Xa hoi hoc so 2 (106), 2009 51
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HIEN TRANG CONG VIEC VA B6I SONG CUA NU" NHAP CU"
LAM GltJP VIEC NHA TAI THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
DAO BICH HA^
I. DAT VAN DE
Dau mo'c lich sfl cua nam 1975 da cbinh thflc dfla Viet Nam bfldc qua mot trang lich sii mdi. Tuy nhien, nhflng doi thay chi trd nen ro net tfl sau nam 1986, khi Viet Nam chinh thflc bfldc vao thdi ky ddi mdi ca ve kinh te, cbinh tri, xa hgi. Mot trong nhflng bang chflng cua sfl thay ddi nay cbinh la lan song di cfl khdng id tfl lang que nong thdn vao d c k h u vflc t h a n h thi nhfl Ha Ngi, Hai Phdng va dac biet la Thanh phd' Hd Cbi Minh. Vi nhflng ndi nay cd nhu cau r^t cao ve lao dong phd thong, tay nghe thap vdi ddng Ifldng re mat. Theo nhfl thdng ke nam 2000, thi rieng Thanh Phd Hd Chi Minh da chfla khoang 29% dan nhap cfl tfl nong thdn ra thanh thi. Va theo mot thdng ke khac thi cfl 100 nfl di cfl m6i co khoang 76 nam di cfl ra thanh thi.
Rieng tai Thanh phd Hd Cbi Minh, sd d-^n di cfl la nfl chiem 54.4% (Long v l cong sfl, 2000). Nhdm nfl di cfl nay thfldng lam 2 cong viec chinh: cdng nhan d cac xi nghiep va giup viec nha.
Da so' d c nghien cflu bien cd chi tap trung tim hieu nhflng phu nfl lam cong nhan ma bd quen di mot sd Ifldng Idn nhflng ngfldi pbu nfl di cfl dang lam cong viec giup viec nha. Cdn truyen thdng dai chung thi lai cd nhiiu tin va bai kbIc hga nhflng ngfldi giup viec nhfl nhflng ke trgm chuyen nghiep khi thfldng lay cap tiin cua chu va bd trd'n. Vay tai sao nhu d u ve ngfldi giup viec v l n ngay cang tang cao? Va diiu nay CO nghia la, cdng viec giup viec v l n chfla dfldc hieu va quan tam dung mflc.
De cd the hieu hdn v i cdng viec cflng nhfl ddi sdng cua nhflng ngfldi phu nfl di cfl lam giup viec nha, nghien cflu ciia chflng tdi tai thanh phdHd Chi Minh nam 2007 tap trung nghien cflu vao 3 van de:
1. Nhflng kinh nghiem so'ng va lam viec cua ngfldi giup viec nha va dieu gi da khien nhflng ngfldi phu nfl nong thon den vdi cong viec nay.
2. Nhflng chuyen di cfl va ddi sdng dd thi da thay ddi nhflng ngfldi pbu nfl nong thon nay nhfl the nao?
3. Cudi cung la nhflng ngfldi phu nfl di cfl ngfldc xudi tfl ndng thon ra thanh thi gifl vai trd nhfl the nao trong viec ddng gop va phat trien lang que ciia bg?
ThS, Dgi hgc Qudc gia thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
52 Hien trgng cong viec vd ddi so'ng cua nit nhdp cit lam...
Tuy nhien, do gidi h a n cua bai viet, d day chi t r i n h bay hien t r a n g ddi sdng va cdng viec cua nfl di cfl lam giup viec tai t h a n h pho' Hd Chi Minh. De tfl dd giup mgi ngfldi hieu dfldc sfl thiet thdi cung nhfl t i n h t r a n g d i tdn thfldng ciia doi tfldng nay. • > . ^; >, [' /]
n . CAC NGHIEN CUXJ KHOA HOC LIEN QUAN DEN CHU DE
Hien nay trong nfldc cd it nghien cflu ve ngfldi giup viec. Da so' cac nghien cflu, dac biet nghien cflu ve di dan tfl nong thon ra t h a n h thi chi n h I c tdi cong viec nay nhfl mot sfl Ifla chgn phd bien cua nfl di cfl. Cdn truyen thong dai chung thi nhfl dfldc n h I c tdi d tren, da vd tinh tao r a mot a'n tfldng sai lech cho dai chung ve binh anh ngfldi giup viec.
0 mot sd nfldc phat trien nhfl Philipin, A Rap Xeut, da cd nhflng nghien cflu ve ddi sd'ng va cong viec cua ngfldi giup viec. Tuy nhien cac nghien cflu nay lai tap trung den dd'i tfldng la nhflng ngfldi giup viec de'n tfl cac nfldc thfl ba qua con dfldng xuat khau lao ddng. Cdn d My, tuy so' Ifldng nghien cflu chfla nhieu, nhflng ndi chung do'i tfldng nay cflng da dfldc quan tam va tim hieu. Da cd mot so' trung tam giup dd ngfldi giup viec ve mat phap li (nhfl tfl van lam hdp ddng hay m i i n phi luat sfl trong cac vu kien cao vdi chu).
Mot diem chung ciia cac nghien cflu tren la dfl d dau, trong nen van boa, xa hgi, kinh te nao thi ngfldi giup viec luon gap nhieu khd k h a n trong cong viec va ddi so'ng. Ban than bg va nghe giup viec luon hi coi thfldng va khong dfldc nhan sfl bad ve chinh thflc tfl luat phap. Diiu nay ro rang la khong cdng b l n g va da dat hg vao mot tinh trang thua kem va de bi tdn thfldng so vdi nhflng nghe nghiep khac.
m . P H U O N G P H A P NGHIEN CtTU
Ket qua nghien cflu dfldc due ket tfl 15 cugc phdng van sau. Thdi Ifldng mdi cugc phdng v l n keo dai khoang 2 gid cho 25 cau hdi md. Tuy nhien so' Ifldng cau hdi cd the dfldc r u t n g I n hay md rgng tuy theo tflng cugc phdng van. Ddi tfldng phdng v l n dfldc tim b l n g phfldng phap "qua tuye't lan" b i t dau tfl nhflng quen biet cd s i n . Cac ddi tfldng dfldc chgn phai cd mot so' dac diem nhfl sau: tren 18 tudi, la ngfldi di cfl tfl ndng thon ra thanh pho' Hd Chi Minh; dang lam cong viec giup viec nha it n h a t 1 thang cho den thdi diem phdng van. Tat ca cugc phdng van dfldc ghi am, ra bang, phan tich theo phfldng phap dinh tinh.
Ben canh d c cugc phdng van chinh thflc, cdn cd r a t nhieu phdng va'n ban chinh thflc vdi ngfldi giflp viec va ngfldi chu.
Li do chgn phfldng phap phdng v l n sau cho de tai nay vi co mot so' van de nbay cam, rieng tfl se khong the d i dang dat dfldc b l n g mot bang hdi cflng n h I c theo mlu.
Ma ngfldc lai mot cugc ndi chuyen, vdi sfl lang nghe trong nhieu trfldng hdp se giup chung ta thu dfldc rat n h i i u thdng tin hdn. That khd de hdi ve cam xuc, suy nghi, dfl
iDdo Bich Hd 53
dinh cua ngUdi giup viec b l n g bang hdi. Va cflng that khd de cd the tra ldi chinh xac cau hdi nay qua nhflng tfl, nhflng cau ngIn ggn.
rV. KET QUA
1. Cong v i e c g i u p v i e c nha la mot minh chufng t r o n g s\i phan c h i a nghe nghiep t h e o gidi. Hay noi e a c h khac day la cong viec cua phu nvi va dac biet la cua phu niJ di ci^
Trong 15 ngfldi dfldc phdng van thi co 14 ngfldi sd'ng cflng gia chu va mot ngfldi tfl thue nha. Hg cd nhiiu diem chung. Vi du: diu la nhflng nfl thanh nien tre hoac la goa phu, nhflng ngfldi me dgc than nuoi con mot minh. Trinh do hgc v l n cua hg nhin chung la kha thlp, phd bien la THCS. Cong viec d que cua bg da so' lien quan den nhflng boat dong ndng nghiep. Nhflng ngfldi giflp viec nha da giai thich ring: "chi nhflng ngfldi khong cd hgc nhfl chung em mdi chiu lam cong viec nay." Hoac "tdi chi biet lam cong viec nay, vi tdi da thfldng xuyen phai n l u cdm giat gifl d nha". Hoac "hau nhfl tat ca cac chu diu mud'n thue nhflng ngfldi dflng tudi dgc than hoac nhflng ngfldi tre chfla co gia dinh.
Vi chi hg mdi cd the toan tam toan y phuc vu cho chu". Tat ca nhflng dieu tren gdi mot In tfldng r i n g dfldng nhfl viec cang it rang huge gin ket bdi trach nhiem vdi gia dinh va nghia vu lam me la mdt yeu c l u d l u tien de trd thanh mot ngfldi giup viec nha.
Can ndi them r i n g mac dfl di cfl la mot quyet dinh mang tinb ca nhan nhflng nhflng ngfldi phu nfl ndng thon khong cd nhieu Ifla chgn trong viec lam d chdn thanh thi ngoai nhflng cdng viec nhfl lau chfli, quet dgn vdn da dfldc coi la tbich hdp vdi pbu nfl. Chinh dieu nay da khien cong viec giup viec nha khong cdn mang tinh Ifla chgn ma la mot cdng viec mang tinh ep huge. Nhflng ngfldi giup viec lam cdng viec nay khong phai vi bg thflc sfl yeu tbich nd ma la vi cac khd khan kinh te cflng nhfl cac ap lflc khac d que nha day bg de'n vdi n g h i nay.
2. Nhufng n g u y e n n h a n dan den viec di c\i
Nguyen nhan de d i n den quyet dinh di cfl la sfl ket hdp cua rat nhieu yeu to' cd lien quan. Trong dd, sfl khd khan v i kinh te ma ngfldi phu nfl di cfl phai do'i mat d que nha ddng vai trd cbinh. Sfl khd khan nay chu yeu Hen quan den nhflng cong viec lam ndng khi da't canh t i c hi thu hep, ndng san mat gia, mfla mang luon bi thien tai de dga...Va nd dfldng nhfl tang len gap boi dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi phu nfl ma gia dinh hg tbieu v i n g ngfldi dan dng. Tuy nhflng ngfldi pbu nfl nay da cd gang budn ban them d chd ben canh lam nong nghiep nhflng hg v l n kbdng the dam bao nhflng nhu cau thiet yeu cho gia dinh minh. Cbinh vi vay, di cfl ra thanh thi de tim kiem viec lam nhfl mot giai phap duy n h l t .
"Lam nong rat Id ciic khd dgc biet Id doi vdi ngitdi me dgc thdn nhit toi. Phu nQ khong the Idm ddng mot minh ditdc. Md Idm nong thi chi tiet kiem ditdc mot it. Md toi thi cdn mot khoan tiin Idn de sita nhd, nhd toi cu qud roi. Toi cdng cdn tiin de cho con toi di hgc niia."
54 Hien trgng cong viec vd ddi song cua nit nhdp cit Idm...
Mot so' ngfldi giup viec n h I c de'n yeu to' thieu viec lam d que nhfl mdt nguyen nhan khien hg di cfl. Mot so'khac thi the hien fldc nguyen di xa de tim hieu cung nhfl kham pha mot ndi mdi, dac biet la t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh - t h a n h phd' Idn nhat nfldc. Ngoai ra nhflng ngfldi giflp viec tre cung mong muon kiem dfldc tien de chflng td sfl dgc lap va kha nang dflng vflng trong cugc ddi cua minh.
Ben canh tat ca nhflng nguyen nhan da dfldc de cap thi mong mud'n thoat khdi sfl kim ham ciia nhflng qui dinh tap quan cflng da dfldc nhac tdi. Cu the la mot ngfldi giup viec da phai chay vao t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh lam viec de khdng phai lly chdng sdm theo sfl b i t huge ciia bd' minh.
Ndi tdm lai, quyet dinh di cfl la ket qua cua sfl ket hdp n h i i u yeu to'. Tuy nhien, yeu to'kinh te la chiem vai trd chii dao.
3. K i n h n g h i e m l a m v i e c v a c u o c s o n g t h a n h t h i c u a ngvidi g i u p viec Cd den 11/15 sd ngfldi dfldc hdi nhin nhan cong viec giup viec nha la kha nhe nhang so vdi cong viec lam ndng d que. Tuy nhien, h a u bet hg cho r i n g giup viec nha cflng cd nhflng khd khan rieng ciia nd. Mot trong so' dd la sfl keo dai v6 tan va lien tuc cua nhflng nhiem vu ma ngfldi giflp viec phai hoan t h a n h trong mot ngay, nhfl lau chfli, quet dgn, giat q u I n ao, n l u cdm, cham soc em be... Dieu nay khong gio'ng nhfl lam ndng, khi mdi ngay hg chi d n lam va hoan t i t mot k h a u trong vu mfla. Nhflng cong viec giup viec nha thfldng ddn gian vi kha gidng vdi nhflng gi nfl di cfl thfldng lam d que nha. Tuy nhien, de hoan thanh td't nhflng cdng viec dfldc giao thi mot ngfldi giup viec cung d n phai cd mot so' dflc tinh nhfl cham chi, sach se, biet lam mot each hdp li. Mot so' ngfldi dfldc phdng van da tfl bao va ndi v i nhflng dflc tinh nay ciia minh. Hg cung che nhflng ngfldi giup viec khac la khong sach se va khdng nhanh nhen. Va viec "tfl khen" nay dfldng nhfl mot no lflc khdng ngflng cua ngfldi phu nfl di cfl de nang cao vi the cong viec ma minh dang lam trong con m l t xa hgi.
Dfldc hdi ve nhflng khd k h a n ma ngfldi giflp viec gap phai, h a u bet phan nan ve thdi gian lam viec ra't dai. Thfldng thfldng, mot ngay lam viec cua hg b i t dau tfl 5:30-6:00 sang va ket thuc luc 9-lOh dem. Mot so'it lam viec 24/24 vi phai ludn san sang, ngay ca khi ngu de cd the d i p flng mgi yeu c l u ciia gia chii. Vdi so' gid lam viec nhfl the la q u i dai so vdi qui dinh cua luat lao dong Viet Nam (40 - 45 gid/tuln). Hau het nhflng nfl giup viec nha d vdi gia chii thi khdng cd ngay nghi trong tuan. Hg t h a m chi khdng biet den le tet. Chung ta cd the thay ro hdn qua ldi ke sau day cua mot nfl giup viec:
"Chd toi lam viec tre. Md sau khi di lam xong, ong thitdng di ud'ng ritdu. Mot tudn cd 4 • 5 lan ong di nhit vdy- Md mdi Idn di phdi de'n 2h sdng thi ong mdi vi. The Id toi cit phdi thitc chd ong. Toi sd rang neu minh ngu md ong ggi khong day ditdc thi bi la. Thiic khuya nhii the md sdng hom sau cd ditdc ngu bii ddu. 6h sdng lgi phdi Idm rdi. Nen toi thay rat met."
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R5 rang, ngfldi giup viec dac biet la nhflng ngfldi d vdi gia chu cd r l t it thdi gian danh cho ban than. Thdi gian trong ngay cua bg hi kie'm soat thfldng xuyen bdi gia chu. Nhflng, khong phai ai trong sd hg cflng chap nhan viec nay mot each thu dong.
Mot sd ngfldi da cd gIng gianh lai chflt thdi gian cho minh. Mot ngfldi da ndi: "That khd de xin chu toi nghi. Va thfldng thi chu toi cung c h l n g khi nao tfl ddng cho toi ngbi cho du dd la ngay le tet. Toi chi dfldc nghi khi toi len tieng. Vi the neu cd viec gi can toi ludn xin phep chu ngbi. Tdi cung nhfl mgi ngfldi, d n thdi gian cho ban than va nhflng viec khac nfla."
Khd khan thfl bai dfldc n h I c de'n nhiiu chinh la d m giac gd bd khi phai so'ng vdi gia chu. Da sd ngfldi giup viec khong cd phdng rieng cung nhfl khong gian rieng tfl tdi thie'u. Hg thfldng bi ep phai chia se khdng gian cua minh vdi nhflng ngfldi khac (vi du d chung phdng vdi ngfldi giflp viec khac bay d chung phdng vdi em be bay ngfldi Idn tuoi ma hg chiu trach nhiem cham soc). Mot so' it cd khong gian rieng nhflng khong gian nay se bi tan dung d l u tien neu gia chu d n den.
Sfl kiem soat cua gia chii trong mgi boat ddng cung lam ngfldi giflp viec khong cd sfl thoai mai. Nhieu ngfldi dfldc hdi da n h i n manh r i n g chi khi nao hg hoan thanh to't nhiem vu dfldc giao va cd dfldc sfl tin tfldng cua chu thi luc dd sfl kiem soat mdi dfldc ndi Idng. Ma de dat dfldc dieu nay thi thfldng cung phai m l t tfl vai thang den vai nam. Tuy nhien, du trong trfldng hdp nao thi ngfldi giflp viec luon phai tuan thii theo nhflng qui dinh va cbi dan cua gia chu.
13/15 ngfldi dfldc hdi da nhIc den sfl tbieu tfl do nhfl mot trong nhflng yeu to' khd khan n h l t cua ngfldi lam cong viec giup viec nha. R l t nhiiu ngfldi da tam sfl:
"Toi rat hiem khi di ra ngoai vi chii toi kbdng thicb the." Hay "toi dfldc phep nhflng toi biet r i n g toi khong nen sii dung dien thoai ciia chu de lien lac vdi ngfldi than".
Mot trong nhflng sfl that hien nhien ma cflng la ndi khd khan n h l t ma ngfldi nfl di cfl phai chap nhan chinh la sfl xa d e b gia dinh, con cai va que hfldng ca ve kbdng gian l l n thdi gian. Nhflng phu nfl nay ludn cam t h l y tdi ldi va hdi ban khi khdng the cham soc con d i va gia dinh minh. Mot sd ngfldi tham chi cdn khong the gifl nhflng md'i lien he xa hgi vdi be ban, ngfldi than, ddng hfldng la nhflng ngfldi dang sdng lam viec tai t h a n h phd Hd Chi Minh hay cac tinh lan can (vi chi phi van chuyen tdn kem, thdi gian lam viec keo dai cung nhfl sfl khong thoai mai ciia chu).
Mot ngfldi giup viec da chia se: "Toi den day da hdn 4 t h i n g nhflng tdi van chfla the di dfldc dau. Toi cbi d nha. Ma chu tdi cung it khi ra ngoai nen tdi ngbi tdt hdn la tdi cflng nen d nha." Mot thflc te la tuy nfl giup viec cung r a t it di dau dd, nhflng mdi khi c6 viec d n di thi da sd trfldng hdp xin phep gia chu deu dfldc chip thuan. Tham chi r l t nhieu ngfldi cdn dfldc nhan tien bac, qua cap cho cac chuyen di nay. Ngoai ra, nhflng nfl di cfl cflng cam t h l y khd khan de tim kiem va tao ra nhflng mdi quan he xa hgi mdi d thanh thi bdi ldi sdng d day r l t khac vdi ldi sdng d que. Mot ngfldi ndi: "Dan d day r l t khac so vdi dan lang tdi. Hg sdng qua khep kin. Nha nao ddng cua im hm
58 Hien trgng cong viec vd ddi song cua nit nhdp cit lam...
T a i l i e u t h a m k h a o t;
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3. Hardill, I. (2002). Gender, migration and the dual career household. London and New York: Routledge.
4. Jones, G. W. (1984). Women in the urban and industrial workforce: Southeast and East Asia. Canberra, Australia-Honolulu, Hawaii: Australian National University; Distributed by University of Hawaii Press.
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(2006). Female rural migrant workers in the informal sector in Hochiminh
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