co thd th4y dugc tinh dgng ciia khu vuc nay. Qua trinh do thi, do thi hoa xam lan nong thon se tao nen nhihig xung dgng, tac dgng da chieu tai khu vuc nong thon giap ranh, lam ca so cho vide tidp tuc mo rgng, vucm toi cac khu vuc nong thfin can kd dd chuydn hoa thanh vung ven do moi, chudn bi cho nhiing giai doan tiep theo ciia qua trinh do thi hoa.
3. Vung ven do va nhihig d}nh hirong vu tien nham phat trien ben virng 3.1. Bac trumg cua khu VHT ven do
Tir goc nhin xa hgi hgc, co thd th4y ven do la dia ban giap ranh do thi, thuong xuyen bidn doi va da dang trdn nhidu phucmg dien. Theo mgt so nghidn cuu ve do thi va phat tridn do thi, vung ven do noi chung va vung ven do Ha Ngi noi ridng co the dugc nhan dien theo ba dac trung sau:
Dgc trimg vi ranh giai: DSy co thd dugc ggi la virng ban ngoai vi hay vung dem, la khu vuc tiep giap, chuydn tidp trdn con duong lan toa, xam lan cua ngi do, gan voi qua trinh do thi hoa (Trinh Duy Luan, 2000). Ngucri ta cung xac dinh ranh giai ciia vung ven do dua vao cac nguyen tac quan ly hanh chinh, cac chinh sach quy hoach do thi. Day la khu vuc can kd vai ngi do, bao phii ranh gioi ngi thanh Ha Ngi, giiia hai phia. cua ranh gioi hanh chinh vai mgt bdn la phuong/quan ngi thanh va mgt bdn kia la huydn/xa ngoai thanh khac.
Dgc trung vi cdu true: Viing ven do khong ton t^ dgc lap ma chi co y nghia trong m6i quan he qua lai, lien thong cua ba khu vuc la do thi-ven do-nong thon (Nguyen Hthi Minh, 2003). Boi tinh dgng, phu thugc vao sir mo rgng ngi do nen ranh gidi ciia vung ven do khong c6 dinh va ngay cang bi day xa hon so voi khu vuc trung tam. Viing ven do nam giiia khu vuc ngi do va khu vuc n6ng thon ngoai thanh.
Dgc trung ve tinh chdt: Viing ven do timg buac mang nhung dac tinh cua do thi va viing do thi, co m6i quan he ngay cang mat thidt vai khu vuc ngi thanh ve ket noi kinh td va h£i t4ng. Day la dia ban da dang trdn mgi phuang dien nhu kinh td, van hoa, xa hgi va moi trucmg. Boi la vimg dem, vung chuydn tidp ndn vimg ven do lu6n co tinh chSt Id thugc, dd bidn d6i theo sir lan toa, xam lan cua do thi, gan voi qua trinh do thj hoa.
3.2. Nhirng dinh hir&ng uu tien nhdm phdt trien ben vung
Trong nhirng dinh huong mi tidn nham phat tridn bdn viing Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020 theo Quydt dinh s6 432/QD-TTg, xet trdn nhiing dac trung kinh td, vSn hoa, xa hgi cua khu vuc ven do Ha Ngi, can tap trung vao nhirng dinh huong sau:
yi kinh ti: Duy tri tang trudng kinh td ben vihig, timg buoc thuc hi^n tang truang xanh; chuydn dich co cdu nong nghifp va nong thon theo huang c6ng nghifp hoa; phat tridn nong thon bdn viing tren co so bdn ngi dung: CNH-HDH, do thi hoa, kidm soat dan s6, bao vd moi truang sinh thai. Qua trinh do thi hoa (DTH), hien dgi h6a n6ng thon phai theo cac tidu chi xay dung nong thon moi, giam thidu s\r each bidt giGa thanh thi-nong thon vd miic song v$t chat va tinh t h ^ .
84 Gidm ngheo da chieu dephdt trien ben vimg...
vi xd hgi: Day manh cdng tac giam ngheo theo hudng bdn vihig, tao vide lam ben vimg; hd teg hgc nghd va tag vide lam cho cac ddi tugng chinh sich, ngudi ngheo, nhit la d vung ndng thdn va DTH; tao co hgi binh ding tidp can cac ngudn luc phat tridn va hudng thy cac dich vu c a ban, cac phiic Igi xa hdi; ban chd phan hda giau ngheo, giam bdt su gia tang chdnh lech vd miic sdng; diy manh thuc hidn cac chucmg trinh an sinh xS hOi, hd trg ngudi ngheo, ddi tugng de bi tdn thuong; phat teien manh h$ thdng bao hidm.
vi tai nguyen vd moi truang: Chdng thoai hda, sil dvmg hidu qua va ben viing tai nguyen dit; bao vd mdi trudng nuoc va su dung bdn vihig tai nguyen nudc; su dung tiet kidm, bdn vfing tai nguyen khoang san; giam d nhiem khdng khi va tidng dn d cac dd thj ldn va khu cdng nghiep; giam thidu tac ddng va ling phd voi bidn ddi khi hau, phdng chdng thien tai.
4. Nh^n dif n van de ngheo da chieu viing ven dd 4.1. Thang do ngheo, ngheo da chieu
Tren ca sd mat bang thu nhjp qudc gia, qua ttinh phat teidn kinh td-xa hdi, miic sdng cac dia phuang va chi phi cho cac nhu cau c a ban, chuan ngheo cua Viet Nam thdi gian dau dugc dua tedn each tinh toan quy ddi ra gao, tir sau 2005 dugc tinh bang tidn. Tir nam 2016 ddn 2020, Viet Nam hudng tdi giam ngheo ben vOng, t i l p can da chidu theo xu hudng chimg cua cac nude tren the gidi.
Bang 1. Chuan ngti^o Vi^t Nam qua cdc giai doan, tir 1993 tin 2015
Giai doan V3n b ^ chinh s^ch Do thi N6ng thon
1993-1995 1995-1997 1997-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015
Cong van 1751/LDTBXH 1143/2000/QB-LDTBXH 170/2005/QD-TTg 09/2011/QD-TTg
< 20kg gao
< 25kg gao
< 25kg g90 hay 90.000 d6ng
< 150.000 dong
< 260.000 ding
< 500.000
< 15kg gao
< 20kg gao
< 20kg gao hay 70.000 d6llg
<100.000d6ng
< 200.000 dSng
< 400.000 Ngudn: Bg Lao dgng-Thuong binh vd Xd hgi.
BSng 2. Do lirjmg ngh^o da chi^u n6ng th&n vk do Cdc chiiu do lirdng
Tiiu chi thu nhdp Chuan ngh^o Chuin c§n nghSo Cdc chieu nghio
Chi so do ludng Cfi the 1 Do thi
900.000 d6ng/ngueri/th4ng 1.300.000 d6ng/ngu6i/th^g Chi tieu 1
thj VietNam, 2016-2020 Chi so do lif&ttg Cff thi 2 Nong thdn
700.000 d6ng/nguW/thdng 1.000.000 dong/ ngufri/th^g CM tiiu 2
i.Yte 2. Giao dye 3. Nha or 4. Nu6c sach vk v | sinh 5. Thong tin
Tiep c^n c4c djch vy y t^
Trinh dp GD ciia ngudi Ion Chat iugngnh^fr Ngu6n nu6c sinh hoat Sij dyng djch vy vien thong
B4o hiem y te Tinh tr^ng di hpc cua trfi em Di?n tich nh4 TB/nguiri Ho xi/nh^ ti6u h^rp v? sinh Tai san phyc vy tiep c ^ th6ng tin Nguon: Bg Lao dgng-Thuang binh vd Xd hgi, 2015.
Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 85
Giai doan 1,993 tai 2015, Vi|t Nam da dat dugc nhung thanh tuu giam ngheo tuong ddi kn tugng. Vide tap trung thuc hien thanh cong Chidn luge phat tridn kinh te- xa h6i va cac chuang trinh giam ngheo da tao didu ki$n dd nguoi ngheo ti^p can tot hon cac dich vu xa hgi co ban. Ty Id hg ngheo ca nuac da giam tir 22% nam 2005 xuong con 9,45% nam 2010 (Chinh phii, 2011), va sau do tidp tuc giam. Tai Ha Ngi, ty le hg ngheo khu vuc nong thon da giam tir 3,65% nam 2016 xu6ng con 2,57% cu6i nam 2017 (Trgng Timg, 2018).
Tidp can do luong NDC giai doan 2016-2020 khu-vuc nong thon va do thi Vi?t Nam dugc thuc hien theo Quydt dinh s6 59/2015/QD-TTg 19/11/2015 vd vide Ban hanh chuan ngheo tiep can da chidu ap dung cho giai doan 2016-2020. Tidu chi vd thu nhap chuan ngjieo nong thon la 700.000 d6ng/nguai/thang, do thi la 900.000 dong/nguoi/thang;
chuan can ngheo nong thon la 1.000.000 dong/nguoi/thang va do thi la 1.300.000 dong/nguoi/thang. Tidu chi do luang miic do thidu hut trong tidp can dich vu xa hgi co ban gdm 05 chidu: y td, giao due, nha o, nuac sach va vd sinh, thong tin. Tucmg ling vai cac chieu do la 10 chi tidu cy thd dung dd tinh didm, gom: tidp can cac dich vu y td; bao hidm y td; trinh do giao due ciia nguoi lan; tinh trang di hgc ciia tre em; chat lugng nha a;
dien tich nha a binh quan dau nguoi; nguon nuoc sinh hoat; ho xi/nha tidu hgp v? sinh; sii dung dich vu vien thong; tai san phuc vu tidp CEin thdng tin.
Ciing theo quy dinh tai Quydt dinh s6 59/2015/QD-TTg, hg ngheo khu vuc n5ng thon la hg dap ung mgt trong hai tieu chi: Co thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi/thang tir dii 700.000 d6ng tra xuong c6 thu nhap binh qu^n dau nguoi/thang trdn 700.000 dong den 1.000.000 ddng va thidu hut tir 03 chi tidu tro ldn. Hg ngheo khu vuc thanh thi la h$ dap ling mgt trong hai tieu chi: Co thu nhap binh cjuSn dau nguoi/thang tir du 900.000 dong tro xudng, hoac co thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi/thang tren 900.000 dong ddn 1.300.000 ddng va thidu hut tir 03 chi tieu trd len.
Ngheo da chidu co thd dugc hidu la tinh trang con ngudi khong dugc dap img 6 muc toi thidu mgt so nhu cau co ban trong cudc song (Bg Lao dgng-Thuong binh va Xa hgi, 2015). Day la phuang phap tidp can moi co tac dgng toan dien hon tai ngudi ngheo boi trong cimg mgt thai didm, ngudi ngheo co the phai ddi mat vdi nhidu bat lgi khac nhau trong cugc sdng. Tuy nhidn can phai khSng dinh rang ddn mgt miic do nhat djnh thi mdi CO CO sdr dd chuyen sang giam ngheo da chidu, bdi le d% giai quydt van de giam ngheo da chidu, nang cao chdt lugng cugc sdng, trudc hdt can phai xoa doi va dam bao thu nhap.
4.2. Miu khdo sdt vd dac diem cua ngu&i ngheo
Nghidn ciiu dugc thuc hi?n t^i huydn Dan Phugng, mgt huyen vdn thugc tinh Ha Tay va tir nam 2008 da tro thanh don vi hanh chinh ciia Ha Ngi theo Nghi quydt 15- NQ/QH ciia Qudc hgi vd didu chinh dja gioi thanh phd Ha Ngi. Thugc vj tri giap qu|in Bac Tir Lidm, Dan Phugng dugc xac djnh la mgt huy?n ven dd Ha Ngi trong nghien ciiu nay. Khao sat dugc thuc hidn t^l hai dia ban ciia huyen Dan Phugng la thi trin Phimg va xa Tan Lap, c5 mhi 500 hg gia dinh, vdi 41,2% hg ngheo, 33,6% hp can ngheo, sd con l^i la nhihig hg mdi thoat ngheo va cd mirc sdng trung binh. Ngudi tra ldi da phin la chu hd (93,8%), 6,2% con lai la vg/chdng chu hg.
Gidm ngheo da chieu dephdt trien bin vimg...
Ve CO cau gidi tinh ciia mau, cac hd cd chu hd la nir cao hon so vdi nam (55,6% so vdi 44,4%). Theo co clu tudi, co tdi gin 90% hg gia dinh trong mau khao sdt cd chii hp thugc nhom tudi tir 40 trd ldn, trong do nhdm chii hg tir 40-59 tudi chidm 50%; nhdm chii hd cao tudi tir 60 trd len cd ty 1? 39%. Nhdm hg ngheo/can ngheo, chu hd la mt cao hem xIp xi 5% so vdi nam (52,1% nir; 47,9% nam); tudi trung binh cua ngudi tra ldi tra ldi la 56, trong do nam chu hg khoang 51 tudi, thip hem gan 10 tudi so vai nu. Chu hd la ngudi cao tudi, ty le nir lam chu hg cao tudi cao gap gan 3 lan so vdi nam chu hg. Kdt qua nay khong miy khac biet giiia dia ban Tan Lap va thi tran Phiing.
Mat bang hgc vin cua ngudi ngheo vung ven dd nhin chung thap bdi nhimg ly do lidn quan tdi siic khde thd chat, nang luc tu duy, dieu ki?n kinh td gia dinh hoac s\r bit binh dang trdn binh dien gidi ciia xa hdi ndng thdn Vi?t Nam thdi ky trudc ddi mdi. Gan 50% ngudi ngheo trong mau khao sat cd tiinh dg hgc van lap 5 hoac thap hon, trinh do THCS khoang 34,7%, ty le cdn lai thugc nhdm cd trinh do THPT tra ldn song nhiing ngudi hgc tai trinh do cao ding, dai hgc hau nhu rit it, chi m0t v^i trudng hgp.
4.3. Thuc trgng cdc chieu ngheo Vdn de viec lam
So vdi muc do ngheo phd bien d khap mgi noi trdn ca nudc vao nhimg nam diu thap ky 90 cua the ky trudc, phin ldn ngudi ngheo tap trung d khu vuc ndng thon, cd sinh kd gan vdi ndng nghiep. Tuy nhidn, d cac khu vuc dd thi, ngudi ngheo lai de bi tdn thuang bdi tac ddng tir cac cii sdc xa hgi cd lidn quan tdi gia ca, khung hoang kinh td va vifc lam (Oxfam va ActionAid, 2012). Sd li?u md ta tinh treing vifc lam ciia chu hg ngheo/can ngheo cho thay chidm ty 1? ldn nhit va tdi 46% tren tdng mau ngheo/cein ngheo van la nhung trudng hgp gia ydu, tan tat va khdng cd thu nhap. Nam gidi thudc nhdm nay chidm 43,5%, thap hon so vdi nii. Gan 20% chu hg lam nong nghiep va chi duy nhit cd nghe ndng; xIp xi 10% lam ndng nghidp cd kdt hgp vdi cdng vide khac; lao dgng gian don phi ndng nghidp 18,2%; budn ban dich vu nhd gin 10%, va ngoai ra cdn mdt sd cdng vide khac.
Cdng vi?c cua nhdm lao ddng gian don phi ndng nghidp rit da dang nhu ban rau, ban hang nudc, ban hang rong, bdc tdm thud, bdc hat sen thud theo mua vy, thg xay, phu hd, lau dgn nha cira, bao ve, chay xe dm v.v... Day la nhung loai hinh cdng vi?c bIp benh, cd nhieu nii ro va thudng khdng mang lai thu nhap dn dinh cho cac thanh vien trong gia dinh. Chi cd khoang 1/3 ngudi trong mau tra ldi rang hg dang cd cdng vi?c dn dinh vdi thu nhap ddu hang thang, hon 60% cdn lai la nhirng chu hg trong tmh tr^g bIp benh ve thu nhSp hoac khdng cd nguon thu. Hidn nay, do dit san xuit ndng nghidp ngay cang bj thu hep tai vimg ven nen phin ldn ngudi dan it ho^c khdng tilp tuc lam ndng nghidp. Hoat dgng san xuit ndng nghiep trong nhiing hg ngheo/can ngheo thudng khdng tao ra thu nhap, muc dich chu yeu la tu cung tu d p lua gao va rau an hang ngay.
Chieu thu nhdp
Theo sd lieu cua Uy ban nhan dan xa Tan Lap va thi trin Phimg, trong nam 2017, thu nhap trung binh/ngudi tai xa Tan Lap khoang 41 trifu ddng/nam va t?i thj trin Phiing khoang 46 trieu ddng/nam. Trong mau khao sat, thu nh^p trung binh ngudi ngheo khoang
Tran Nguyet Minh Thu 87
12 trieu ddng moi nam. Nhu vay, ndu so sanh cd thd thiy thu nhap ciia nhiing thanh vien hd ngheo thip ban khoang 3,4 lln tdi 3,8 lln so vdi mat bing chung. Trong tdng so hd ngheo dugc khao sat, tdi mgt mia sd hg cd thu nhap trung binh/ngudi/nam vira qua dudi 10 trieu ddng; miic thu nhap khoang 15 trifu ddng trd xudng chidm '/i sd hO.
Theo nhdm tudi, thu nhap trung binh/ngudi trong gia dinh cd chu hg tir 60 tudi trd len thip hon nhdm khac khoang 3 trieu ddng/nam. Hon mgt mia s6 hg gia dinh cd chd hd la ngudi cao tudi cd thu nhap trung binh dudi 6,9 trieu ddng/nam, trong khi ty Id nay d nhdm chu hd dudi 60 tudi udc tinh khoang 40%. Ngudn thu nhap cua cac hd ngheo chu yen van la tir tidn cdng, tidn luong (64,2%), dugc nha nudc ho trg (40,4%), cac td chiic xa hgi (24,3%) va khoang 10% tir ngudi than. Trong tdng sd mau hg ngheo xa Tan L$p va thi tran Phung, cd khoang 1/4 la nhiing hg gia dinh (HGD) cd chu hg la song don than khdng noi nuong tua, rdiieu HGD cd ngudi cao tu6i khdng luong huu, la ddi tugng dugc hudng bao trg xa hdi cua nha nudc theo Nghi dinh 136/2013/ND-CP. Chinh vi vay ngudn thu nhap tir chinh sach ho trg ciia nha nudc chiem ty Id ldn, chi diing sau ngudn thu tit tien cdng, tidn luong.
Chiiu y ti
Van dQ ngheo d khu vuc do thi cang ngay cang nghidm trgng hem bdi bdi canh lam phat tang cao, chi phi tidp can vdi cac dich vy xa hdi d khu vyc dd thj ciing vi the tang len nhanh chdng (Oxfam va ActionAid, 2012), trong cac dich vy xS hdi do, khdng thd khdng kd den dich vy y te. Trong mau khao sat, gan 2/3 HGD cd thanh vidn can chi tra CSSK hang thang, trong do HGD cd mdt thanh vidn can chi tra CSSK hang thang xap xi 50%, cdn lai la nhiing hg cd 2 thanh vidn hoac nhidu han. Nam 2017, cac hg ngheo va can ngheo, sd tre em dudi 16 tudi phai di kham chGa bdnh chiem 17,9%, trong khi sd thanh vidn tren 15 tudi phai di chGa benh chiem 55,1%. Ngheo vi mic benh hidm nghdo la Iy do tuang ddi phd bien ddi vdi nhung hd ngheo khu vuc ven do, nhiing benh hidm ngheo mic phai chu ydu la benh tim, ung thu va cac benh lien quan ddn chiic nang van ddng. Chinh sach ho trg y te ddi vdi nhung hd ngheo khu vuc ven dd dugc cy thd hda qua viec cung cap the BHYT cho tat ca cac thanh vidn thugc cac gia dinh dugc xac dinh la ngheo. Dd la the BHYT midn phi ddi vdi hg nghdo va giam phi vdi hg can ngheo. Cung gidng nhu nhidu viing midn va khu vuc khac tren toan qudc, thd BHYT cho ngudi ngheo ludn la didm nhan trong cac ho trg. Didm nhan do khdng chi d khia canh cham sdc sue khde, giam thieu nguy ca ngheo kinh nien khi dm dau, nang cao chit lugng cugc sdng vd mat tinh than ma cdn d khia canh trg giup cdc thanh vien gia dinh cd ca hgi dd vugt qua khd khan.
Chieu gido due
Nam 2000, Viet Nam da hoan thanh phd cap giao dye tidu hgc qudc gia. Khdng chi phd cap tidu hgc, Viet Nam cdn dat dugc nhiing tidn bd tieh cue vd do tudi di hgc tieu hgc. Nam 2009, ty Id di hgc diing tudi d bac tidu hgc la 97%. Theo thong ke, trong giai doan 2006-2009, da cd khoang 8 trieu lugt hgc sinh ngheo dugc miin hge phi, sd lugt hgc sinh ngheo dugc hd trg sach giao khoa khoang 2,8 trieu lugt (UNDP, 2015). Mau khao
88 Gidm ngheo da chieu de phdt trien ben vimg..
sat, trong sd cac hd nghdo cd 1,4% gia dinh cd tre nhap hgc tidu hgc mudn han so vdi tudi;
1,2% gia dinh cd tre nhap hgc THCS mudn hon so vdi tudi, chu yen do nhiing vin dd lien quan tdi siic khde, benh tat, vide sap xep cudc sdng ciia cac gia dinh. Vide tre do tudi tieu hgc va THCS vimg ven do nhap hpc mugn it hoac hau nhu khdng lidn quan tdi viec khdng cd ddn ddng hgc, do da cd chinh sach phd c^p giao due tidu hgc. Hon niia cac gia dinh nghdo khu vuc ven dd ddu dugc hd trg chi phi giao due va hg ciing ludn quan tam ddn van dd hgc cua con, cho du didu kidn kinh td edn nhieu khd khan. Sd lieu khao sat ciing cho thiy cd gin Vz hg ngheo (42,8%) cd ngudi trdn 18 tudi chua hgc hdt THCS. Nhdm nay chii ydu gom nhirng ngudi td dg tudi 40 trd ldn. Trudc dd thi hda, hg la nhiing ngudi dan ndng thdn, vdi cdng viec chu yeu la ndng nghidp, cudc sdng lai bdn bd lo toan ndn viec diu tu cho hgc tap chua dugc la uu tien hang dau. Bdn canh dd cung cd nhihig trudng hgp chua dat trinh do THCS vi ly do siic khde, benh tat, van de gidi va dieu kien kinh td gia dinh.
Chiiu nhd a
Hien ed 56,4% hg ngheo hien dang sdng tai cac ngdi nha cap 4 trong tinh trang da xudng cap, tham chi van cdn mdt vai hg ngheo phai sdng d nha t^im, lam don so tren manh dat khdng cd quyen sd hiiu, do do eung khdng du didu kidn dd cd mgt cho d tuom tat. 12,4% hd ngheo cd nha mai bang 1 tang kien cd, 30,4% cd nha tir 2 tang trd ldn. De xay dung nha cira, phan ldn nhiing hd nay da vay von tu ngudi than kdt hgp vdi khoan cho vay tir UBND huyen. Sir da dang vd md hinh eu tni, thidu ddng b$ trong quy hoach, pha tap dan cu, xay dung mdt each tu phat la nhiing ly do tao nen su bit binh ding trong didu kidn cu tni cua ngudi dan vimg ven dd. Dd la mgt trong nhirng ly do tao ndn su thay ddi nhanh chdng ve canh .quan. Trdn thuc td, noi cd didu kidn mdi trudng d nhiem se la nhiing khu dat d gia tri thip, nha d chudt, dit tam, tap trung ehu ydu tai dd la ngudi nghdo vdi da chidu ngheo khd.
Chiiu nuac sach vd ve sinh
Gin thi trin Phimg va xa Tan Lap cd nha may nudc d huyen Dan Phugng vdi cdng suat 6.350m /ngay ddm, day cd thd coi la didu ki?n t h u ^ lgi cho cac hg dan sinh sdng trdn dia ban dugc tidp can vdi ngudn nudc sEich. Tuy nhidn cho tai thdi didm hien nay, mdi chi ed 21,8% hg ngheo va can ngheo sir dyng ngudn nudc may rieng phyc vy cho sinh hoat. Cac hd gia dinh khae vin chua su dung ngudn nudc nay bdi ly do kinh td, hg khdng cd tien de keo dudng nudc tir ngoai ngd vao nha. Ty lg cac hd gia dinh dimg nudc gieng khoan van chidm cao nhit vdi 62%, frong do cd khoang 10% van kidn tri tich Xtvt nude mua lam ngudn nudc an va chi sir dung nudc gidng cho cac sinh boat khac.
Nhd nuac chi keo nuac din duang chinh bin ngodi ngo chu khong keo trtfc tiip vdo cdc nhd. Nha ndo muon diing nuac sgch thi phdi ty bo tiin mua duang dng vd dong ho. Chi phi cao khiin khong nhieu ngudi ddn diing nudc mdy Ngudi ddn chU yiu vdn diing nudc mua vd nuac giing khoan. Tuy co nuac mdy nhung cUng chua the coi la nudc sgch duac vi chdt luang nuac chua duac sgch ldm, ngudi ddn vdn diing nudc mua di phuc vu ndu dn, nudc giing khoan diphuc vu tdm gidt.
(PVS, eym trudng. Tan L?ip)
Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 89
Sir dung dich vy thu gom rac la each lua chgn phd bidn cua 93,6% hd ngheo tai dia ban khao sat de dam bao cho vin dd canh quan va mdi trudng noi cu tni. Ca biet cd mgt sd hd van lira chgn each viit rac ra bai rac chung hoac viit rac trong vudn nha, vdi ly do khdng cd tidn ddng phi dich vu. Ddi vdi vin dd vd ve sinh mdi trudng, mOt sd nghien cuu da chi ra ring chit lugng sdng trong lang xdm ven dd ciing cd thd se bi suy giam do khdng kdt ndi dugc vdi hp thdng ha ting dd thi mgt cdch ddng bd. Day la mgt van dd quan trgng d$t ra trong bdi canh cua nhimg no lyc hudng tdi mue tidu phat tridn bdn vumg. Ben canh dd la su d nhidm do cae chat thai tir trung tam do thi ra viing ven dd, tich tu d nhiing ao hd, kenh rach, viing triing gay anh hudng sau sac tdi mdi trudng sinh thai.
Chieu thong tin
Trong xu thd mdi, thdng tin ngay cang khlng dinh vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi su phat tridn chung. Ciing cd he thdng thdng tin dd tuydn tmydn dudng ldi, chinh sach, tinh hinh kinh td, xa hdi, kidn thiic, ky thuat se md ra co hgi tidp can thdng tin cho ngudi dan, gdp phan thiic day phat tridn kinh td, xda ddi giam nghdo da chieu bdn virng. Tai xa Tan L4p va thi tran Phung, he thdng thdng tin co sd qua loa phat thanh dugc duy tri d miie do phat tin hang ngay (56,2%), phd bidn tdi cae cum xa/phudng. Tuy vay kdt qua khao sat ciing cho thay ngudi dan d day it danh thdi gian quan tam theo ddi tin tiic qua he thdng loa phdt thanh. Ti vi, dien thoai di ddng la hai vat dung kha phd bidn hidn nay. Sd hg gia dinh sir dyng ti vi cho vide thu nhan va tidp can thdng tin hang ngay chiem 84,4%, xap xi 50%
van duy tri thdi quen nghe dai phat thanh. Sir dyng dien thoai di dgng cho nhu cau lidn l£tc hang ngay duge 82% ngudi tra ldi nhic tdi vdi sd thanh vidn gia dinh cd sii dyng it nhat ciJng dat 50%, khdng khac bidt nhidu giGa hai dia ban. 37% ngudi dimg dien thoai trong so 82% kd trdn cd kdt ndi intemet, trong do khoang trdn 2/3 sir dyng intemet hang ngay.
Ngoai ra, chidu thdng tin eung dugc tidp can qua nhiing trao ddi, tuong tac thdng thudng va true tidp cua cac thanh vidn vdi nhau.
5. Giam ngheo da chi^u de phat trien ben vCi'ng: nhirDg ton t^i va thach thuc He thdng eac chinh sach giam ngheo ngay cang da dang va toan dien da md ra nhidu CO hdi thoat ngheo dua trdn viec nang cao vdn con ngudi, cung cap cae dich vu xa hdi, phat triln co sd ha tang. Theo Quydt djnh sd 432/QD-TTg, hudng tdi myc tieu phat tridn bdn vung Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020, cdng tac giam nghdo da chidu bdn viing la mgt trong nhiing dinh hudng xa hgi can dugc uu tien hang dau. Cd giam ngheo da chieu, nang cao chat lugng cudc sdng, mdi dam bao dugc muc tieu phat tridn an sinh xa hdi ddn nam 2020. Trdn thuc td, ngheo khdng chi gin lidn vdi su thidu thdn thu nhap/chi tidu ma cdn la thda man cac nhu eau co ban, vide bd sdt nhiing ddi tugng tuy khdng ngheo vd thu nhap nhung lai ngheo vd cae ehieu canh khac se dan ddn sy thidu cdng bang va bdn viing trong thuc thi cac ehinh sach giam ngheo (Dang Nguydn Anh va Trin Nguyet Minh Thu, 2017).
Kdt qua khao sat ngheo da chidu tai vimg ven do, ngudi ngheo duge chia thanh hai nhdm la ngheo kinh nien va ngheo t£im thdi.
90 Gidm ngheo da chiiu diphdt trien bin viing..
Nhom ngheo kinh nien gdm nhiing hd khd ho^c khdng cd kha nang thoat ngheo do khdng cd ngudn luc lao ddng; thanh vidn gia dinh bj tan t?it hoac khuydt tat, bi benh man tinh, benh hidm nghdo. Kdt qua khao sat chg thiy cd tdi gin 20% hd gia dinh trong nhdm ngheo kinh nien la hg cd mdt thanh vidn. Bdn CEinh nhimg vin dd benh tat h ^ chd kha nang lao ddng, hg ciing gdm nhirng ngudi cao tudi cd don, siic khde yeu.
Nhom ngheo tgm thdi gdm nhiing ngudi cd kha nang thoat ngheo trong tuong lai.
Trong thdi didm hidn tai, hg vin nghdo do khan hidm ngudn luc lao ddng, vide lam bap benh, cac hd don than nudi con nhd. Cude sdng cua da sd ngudi ngheo thugc nhdm nay din duge eai thien d miic cham, nhidu hd gia dinh ciing da vucm ldn thoat ngheo nhd chidn luge chuyen ddi sinh kd, nang lyc tai hda nhap. Trong nhidu hg gia dinh ngheo van ton tai nhiing ludng tu duy vd vide khdng mong mudn dugc thoat ngheo. Didu nay xuat phat chil ydu tir nhu clu duge ho trg vien phi ddi vdi nhiing gia dinh cd ngudi than bi mac benh hidm ngheo. Day la mdt nhu clu chinh dang, song cung gay khd khan cho cdng tac giam ngheo.
Tren binh dien qudc gia, vide xac dinh ngheo qua tidu chi da chidu da lam tang so lugng ngudi dan dugc hudng trg d p , nhd dd cude sdng ciia ngudi dan da bdt khd khan hon. Tuy nhidn ben canh nhiing muc tieu dd ra cua edng tac giam ngheo bdn viing, dS ngudi ngheo tidp can dugc nhiing lgi ich ve tang trudng ciing can cd nhiing didu kidn nhat dinh nhu tidp can dugc co sd ha ting, tidp can dugc nhung dich vy cdng xa hdi, tham gia vao qua tnnh san xuat nhidu hon.
6. Thay loi ket
La mdt ngi dung quan trpng trong myc tidu phat trien xa hgi, phat trien bdn vung, nhidu nghidn euu nhan dien vd vin dd ngheo va giam nghdo eua Viet Nam da dugc thuc hidn rit sdm, ngay tir nhihig nam 90 eua thd ky 20. Tren co sd chinh sach, van ban phap luat, cd thd thay thdi ky do khu vuc ciing nhu ddi tugng dugc uu tien, bao phu chu ydu la ndng thdn, vimg sau, viing xa, vung dan tgc thidu sd. Cac nghidn cuu vd ngheo khu vuc do thi, dac bidt la viing ven dd van cdn rat khiem tdn.
Nhiing thach thirc mdi ndi lidn quan tdi giam nghdo gan vdi cac myc tidu phat trien bdn vung (SDGs) ddi hdi vide md rgng dg bao phu cua chinh sach bao trg xa h^i la can thidt, qua dd gia tang do phu cho cac ddi tugng de hi tdn thucmg, giiip hg thoat ngheo.
Tren thuc td, ngay ca khi da dugc cdng nhan la hd ngheo, ngudi nghdo dd thi van can tiep tuc dugc hd trg, bdi khdng it hg gia dinh da thoat ngheo nhung van sat nguong ngheo; ty Id tai nghdo hang nam cdn cao; chdnh lech giau-ngheo glua cac vimg, nhdm dan eu van kha ldn; ddi sdng cua ngudi ngheo gap nhidu khd khan; tam ly y lai, dira dam, chua san sang cho vipc thoat ngheo cdn tdn tai trong mdt bg phan ngudi dan.
Ben canh nhiing nd luc thoat ngheo cua ngudi dan, viec thuc hipn tdt cdng tac quy hoach do thi, phat tridn cac dich vy xa hgi ciing chinh la co sd quan trgng dd tao ra ngudn cung khu vue dd thi, nang cao co hdi tidp can ddi vdi ngudi nghdo. Van de ngheo da chidu viing ven do, ndu khdng dugc giai quydt tdt sd sdm trd thanh mgt thach thue ddi vdi lmh vire giam ngheo d Vidt Nam va cd nguy co lam gia tang su bat
Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 91
binh dang vdn dang tdn tai giiia cac nhdm xa hdi tac ddng ddn kha nang thuc hien cac myc tidu phat tridn bdn viing.
Tai li^u tham khao
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