• Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
Hd CHI MINH VAN DUNG, PHAT TRIEN SANG TAG C H O NGHIA MAC VAO THIJC TlEN CACH MANG
VIET NAM
PGS,TS BUI BINH PHONG*''
Tdm tit: S&m nhdn ra tinh tdt yiu khdch quan, hop quy ludt trong Chii nghia Mdc, nhu
"giai cdp ddu tranh ", " Vo sdn the gi&i lien hiip lgi!" vd "con du&ng khdc nhau " trong hodn cdnh mgt nuac Viet Nam thugc dia. Ho Chi Minh cho rdng, hgc Chu nghia Mdc Id thdng nhdt Chu nghia Mdc v&i thtrc tiin cdch mgng Viet Nam. Noi den Chu nghia Mdc & Viet Nam Id noi den chu truang, du&ng ldi cda Bdng & ddt nu&c cd hodn cdnh cu thi. Ho Chi Minh cdn van dying vd phdt triin sdng tgo Chu nghia Mdc v&i nhimg ngi dung cyt the. nhu xdc dinh chien luac cdch mgng khdng ngimg ciia gidi phdng ddn tgc, xdy dung chi do ddn chd nhdn ddn, tien len chu nghia xd hgi, nhirng vdn de ve to chicc vd It^c luang cdch mgng...
Tix khda: Chu nghia Mdc; Ho Chi Minh; van dung vd phdt trien sdng tgo; Viet Nam
1. Hgc Chu nghia Mac-Lenin la phdi phdt trien, sang tao
Cdch ddy 200 nam, nhdn logi ddn nhdn mgt con ngudi, 30 nam sau, con ngudi do (Cac Mac) trd thanh lanh ty cua giai cap vd sdn, vT nhan ciia Hch sir. C.Mdc da hodn thanh sii menh lich sir la xdy dyng hgc thuyet khoa hgc vd each mang giup giai cdp vd sdn chdng lai giai d p tu sdn, xda bd chi dp dp biic, bdc lot. Ngudi ki tuc sy nghiep
'*'Hoc viSn Chinh In quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
cua C.Mac trong thdi dai de qudc chii nghia Id V.I.Lenin. Ong da hodn thdnh xudt sac sii menh lich sir giao phd la tien hanh cugc each mang vd sdn diu tien tren thi gidi thdnh cdng, lap nen Nha nudc Xd viet, xay dyng thdnh cdng CNXH, md ra thdi dai mdi cho cdc ddn tdc thupc dia. Khi chu nghTa de qudc banh trudng, md rdng ban dd xdm lupc tren the gidi, lich sir cin nhiing con ngudi cd khd nang giai quyet vdn di cdch mang d cdc nudc thupc dia vd phy thugc. Nguyen Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh da xudt hign diing iuc vd hoan thdnh xudt sac sir menh Hch sii
• Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
trao cho, dd la: xay dyng li lugn each mang gidi phdng ddn tdc, lanh dao nhan dan Viet Nam dau tranh gidnh dpc ldp ddn tgc, xdy dyng ch6 dg ddn chu nhan dan, tien len CNXH khdng kinh qua giai doan phat triin TBCN. Ddng chi Gdt Hdn, Tdng Bi thu Ddng Cdng san My nhan dinh: "Ddng chi Hd Chi Minh Id con ngudi can thiet xuat hien diing liic, diing yeu c l u ciia lich sir vdi nhung tu tudng va y kien diing. Chinh vi vay md ddng chi da ldm ra Hch sii"'''.
Hd Chi Minh da day cdng xdy dung he thdng quan diem toan dien vd sau sac ve nhung van de eo ban ciia each mang Viet Nam va each mang giai phdng dan tdc d cdc nudc thupc dia. Ngudi da de lai d i u dn sau sdc trong qua trinh phat trien cua nhan loai vi hda binh, dpc lap dan tdc, ddn chu vd tien bd xa hdi" nhu UNESCO ghi nhdn. Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam khang dinh: "Trong khi gidi quyet nhiing van de cua each mgng Viet Nam, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da gdp phan phat trien Chu nghTa Mdc-Lenin tren n h i i u vdn d i quan trgng, dac biet la ly lugn ve cdch mang gidi phdng dan tdc vd tien len chil nghTa xa hdi d cdc nudc thudc dia va phy thudc"*^'.
Cd nhieu quan diem v i cac vdn de chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, xa hdi trong di sdn cua C.Mac. Ndi khdi quat, nhiing quan diem dd chiia dung cdi khdch quan, cai tdt yiu, the hien quy ludt van ddng cua xa hdi lodi ngudi. Theo C.Mdc, do Id qud trinh Hch su - tu nhien cua nhan loai, ehiia dyng mdi quan he giua lyc lupng sdn xudt vdi quan hg sdn xuat, dan den sy phdt trien cua p h u a n g thiic sdn xuat mdi thay the phuang thiic sdn xudt cu; sy ndi day cua luc lugng sdn xudt mdi chdng lai quan he sdn xudt cu, Iam xudt hien xa hdi mdi.
Tuy nhien, cdi khdch quan, tdt yeu khdng phai d ddu cung dien ra nhu nhau. C.Mac ggi y nhiing bign phdp cdn thyc hien vd chi ra rang: "trong nhiing nudc khac nhau, nhiing biSn phap ay dT nhien khdc nhau rat
nhieu"*^'. Qua thyc tien each mang Vi^t Nam, Ddng timg budc nhan thirc diing dan ve vdn de nay. Trong Chi thi Chung quanh vdn de chien sdch m&i ngdy 30/10/1936, Ddng chi ro: "Chiin luge cua Qudc te Cgng sdn Id ddnh dd c h i do tu ban, Igp vd sdn chuyen chinh theo hinh thiic Xd viet, la thdi ky qua cau de di tdi xa hdi cgng san...
Chien luge ay Id can cir theo trinh dp kinh te, chinh tri va xa hpi tirng hang nudc khdc nhau ma dinh ra. Chd khdng phdi myc dich cua Qudc t i Cdng sdn la lam the gidi vd sdn each mgng thi d nudc ndo cting ddng thdi phdi lam each mang vd san, lap vd sdn chuyen chinh nhu nhau"'"*'.
X u i t phat tu thuc tiln ViSt Nam, khi bi thyc ddn Phap thdng tri, Hd Chi Minh nhieu ldn nhan mgnh d i n cdch h u i n luyen li luan thiet thye, tire Id phdi xet hodn cdnh nudc minh, khdng dugc "nghe ngudi ta ndi giai cdp ddu tranh, minh cung ra khdu hieu giai cap dau tranh, ma khdng xet hodn cdnh nudc minh nhu the nao de ldm cho diing"'^*.
Mdt trong nhiing quan d i i m xuyen sudt eiia Hd Chi Minh Id "hgc chu nghia Mdc-Lenin khdng phai nhac nhu con vet "Vd sdn the gidi liSn hiep lai", ma phdi thdng nhit chii nghTa Mdc-Lenin vdi thye tien cdch mgng Vigt Nam. Ndi den chil nghTa Mae-Lenin d Viet Nam Id ndi den chu truong, chinh sdch ciia Dang... Chii nghTa Mac-Lenin khdng phai d ddu ngudi ta cung ldm cgng sdn, ciing lam Xd viet"**\ Ngudi viet: "Tir cdng san nguyen thuy den che dp nd Ig, den che dp phong kien, den che dp tu bdn, den chu nghTa xa hpi (cpng sdn) - ndi chung thi loai ngudi phdt trien theo quy ludt nhdt dinh nhu vdy. Nhung tuy hodn cdnh, rad cdc ddn tpc phat triin theo con duang khdc nhau.
Cd nudc thi di thang den chii nghTa xa hgi (cdng san) nhu Lien Xd. Cd nudc thi phai kinh qua che do ddn chu m&i, roi tien len chu nghta xa hdi (cdng sdn) - nhu cac n u d c Ddng Au, Trung Qudc, Viet Nam ta..."'^*.
Nhan thiic do cho thay, Hd Chi Minh sdm
Khoa hpc chinh tn - So 4/2018
• Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
cd tu duy chiia hdm lugng khoa hpc va cdch mang trong viee vgn dung vd phat trien sang tgo Chu nghTa Mae vdo dieu kien cu the ciia nudc ta.
2. Chiin iu-gc c^ch mang khdng ngirng cua giai phdng ddn toe, xdy dung che dp ddn chu nhan ddn vd tien lln CNXH
Tir nhiing nam 1920, Hd Chi Minh da dat each mgng Viet Nam vdo quy dgo cua cdch mang vd san t h i giai. Sau ndy, ndi ve con dudng cihi nudc va gidi phdng ddn tdc trong thdi dgi ngdy nay, Ngudi khang dinh:
"raudn ciiu nude va giai phdng dan tdc khdng CO con dudng nao khac con dudng each mgng vd sdn"'^'. Tren co sd chia each mang thanh: ddn tgc each mang va giai cdp each mang, Hd Chi Minh khang dinh each mang Viet Nam "di theo con dudng each mgng vd san". Dieu nay xudt phdt tir viec phdn tich mau thudn vd xdc dinh tinh chdt xa hgi Viet Nam. Tir khi thye dan Phap dat deh thdng tri len toan cdi Viet Nam, xd hdi Viet Nara cd hai radu thudn ca bdn: mau thudn giai cap giiia mdt ben la toan the nhan dan Viet Nam (chu yeu la ndng dan) vdi mdt ben la giai cdp dia chii phong kiin.
Mdu thudn ca bdn thii hai mdi xudt hien Id raau thudn dan tdc giiia rapt bSn la toan the dan tdc Viet Nam vdi mdt ben la thyc ddn Phap xdm luge va tay sai.
Viet Nam tir xa hgi phong kiin dgc lap trd thdnh xa hgi thudc dia. Tir dd, each mang Viet Nam cd hai nhiera vu chien luge quan he chat che va tac ddng dnh hudng lan nhau la chdng de qudc gidnh ddc lap cho dan tpc vd chong phong kien dem lgi rupng dat eho ndng dan va dan chii eho nhdn ddn.
Mdu thuin dan tgc vira la mdu thudn ca ban, vira Id mau thudn chii yeu, doi hdi phai dugc uu tien gidi quyit. Cd nhiiu cugc ddu tranh yeu nudc theo cdc ngd dudng khac nhau, nhung deu b i t i e . Tuy nhien, lich sir vdn tiep tuc ddi hdi phai cd cau tra ldi cho nhiem vu gidi phdng ddn tde.
Hd Chi Minh cd sang tao dac sac trong
thyc hien nhigm vu gidi phdng ddn tdc, gidi quyet mdi quan he giiia dan tpc va giai cap, dOc lap ddn tpc vd CNXH. V i n d i ddn tpc d thdi dai nao cung dugc nhdn thiic vd giai q u y i t tren Igp trudng vd theo quan diim ciia mdt giai cdp nhat dinh. Giai dogn ciia C.Mac, vdn de ddn tdc chi la van de thii yeu so vdi v i n de giai cdp; tuang lai eiia each mang gidi phdng ddn tpc d thugc dia dugc nhin nhan trong sy phy thugc vao thing lgi cua each mang vd sdn d ehinh qudc. Bdi vi: (1) C.Mac chua cd dieu kien bdn nhieu v i vdn d i thudc dia. Cde cugc ddu tranh gianh dgc lap chua phat trien manh, chua cd anh hudng den sy tdn tai vd suy vong cua CNTB. Trung tdm each mgng the gidi vdn d chau Au. Van menh lodi ngudi vdn dugc coi la phu thupc vdo thang lgi ciia cdch mang vd san d cac nude TBCN phat triin; (2) Vdn d i dan tdc d Tay Au da dugc giai quyit trong each mang tu san; (3) Xuat phat tir yeu eau va muc tieu ciia each mang vd sdn d chdu Au, khi md "xa hpi ngay cdng chia thanh hai phe ldn thii dich nhau, hai giai cdp ldn hoan todn ddi lap nhau: giai cdp tu sdn va giai edp vd san"'^*. Mac dii, C.Mac da neu ra nhiing luan diem co bdn ve moi quan he giua vdn d i ddn tdc va vdn de giai cdp, giiia giai phdng ddn tpc vdi giai phong giai cdp, gidi phdng con ngudi, nhung cac dng van tap trung n h i i u h a n vdo van de giai cap, vdn "dgt len hang dau va bao v§
nhung lgi ich khdng phy thudc vao dan tgc va chung cho toan the giai cap vd san"''°'.
C.Mac keu gpi: "Giai cap vd san mdi nudc trudc het phdi gianh ldy chinh quyin, phdi ty vuon len thanh giai e l p dan tpc, tuy hoan toan khdng phdi theo cdi nghTa nhu giai cdp tu san h i e u " ' " \
Hd Chi Minh nhdn thiic sdu sac li ludn v8 giai cap vd ddu tranh giai cdp ciia C.Mac, trung thdnh vdi Chii nghia Mac, nhung khdng phdi trung thanh tren cau ehii ma van dung sdng tao vao dieu kien cu the ciia Viet Nam xudt phat tir ba phuang dien ldn:
•Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
(1) La qudc gia - dan tdc hinh thanh sdm, dan tpc Viet Nam cd truyen thdng dyng nudc vd chdng ngoai xdm bdo ve ddt nudc lau ddi, vdi ddng ehii luu Id chii nghTa yeu nudc vd tinh than dan tde chdn chinh; (2) Tir khi thuc ddn Phap dgt ach thdng tri, Viet Nam trd thanh thudc dia cua Phdp. Khdt vpng, y chi, hire xiic ndi len hdng dau eiia ngudi ddn thugc dia mat nudc la danh dd de qudc Phdp vd tay sai, gidnh lgi ddc lap, ty do cho dat nudc; (3) Xa hpi Viet Nam la xa h6i ndng nghiSp, kinh te kera phat trien nen sy phdn hda vd man thuan giai cdp chua trigt de, chua bieu hien gay gat, sau sac nhu cae nudc tu bdn phuang Tay.
Tir do, van de dat ra la phai xac dinh triing ke thu ehinh ciia each mang, dieu md cac phong trdo yeu nudc trudc Nguyen Ai Qude ehua lam dugc. Hd Chi Minh khang dinh, thyc dan Phdp va be lu tay sai la ke thu chinh cua dan t0c Viet Nam, ciia sy nghiep dpe lap ddn tpc Viet Nam. Khi thanh ldp Ddng, Ngudi khang dinh "danh dd de qude chii nghTa Phdp va bgn phong kien, ldm cho nudc Nam duge hodn todn dgc Idp"''^'.
Lien quan den moi quan he giiia dan tdc vd giai cap Id lugn diem ve each mgng d cae nudc thugc dia ed the nd ra vd thdng lgi trudc each mgng vd sdn d chinh qudc vd tac ddng trd lai thiie day cdch mgng ehinh qude. Theo Hd Chi Minh, each mgng Viet Nam vd cdch mang d cac nudc thugc dia cd t h i chu ddng diing len, bang sy nd luc ciia bdn than, dem siic ta ma ty giai phong cho ta. Chiing ta phai ty ciru minh trudc khi ngudi khac giiip. Khi Viet Nam dan tdc cdch mang thanh edng cung hdng tram trieu nhdn dan chau A thiic tinh gat bd su bdc lot cua CNTB, thi tu ban Phap y i u ; tu bdn Phap yeu thi edng ndng Phdp ldm giai cap cdch mgng cang de. Cdch mang thudc dia cd t h i giiip do nhung ngudi anh em minh d p h u a n g Tdy trong nhiem vu gidi phdng hoan toan.
Ludn diera sang tao cua Hd Chi Minh
phu nhdn quan diem su nghiep giai phdng dan tdc Vigt Nam chi cd the gidi quyet d Paris theo kieu "danh ran dang dudi" tr8n c a sd: (1) Nghien ciiu c a cdu chinh tri, kinh t i , xa hdi cua thude dia. Theo Hd Chi Minh, CNTB dat n i n radng tren sy bdc lot hang trieu ngudi d cdc nudc thudc dia. "Npc dgc va siic sdng ciia con ran dgc dh qudc chii nghTa n l m d thugc dia". Vi vdy, CNTB chi tan ra hodn todn vd vTnh vien khi ndo chiing ta phd bd dupe nen radng eua ldu dai d i qudc ehu nghia. Chiing ta phdi danh ran d i n g ddu; (2) Ngudi Ddng Duong ed mpt siie sdng, mdt tiem nang vd tu tudng each mgng manh liet, neu dugc giac ngd, giao due, to chiic, lanh dgo se bung nd mdt each ghe gdm. "Su tan bao cua chii nghia tu bdn da chudn hi ddt roi. Chii nghTa xa hdi chi cdn phdi ldm cdi viec Id gieo hat gidng ciia edng cude gidi phdng niia thdi"''^>; (3) Ngudi dan thudc dia bi phuang Tdy eoi la lac hau, nen hieu rd hon ve sy cdn thiet phai cdi cdch todn bd xa hdi hien tgi.
3. Sang tao v l to chirc va lyc I v g n g each m^ng
Phat k i i n ciia C.Mac v6 vai tro, sii menh Hch sir cua Dang Cpng san - dpi tien phong ciia giai cap cdng nhan, trong nhigm vu xda bd c h i dg dp biic, bdc lot, xdy dyng xa hgi mdi van nguyen gid tri, tiep tuc soi dudng cho phong trdo each mang the gidi.
Tuy nhien, trong hoan cdnh cac nudc p h u a n g Tdy liic bdy gid, nhiing ludn diem ciia C.Mdc phu hgp vdi d i i u kien cac nudc tu ban phat trien. Xuat phat tir thye tien Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh khang dinh. Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam ra ddi la sy ket hgp eiia ba yeu td: Chii nghTa Mac-Lenin, phong trao edng nhdn vd phong trao yeu nudc Viet Nam. Ngudi khang dinh: "Ddng ta Id Dang eua giai cap, ddng thdi cung la eiia ddn tdc, khdng thien tu, thien vi"*'''*. Sy sang tgo cua Hd Chi Minh so vdi hpc thuyet cua Chu nghia Mac khdng chi bd sung yeu td phong trao yeu nudc vao sy ra ddi cua Ddng Cgng
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 4/2018
' Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu titdng Ho Chi Minh
sdn, md cdn cho thdy phong trdo yeu nudc cd kha nang k i t hgp vdi phong trdo edng nhan, vi cd hai phong trdo cung mgt nhiem vy va muc tieu trudc mat Id chdng xdm luge, gidnh dgc l^p ddn tdc. Sy xuat hien y i u td mdi la phong trdo yeu nudc khdng ha thip vai trd ciia Chii nghTa Mae, md cdn td rd r i n g , eac nudc thugc dia nhu Viet Nam, ehu nghia cdng sdn khoa hgc cd mgt mdnh ddt mau ma, "eo sd vdt chat" khdng chi Id phong trdo cdng nhdn, rad edn ed cd phong trdo yeu nude. Nguge lai, phong trao yeu nudc phdi dugc tiep nhdn Ji lugn khoa hgc cua Chu nghia Mdc mdi thdnh phong trao yeu nude triet de.
Dang COng sdn ra ddi d ddt nudc hdng nghin nam dudi c h i dp phong kiSn, con ngudi mang nang tu duy tieu ndng, gdn mpt the ki dudi che do thye dan - phong kien, nen Hd Chi Minh rdt quan tam tdi xdy dyng tu each cua ngudi cdch mang ciia mpt ddng chdn ehinh each mgng, dao due vd van minh. Tu nhung chi dan quan trgng cua C.Mdc ve "tinh kien quyit cua ngudi cgng sdn, phdi ludn quan tam tdi igi ich cua giai cap vd san", Hd Chi Minh khing dinh
"ngoai lgi ich eua dan tgc, ciia Td qudc, thi Ddng khdng cd lgi ich gi khac"''^'. Trong dieu kien Dang cdm quyen, moi dang vien va can bp phai that sy thdm nhuin, giu viing dao diic cdch mgng, "cao nhat la chi edng vd tu"*'^'. Ngudi n h i n mgnh: "Hy sinh lgi ich ea nhdn, thgm chi hang hai vui ve hy sinh tinh menh minh cho Ddng, cho giai cdp, cho dan tdc, cho lodi ngudi, dd Id nguyen tac tdi cao, dao diie tdi eao cua mdi ddng vien"'"'.
De gianh thang lgi trong cugc d i u tranh ehong lgi giai cap tu san, C.Mac k8u ggi
^^Vd sdn cdc nu&c lien hap lgi!". Quan d i i m doan kit giai edp cua C.Mac da dugc Hd Chi Minh phdt trien sdng tao vao thyc tien Viet Nam. Ngudi chi rd: "vi bi ap biic ma sinh ra each raenh, cho nen ai ma bi dp biic cang nang thi ldng each menh cdng ben.
chi cdch mgnh cang quyet"*'^'. Khdi ni^m
"dan tgc each mgnh" trong di san Hd Chi Minh chiia dung hdm lugng khoa hgc, sang tao ldn trong viec td chiic lyc lugng cdch mang, ma chinh xdc la xay dyng chiin luge dai dodn ket toan dan tdc. Toan the ddn tOc Viet Nam bi thye dan Phdp biSn thanh nd le. Hg biet r i n g , "tha chet dugc ty do hon song lam nd le" da ddng tdm hiep lye ddnh dudi dp hue minh.
Khdu hi^u doan ket cua C.Mdc t^p trung vdo giai cdp vd sdn, cdn khau hieu dodn k i t ciia Hd Chi Minh: "Bodn ket, dodn ket, dgi dodn kit/ Thdnh cong, thdnh cong, dgi thdnh cdng" ehua dyng ba tang doan kit:
dodn k i t trong Dang, doan ket ddn tpc, doan ket quoc te.
Vdi su van dyng vd phat trien sdng tao Chii nghia Mdc rdi Chii nghTa Mdc-Lenin vao thuc t i l n Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh da lam phong phii Chu nghia Mdc-Lenin va dua cdch mgng Viet Nam den nhung thang lgi to ldn mang tam vdc thdi d a i Q
<"Bao Nhdn Ddn, so ra ng^y 17/9/1969
<=' DCSVN, Nghi quyet cda Bp Chinh tr] ve mgt so dinh hudng Itm trong cong tdc tu tudng hien nay (Nghi quyit 09-NQ/TW ngay 18/2/1995), Lini hinh n o i b p , HN. 1995
(3),OT.(io)vMLi>c.Mac-Ph.Angghen, Todn rap, t.4, Nxb CTQG, HN.1995, t r . l 3 5 va 627, 597, 614, 623 - 624 '"> DCSVN, Vdn ki4n Ddng todn tgp, t.6 (1936- 1939), Nxb CTQG, HN. 2000, lr.I39
(51 villi) H" cijj j^ini^^ y^^^ i^p^ ( 5^ ^j^,j CTQG, HN.
2011, tr.312va 290
(6ui6)vi(i7) H^ Chi Minh, Sdd. t.6, tr.368-369, 290 v a 2 9 0
<'>H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t.8, tr.293
<»'H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t . l 2 , tr.30 ('^>Ho Chi Minh, Sdd, t.3, tr.l
<"> Ho Chi Minh, Sdd, t . l , tr.40
<"" H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t . l 3 , tr.275
(18) N g u y i n Al Q u i c , Duong cdch menh, Nxb CTQG, HN. 2017, tr.l8
