NGHIGN CLJU-TRnO DOI
^ * " * _ G . — , ^ .
ANH HII0NG CUA TRA TRONG, MUC RON PHAN VA DO CAO NGAT NGON OEN HAM LU0NG NICOTIN TRONG THUUC LA NGUYEN LIEU
HOANG T U LAP
OngtyTM+HlvfrVV^nKHitiKStMt Tfuoc laCac ye'u to' chfnh anh hirdng de'n ham luang nicotin trong thuO'c la nguyen lieu bao gom:
phan bon, tra trfing, vigc danh nhanh ngit ngon... Qua nghien cUu cho tha'y, khi tdng lUtfng bdn d^m thi ham luong nicotin trong thuO'c la nguyen liiu tSng len dang k§'. Cung m6t mUc bdn, tra xuan sdm co mdc tang cao hdn so vdi tra xuan chinh vu (ham IUdng nicotin d tra xuSn sdm dat 3,54-3,81%, tra xuan chinh vu chi d^t 1,43;2,71%). Khi ngit ngon 6i lai sd'la cang ft thi ham lugfng nicotin cang ISng (ngit ngpn Si l^i 24 la, nicotin ch! d9t 1,64%, ai lai 20 la thi ham IUdng nicotin tang ISn 1,75%). Khi tang lUdnp phan bdn, khong nhdng tang ham luong nicotin ma con lam lang nang sua't, nhUng pham cS'p td't (ca'p 1+2) cd xu hudng giam nhe. Khi tang IUdng phan bdn td 50 N Ign 70 N (vdi ty Ig N:P:K = 1:1,5:2), nang sua't tra xuan sdm dat cao nha't d mdc bdn 70 N, cao hdn mdc bdn 50 N la 11,0% va mdc bdn 60 N la 5,3%; nang sua't tra xuan chfnh vu cung dat cao nha't d mdc bdn 70 N, cao hon mdc bdn 50 N la 12,0% va mdc bdn 60 N la 4 , 0 % .
Tif kiloa: thud'c la, nicotin, tra trong, binli liut earn quan, ty le la cap 1+2.
Dat van de ^^? "Ipia "^ 1.2-1,3%. Trong nam 2013, qua phan tich 8 , ^, .. , . , , _ , , . . , , . , _ , ^ , . mau thuoc la nguySn lieu cua BSc Son, ham luang nicotin Trong cac chi tieu thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuoc ia ^^, ^^^ j j ,(, ^28% (xa Tan HJOng) d^n 1,62% (xa nguyen li§u thi ham liiOng nicotin dong vai tro vo cung Vu Lang). Ngoai ra, cac diem khac co ham li/^ng nicotin
. , . . . . 1 - . j ~ ~ i i r - ' ' " • " " " a / - ' ' • a ' - ' ' " 'Oi ^ " ^ u i i i i i i rviiaiy \j\j i i a i i j l u u i i y iin^v/iii'?-T*- n^' f? ". DK". f K ^ . ' - u"^".^ ""^ T ™" * * Wn BSc son nhu cac xa Bing Van, BSng Phuc a diSu. Qua dieu tra khao sat cho thay ham iuprig nicotin (^ g , ^gan Son); cac xa Quang Lang, Thuong CUdng trong cac mac t uoc la dieu cua Viet Nam thuong dao ^ „ ^ „ chi Lang); xa Hoa Thing (huyen HOu Lung).
dpng tu 2,0-2,2%. Vl vay, thuoc la nguyen lieu CO ham av ?. a/
luong nicotin tuong thich hoac cao hOn so vdi ham iL/dng Nguyen nhan din den ham ladng nicotin thap co nicotin trong thud'c la dieu. nhi^u nhang tac ddng true tiep chfnh la cac yeu to phan
Trong nhieu nam qua, nguyen lieu ta, cac vung trdng ^°" C^"^, ''^" ' ! " ? T " ' ° ' " l " ; ' * l ^ S <''^" . " " f ".!"
thuoc huyen Bic Son noi rieng va mot sS vung trong khac '"""? f' "? \ " ' ^ '^T^ f - ^ l " '?9^l"8'"'" ^'J.^''- "j^^
nhu HOu Lung, Lac Binh (Lang Son) noi chung ham luong "^'"l" "''!' "^^ • " ' " f^'^f ^^ * ^ ? ' ^'°"3 trot nham n§ng nicotin CO xu hudng giam. Trong nam 2011, qua phan tich '^^° ^?'^ '"9"^ " ' ™ " " """S *"""= '^ "^"''^" ''?" '^ ^^' 8 mlu thuo'c la nguyen lieu tai Bac Son cho thay, chi co 1 ^"'^ "^^^ *^'^''
mlu dat tren 1%, con lai 7 mlu <1%. Co mlu ham IUdng Vai lieu va phifdng phap nghien cdu nicotin dat rat thip nhu: xa Long Dong 0,66%, xa Vu
Lang 0,74%. Trong nam 2012, qua phan tich miu thudc '9'"?"
la nguyen lieu cOa huyen Blc Son, ham luong nicotin Gidng thuoc la sCt dgng trong thi nghiem la C9-1; cac m^cducd tang hon so vdi nam 2011, nhung khdng dang loai phan bdn: Nitratamon, Supe lan, Kalisunphat; thi ke. Theo sd lieu phan tich 7 mlu thudc la nguyen lieu cCia nghiem duoc thuc hien tai xa Vu LSng, huyen Blc Son, huyen Bac Son trong nam 2012 thi ham luong nicotin chi tinh Lang Son vu xuan 2014.
62 I . Tapch-KH0ftHe«.s624nam2014 CONG NGHE VIET NIUT
NGHISN CDU-TRflO eoi
m n U E N C E o r TCANSPLAimiNG DAIE, FEDTIUZATION LEVEL AND TOPPING ON NICOTIN CONTENT Of TOBACCO LEAVES
SuTfn»7
Main factors that affect ttie nicotin content of tobacco leaves include fertilization level, transplanting date, topping and suckering... The experiments liave shown that the nicotin content of tobacco leaves has significantly Increaseil when applying higher level of fertilization. The tobacco which has been transplanted in early season has the nicotin content as 3.54- 3.81% in comparison with 1.43-2.71% in the main season in the event of the same level of fertilization.
The number of havestable leaves after topping has had the adverse correlation with the nicotin content.
Tobacco with 24 havestable leaves has the nicotin content of 1.64%, and it increases to 1.75% in tobacco with 20 havestable leaves.
Higher fertilization increases both the nicotin content and the yield, but the percentage of dry leaves at good grades (grade 1 and grade 2) decreases slightly.
In early season, with the increase of fertilization level from SO N to 70 N/ha (N:P:K=1:1,5:2) the highest yield can be gained at the level 70 N. In comparison with the levels 50 N and BD N, the yield at the level 70 N exceeds 1 1 % and 5.3% respectively. In the main season, the highest yield can be gained at the level of 70 N/ha with the exceed of 12.0% and 4.0%
as compared to the levels 50 N and 60 N.
Kemords: tobacco, nicotin, transplanting date, smoke sensory, percentage ot lirst and second grade of tobaco leaf.
lap lai 3 lan, nen phSn bdn 60 N:90 Pp;.KQ Kfl. duoc thuc hien tren tra xuSn chinh vu. Gac cht tieu theo ddi bao gdm: smh trudng, phat trien, phSn cap thud'c la nguy§n lieu, phan tich thanh phan hda hoc, binh hut c l m quan theo quy djnh cua nganh thudc la.
Kel qua nghien ciIu va Ihao luan
Cac chi tieu sinh truing va phit trien cua cic CT thi nghiem
Cac thi nghiem cua tra xuan sdm. xuan chinh vu, ngat ngpn deu cd sd la thu hoach trung binh dao ddng td 20 la (SL20) den 24,7 la (CT3-TV2), trj sd binh quan sd la thu hoach cua cac CT tra xuan sdm cd so la it hon tra xuan chinh vu, thap nhat la cac CT thi nghi§m ngat ngpn.
Phuang phip nghien ciiu
Thi nghiem inh hudng ciia tra trong den ham luang nicotin- bd tri hai tra trong trong vu xuan (each nhau k h o i n g 27 ngay): tra xuan sdm trdng ngay 22.1.2014 (TV1), tra xuan chinh vu trdng ngay 17.2.2014 (TV2).
Thi nghiem inh hudng cua mile phan bon dgn ham iUdna nicotin: bao gdm cac cdng thUc (CT): C T I : 60 N:75 P C 100 K,0, CT2: 60 N:90 P,O,:120 K,0, CT3: 70 N ' I 0 5 P 0 :140 KjO. Thi nghidm dupc lap l?i 3 l l n , thuc hien trSn 2'tra trdng: xuan sdm, xuan chinh vu.
Thi nghiem anh hudng cua ngii ngon den ham luang nicotin- thi nghiem gdm cac CT sau: SL 20: ngat de lai 20 la SL : '2 ngat de 1^122 la, SL 24: ngat de Isi 24 la, dupc
Bing 1: inh hddng tri trong, phin bdn, ngat ngon din sdla hu hoach. khot luang v^ kich thudc la gida, nang suat, ty le li cap 1+2
Cong thilc S5l3
thu tioach
(la) Khdi liJi^ng la gICa (g^a)
Kich tlllf6c la giOa (cm) Dai Rgng
'Nang suat (t^a)
Tyle la cap
U2
(%)
Thi nghi?m pl]in bdn, fra trong CT1-TV1
CT2-TV1 CT3-TV) CT1-TV2 CT2-TV2 CT3-TV2
23,2 24,0 24,3 24,3 24,5 24,7
32,3 33,7 34,3 34,0 35,0 35,3
64,2 64,5 64,9 64,6 64,7 64,9
20,6 20,8 21,0 21,0 21,3 21,6
18,18 19,08 20,08 19,53 21,03 21,88
42,5 40.6 38,8 38,1 37,3 37,1 Tfii ng/if#m ngii nggn
SL20 SL22 SL24
20,0 22,0 24,0
36,0 34,7 34,3
63,0 61,6 61,3
21,7 21,6 21,1
18,90 20,10 21,50
44,0 41,0 36,1 'l-SD „,„5,.^^= 0,53 ta/ha. I S D „ , , ^ ^ , ^ „ . 0.65 t$/ha,
'l-SD,^05n,,^„= 1.11 ta/ha
Ghi chii: TV1(xu3n sdm). trdng ngay 22 1.2014. TV2 (xuin chinh vu).
trong ngay 17.2.2014, SL 20. 22, 24 (ngat nggn di lai 20. 22. 24 la): trong ngay 17.2.2014 Ket qua cho thay, khoi ladng la giQa tang len dang ke khi tang luong phan bdn. Dd'i vdi tra xuan sdm, xuan chfnh vy cf mile bdn 70 N tang hdn so vdi miifc bdn 50 N va 60 N. Khi ngat ngon de laj so la cang it thi khd'i lifdng la cang tang. Ngat ngpn d l lai 20 la tang cao hdn ngkX ngon de lai 22 la va 24 la.
Kich thudc la giOa cung la yeu to quan trgng de tang nang suat. Cung mot mUc bdn, kfch thudc la giOa cua tra xuan chinh VLI cao hdn so vdi tra xuan sdm. Khi ngSt nggn de lai ft la thi kich thudc la giOa dUdc tang len dang ke.
So 24 nam 2014 - Tap ch'KHOA H M
° CONGNGHE VIETNlSr
NGHifeNcDu-TRnoeOi
Ve nang suat: nhin chung nang suat tra xuan sdm thap hdn so vdi tra xuan chinh vu d ca 3 CT bdn phan.
0 tra xuan sdm, khi tang IUdng phan len mUc cao nhat la 70 N thi nang suat dat 20,08 ta/ha, cao hdn CT1 la 11,0%, cao hon CT2 la 5,3%. 6 tra xuan chinh vg, khi tang lugng phan len mUc cao nhat la 70 N thi nang su^t dat 21,88 ta/ha, cao hon CT1 la 12,0%, cao hon CT2 la 4,0%. Nang suat cua cac CT n g i t ngon khac nhau cd sM khac nhau nhung khdng Idn, cd xu the neu de so la cang nhi^u (trong khoang cua thi nghiem) thi nang suat cang t§ng.,. Khi ngat ngon de lai 24 la nang suat dat 21,50 ta/
ha, cao nhat trong 3 CT ngat ngon, tang hdn so vdi CT ngat ngpn de lai 20 la la 13,7% va CT ngat ngon de lai 22 la la 6,9%.
T^ 1$ la cap 1+2: ty l§ \k cap 1+2 cua cac thi nghiem dgt tri so trung binh. Ty 1^ la cap 1+2 6 tra xuan sdm cao hdn so vdi tra xuan chinh vu 6 cii 3 CT thi nghiem bdn phkn. Khi bdn tang IUdng phan thi ty le la ca'p 1+2 cd xu the giam. 6 tra xuan sdm, tJ' le la cap 1+2 dao dong Xii 38,8% (CT3) den 42,5% (CTI); khi tang lUpng phan len mUc cao nhat ta 70 N, t^ le la cap 1+2 chi dat 38,8%, tha'p hon CTI la 3,2%, thap hdn CT2 la 6,6%. 6 tra xuan chinh vy, ty le la cap 1+2 dao dgng tU 37,1% (CTS) den 3 8 , 1 % (CTI); khi tang IUdng phan len mUc cao nhat la 70 N, ty le la cap 1+2 chi dat 37,1%, thap hdn CTI la 1,0% va thap hdn CT2 khong dang ke. Khi ngat nggn de lai 20 la. ty le la cap 1 +2 dat cao nhat (44,0%); so la de lai sau khi ngat ngpn tang thi ty le la cap 1+2 co xu the giam (cu the neu de lai 22 la thi ty \§ la cap 1 +2 ch? dat 41,0%, neu tang len 24 la thi t^ le la cap 1+2 chi cdn 36,1 %).
Ket qua phkn tich thanh phan hda hgc cua cac CT thi nghi$m
Ham lupng nicotin: day la yeu to quan trpng nhat de tgo dp nang cho thud'c la, gdp phan lam tang chat lUdng thuoc la neu d ngudng thich hdp. Ham IUdng nicotin cua cac CT thf nghiem trong 2 tra trong va thf nghiem ngat nggn deu dat ngudng trung binh den kha, Cac CT khi bdn dgm cao deu lam tang ham lUdng nicotin. Tra xuan sdm cd ham IUdng nicotin cao hdn tra xuan chfnh vu khi bon cung mijfc phan gid'ng nhau. De lai it la sau khi ngat nggn cd ham IUdng nicotin cao hdn so vdi d l nhieu la sau khi ngat ngpn
Ham IUdng nicotin d tra xuan sdm:^nhin chung ham lupng nicotin d tra xuan sdm cao hon han so vdi tra xuan chfnh vy ci c§ 3 CT bdn phan. Ham IUdng nicotin dao dpng tu 3,54% (CTI) den 3 , 8 1 % (CT2). Khi tang mUc phan bdn thi ham lupng nicotin cung dupc tang len dang ke. 6 day, yeu to tra trong (chu yeu la lUdng mUa) dong vai trd Idn trong viec lam tang ham lUdng nicotin. Tra xuan sdm dUdc trong vao ngay 22.1.2014, khoang thdi
gian cay sinh trudng va phat trien nam trong thang it mua.
Thang 1, IUdng mUa chi dat 0,4 mm, thang 2 mac du cd tang nhung khdng dang ke (23,4 mm), sang thang 3 cung chi dat 81,9 mm. Theo ly thuyet ve yeu cau khf hau thdi tiet cho cay thuo'c la sinh trudng va phat t r i l n t6t thi IUdng mua cho toan vy phk\ dat tU 400-600 mm, vi vay neu <
400 mm thi phai tudi nudc.
Ham IUdng nicotin d tra xuan chfnh vy: ham lupng nicotin tra xuan chfnh vu thap hdn rd ret so vdi tr^ xuan sdm d cS 3 CT thf nghiem bon phan. Khi tang mUc phan bdn thi ham lupng nicotin cung dUdc tang l§n dang ke.
Ham lupng nicotin d CT bdn 70 N dgt dUpc trj so kha ly tudng (2,25%).
Ham IUdng nicotin trong cac thf nghiem ngat ngpn:
mac du ham lUdng nicotin trong cac CT thf nghi§m ngat ngon th^p hdn so vdi cac CT thf nghiem ve thdi vu song van tuan theo quy luat khi ngat nggn de Igi ft la se lam tang ham luong nicotin.
Bing 2: inh hudng tri trang, phan bon. ngit ngon dSn mdt sd thinh phin hoi hpc thudc li nguydn ll$u cda th! nghiem
Cong thu'c Nicotin Nitd Protein Du'dng khii Cio Thi nghidm phan bdn, tri trong CT1-TV1
CT2-TV1 CT3-TV1 CT1-TV2 CT2-TV2 CT3-TV2
3.54 3.81 3.55 1.43 2.71 2,25
1,53 1,49 1,46 1,06 1,23 1,18
19,4 19,8 20,3 27,6 22,6 23,5
0.09 0,10 0,10 0,03 0.04 0,03 Thf nghifm ngat nggn
SL20 SL22 SL24
1,75 1,69 1,64
1,11 1,13 1,13
28,6 27,9 28,1
0,05 0,04 0,04
Neu so sanh ham IUdng nicotin ciJa cac CT thi nghiem vdi san xuat dai tra thi ham ludng nicotin cua tra xuan sdm da tang len dang ke. Neu so sanh vdi 30 m i u vung trong l(hac 6 phia B j c vu xuan 2014 thi ham luong nicotin cua cac CT tra xuan sdm dat trj so cao nhat. Doi vdi cac CT thi nghiem d tra xuan chlnh vu (trU CT1-TV2) thi ham IUdng nicotin deu 6 mUc cao, chi dUng sau xa Phij Ngoc (Ha Qudng, Cao Bang), xa Nam Tuan (Hoa An, Cao Bang) va tinh Bac Giang. Doi vdi thi nghiSm ngat ngon, ham IUdng nicotin d mdc trung binh, nhung van 6 mUc cao hon 22 m l u thupc vung trong khac 6 phia Bac.
Ham luang N-Protein ciia cac CT thI nghiSm 6 hai tra trong deu 6 ngUBng thap. Ham lupng N-Protein cija cac CT thi nghiem 6 tra xuan sdm cao hdn so vdi tra xuan chinh vu, nhung mUc dp cao hon khong Idn. Ham IUdng
64 . TgpcHKHOaHM S6 24nam2014 CONG NGHE VIET N M T
NGHIGN CLIU-TRRO DOI
N-lj'roteln cia thf nghiem ngat ngon co xu the tang len khi ngat ngpn de 1^1 so la nhieu.
Him luang audng khU: doi vdi cac thi nghiSm ngat ngon co ham lupng dudng khU cao nhat, ti^p den tra xuan chinh vu, thap nhat la tra xuan sdm.
Him luang Cio: tat ca cac CT thi nghiem dSu thap, dieu nay co ldi cho chat iupng thuoc la nguySn lieu. TrU CT2- TV1 va CT3-TV1, con cac CT khac dSu co hjm ludng Cio
< 0,1% (ham lupng Cio cho phep < 1%).
Ket qui binh hot cam quan cua cic CT thi nghl$m
Ket qua danh gia chat lupng thud'c la nguyen IiSu bang phUPng phap binh hut cam quan cho thay (xem bSng 3):
B^ng 3: inh hudng trd trong, phan bdn. ngat ngon den kgt qui dinh gii cim quan thu6c li nguySn IiSu
eVT: diem
Cdng thiJc Huang thdm
Khau VI
Do n^ng
B9 chdy
Mdu s i c S0i
Tong diem Thi nghidm phSn b6n, tri trong
CT1-TV1 CT2-TV1 CT3-TV1 CT1-TV2 CT2-TV2 CT3-TV2
9,5 9,3 9,8 9.1 9,6 9,7
9,3 9,3 9,4 9,1 9.6 9.6
5,8 5,2 5,8 6,7 7,3 7,3
7,0 7,0 7.0 7,0 7,0 7,0
6,7 6,7 6.7 7.0 7,0 7,0
38,3 37,5 38,7 38,9 40,5 40,6 Thi nghifm ngit nggn
SL20 SL22 SL24
9,8 9.3 9,5
9,8 9,5 9.5
7,3 7,0 7.0
7,0 7,0 7.0
7,0 7,0 7,0
40,9 39,8 40,0
Ve mui hi/dng: diem binh hut cac CT thf nghiem cOa 2 tra trong va cac CT thi nghiem ngat ngpn deu dat tU 9,1 dilm (dat loai kha). Mac du ham lupng bdn dam cd tang nhung khong anh hudng tdi hUdng khi hut {CT3- TV1, CT3-TV2), Dieu nay la cd sd 6i lam tang ham IUdng nicotin thdng qua bien phap bon tang dam.
Ve W;theo danh gia cOa Hgi dong binh hut c^m quan, diem vi cOa cac CT thf nghiem deu dgt tU 9,1 diem trd len.
Cac c t thf nghiem od diem vi cao nhu: SL20, CT2-TV2, CT3-TV2.., day la nhUng CT bdn dam d mUc cao (60, 70 N). Dieu nay khang djnh, khi bdn tang dam (trong khodng thi nghi§m) giup cki thien vj cho thudc la nguyen lieu.
VS do nang: cac CT thi nghiem tra xuan sdm, xuan chfnh vy cd diem binh hut do nang dat tU 5,2-7,3 diem (nam trong kho&ng cho phep). Cac CT thi nghiem ngat nggn dd nang dat XiS 7,0 diem tr6 len (phu hdp vdi cdng nghe phoi che thuoc la dieu).
Ve 66 chay: cac CT thi nghiem deu od dp chay tot, tan
trang, dat 7,0 diem
Ve mau sac: ckc CT thi nghiem deu dupc Hpi ddng binh hut cam quan danh gia cd mau vang chanh den vang cam, la nhUng mau cho chat IUdng tot.
Nhin Chung, cac CT thi nghiem cd tdng diem binh hut dat kha cao, dao dgng tU 38-40 diem, trong dd noi bat nhat la CT SL20 cd diem hUdng, vj, do nang dat cao nhat (dat 40,9 diem).
Ket luan
Trong oac CT thi nghiem cd cung mpt mUc phan bdn, tra xuan sdm (TV1) cd ham lupng nicotin cao hdn han so vdi tra xuan chfnh vu (TV2). Cu the, d CT1 (50 N) tra xuan sdm cao hdn tra xukn chfnh vu la 2,11%, d CT2 (60 N) tra xuan sdm cao hdn tra xuan chfnh vy la 1,10%, d CT3 (70 N) tra xuSn sdm cao hdn tra xuan chfnh vu la 1,30%.
Cac mUc bdn phan khac nhau cd dnh hudng den ham lugng nicotin trong thud'c la nguyen lieu cCia cac CT thf nghiem._ Mac du ham luong nicotin trong cac CT thi nghiem ngat ngon thap hdn so vdi cac CT thf nghiem ve thdi vu song n§'u ngat nggn de lai so la it se lam tang ham lupng nicotin.
Nang suat cOa tra xuan chinh vu cao hdn tra xuan sdm. Trong cung mgt tra trdng, khi tang IUdng phan bdn thi nang suat tang len dang k l . Ty l§ la ca'p 1+2 d tra xuan sdm cao hdn so vdi tra xuan chinh vu.
Ve thanh phan hda hpc, hau het cac CT thi nghiem cd ham IUdng nicotin d mUo kha den kha cao, ham lUdng N-Protein thap, dudng khCt va Cio thap cd loi cho chat IUdng thuoc la nguyen lieu. Cac CT ttil nghiem deu co tfnh chat hut td't, dac biet la CT SL20 cd diem huong, vi, dp nang dat diem cao nha't ^
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tran Dang Kien (2009), Bao cao l6ng k^t Dy ^n sSn xuat thiJ nghiem cap nha nudc. Hoan thien quy trinh cflng ngh§ san xuat 2 giong lai m6i VTLIH, VTL5H lai Cao Bang va Lang Scin, ma so KC06.
DA07/06-10.
2. Hoang Ti/ Lap {2013). Bao cao tdng ket de tai cap Tong cflng ty;
Ap dung mflt so bien phap ky thuat nhiim tang h^m lucJng nicotin trong thuoc la nguy§n lieu t^i Bac SOn - Lang Son
3- Hoang Ti/ Lap (2014). Bao cao tdng ket DU an sSn xuat thif nghiem cap Bo Cong thUdng: Hoan thi#n quy trinh cong nghe sAn xuSt thuoc la nguyen lieu dong TLI 6 tai Cao Bang.
4 Kieu VanTuyen (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014) B^o cao tong ket de tai cap Tong cong ty Theo doi diln bien chit luijng thudc la nguyen lieu d cac viing trong cay thuoc la chinh trong ch nUflc.
