NhiJng yeu to
anh hiTo^ng den nang suat lao dong cua Viet Nam
NGUYEN THI H 6 N G THCIV
Tomtit
Trong qud trinh cong nghiep hda, hiin dgi hoa, cdng vdi "ldn song cong nghi" cua cugc Cdch mgng Cong nghiip 4.0, ndng sudt lao dgng Viet Nam ngdy cdng dugc cdi thien vd ndng cao.
Tuy nhien, ndng sud't lao dgng Viet Nam vdn con d mffc thdp so vdi nhieu qudc gia trin the gidi, ddc biit Id trong khu vifc Dong Nam A. Bdi vie't ddnh gid mffc do dnh hudng cua cdc ye'u tdde'n ndng sudt lao dgng cua Viet Nam. qua do ggi md nhffng gidi phdp cdi thiin ndng sudt lao dgng.
TH khda: ndng sudt lao dgng. yi'u tddnh hudng. Viet Nam Summary
In the process of induslrialization and modernization, as well as technology wave from the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Vietnam's labor productivity has been increasingly improved.
However. Vietnam's labor productivity stays low compared to many countries in the world, especially in Southeast Asia. This article assesses the impact of factors on labor productivity in Vietnam and then provides some schemes to improve national labor productivity.
Keywords: labor productivity, influential factors. Vietnam Cidl THlf U
Nang sud't Iao ddng cua Viet Nam difdc cai thien dang ke theo hu'dng tang deu qua cac nam. Cu the, theo Tong cue Thd'ng kd (2019), nang sua'l lao dpng ciia loan nen kinh te theo gia hien hanh ndm 2019 ifdc tinh dat 110,4 tridu dong/Iao ddng (lu'dng du'dng 4.791 USD/lao ddng, tang 272 USD so vdi nam 2018); theo gia so sdnh, nang sua't lao dong lang 6,2% do life lifdng Iao ddng du'dc bo sung va sd'lao ddng cd viec lam nam 2019 tang cao. Tuy vay, nang sua't lao ddng cua Viet Nam van rat thap so vdi cdc mfdc trong khu vifc. Dang chu y la khoang each chdnh lech tuyet dd'i van tid'p tuc gia tang. Tinh theo siJc mua tifdng du'dng (PPP) 2011, nang sua't lao ddng cua VietNam nam 2018 chi bang 7,3% md'e nang sua'l cua Singapore. 19% cua Malaysia. 37% cua Thdi Lan, 44,8% ciia Indonesia va bang 55,9% nang sua'l Iao ddng cua Philippines.
Nhieu nghidn cifu da chi ra, nang sua't Iao ddng ciia Viet Nam tha'p la do lao dpng chii ye'u Iam viec trong khu vtfc cd nang sua'l Iao ddng thd'p, phifdng tidn san xua't cham doi mdi. chat lu'dng Iao ddng tha'p va mdi tru'dng kinh doanh Ihie'u canh tranh... Bai vid't nay se xdc dinh rd hdn cdc yd'u to' anh hifdng de'n nang sua't lao dpng. qua dd de \uat cac giai phdp nang cao ndng sud't lao dpng Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
MO HINH NGHIEN CL/U Trong nen kinh te sii dung lao ddng (L), vd'n dau tif (K) ddng vai trd Id ddu vao de san xua'l hang hda va dich vu, Ben canh dd, cdng nghe san xua't hidn cd quyet dinh den ndng sua't lao ddng tif mdt khd'i lu'dng vdn ddu tif va lao dpng nha't dinh. Cdc nha kinh id' hpc bid'u thi cdng nghe hidn cd bdng each su' dung hdm sdn xua't, ham nay cho bid't cdc nhdn to san xua't quyd't dinh md'e san lifdng dtfdc san xua't nhif thd' nao. Neu ky hidu Y la san lu'dng ciia nen kinh te'(nang suat lao ddng), thi khi dd, ham san xua't dtfdc vie't nhtf sau:
Y = F(K,L)
Ham san xua't phan dnh trinh dp suT dung cdng nghe hien cd, nghia la cdng nghe hidn cd an trong ham nay chuyen tif vd'n dau tif va Iao dpng thanh san lu'dng.
Nhif vay, cdc nhan td'sau se tdc ddng den ndng suat Iao dpng:
Thff nhdt. vd'n dau tii K (nguon von.
mdy mdc thie't^bi, cong nghe san xuat, dau tu'cho nguon nhan life..)
* Khoa Kinh te va Q u a n iy, Trifdng Cao dang Cong nghiep Thi/i Ngii\ nhd'l hdi: 25/6/2020; Ngdy phdn bien 20/7/2020; Ngdy duyft ddng:
tc phim Ngdy duyft ddng: 25/7/2020
158
^ Thff hai. lao ddng L (phu thudc vao:
td'c dp tang ddn so', Iy le tham gia ciia life lifdng Iao dpng, trinh dd Iao ddng).
Thff ba, cdng nghe (ham F phu thudc vao sif thay dd'i cua cdng nghd, stf thay doi Clia cd chd' chinh sdch).
Ttf ham san xuat, tdc gid xay dimg md hinh hoi quy cd dang nhif sau:
Y=BO + Bix'l + B2X2 + B3X3 + u Trong dd:
-I- Bien phu thudc Y la nang suat Iao ddng + Bid'n dpc lap: XI la vd'n dau tif; X2 la lao dpng; bid'n gid X3 bie'u thi cd che chinh sdch
-I- BO: Tham so'chdn -I- B l , B2, B3: Tham sd'bie'n -I- u: Yd'u Id' ngau nhien
Mo hinh se nghien ciJu bie'n phu diudc Y theo sif thay doi tuydt dd'i cua bid'n ddc lap XI, X2, hay ndi each khac, sir thay doi mdt ddn vi bid'n dpc lap XI, X2 se cho bid't phan tram thay doi cua Y.
Md hinh cQng ddnh gid tdc dpng cua X3 de'n bie'n phu thudc Y. Cdc bie'n trong md hinh difdc md ta cu the tai Bang 1 va 2.
PHU'DNG PHAP NGHIEN cOu Tdc gia sif dung tai lieu IhiJ ca'p lidn quan de'n noi dung nghien ciJu, gom tdi lieu tijf bdo cao tinh hinh kinh Id' - xa hdi Clia Tong cue Thd'ng kd, Nien giam Thong ke cac nam tii'2011 den 2019, ciing mdt so' tap chi, sdch bao va cac trang web... Trong dd, so' lieu ve vd'n dau tif va lao ddng dtfdc Id'y tif Nidn gidm Thd'ng ke.
Md hinh kinh le' lu'dng van dung de' phan tich cdc ye'u td'anh hifdng dd'n ndng sua't Iao dpng. Sd' lieu du'dc xijf ly qua phan mem Excel de xem xel nhiJng bie'n ddng cdc ye'u td'dnh hu'dng dd'n nang sua't lao dpng cua Vidt Nam.
BAMG 1: BANG TEN BIEN TRONG MO HIMH
KET QUA NGHIEN COu Ke't qua linh todn cua ldc gia d Bang 3 cho tha'y. gia trj R^ = 0,999333, la mdt si^ phu hdp ra't td't. Hay ndi each khdc, khoang 99,9% sU thay dd'i cua ndng sua't lao dpng difdc giai thich bdi cac bid'n vd'n dau tu", lao ddng va sif thay dd'i cd chd' chinh sdch.
Ben canh dd, gid tri Significance F = 0.000002 < 0,05 (phil lidp).
P-value Ian Itfdt la: He so' tif do = 0,000579633
XI =0,000527532 X2 = 0,000513567
STT 1 2 3 4
T6n bi6'n Y XI X2 X3
Loai biS'n Phu thuoc Doc lap Doc lap Bie'n gia
Dbihi^i^iifi Nang suat tao dong Von dau tit Lao dflng Sit thay ddi cd che chinh sach
Ddnvi Tneu dong/Iao dong Nghin Iv dong Nghin ngu'di
Ttu'dc nam 2016 la 0, tC( nam 2016 den nam 2019 la 1
BANG 2; KHAI BAO BIEN TRONG EXCEL
ram
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Y 55.2 63,1 68,7 74.7 79.4 84.5 93,2 102,2 110,4
XI 924,5 1.010.1 1.094.5 1.220.7 1.366.5 1.487.6 1.670.2 1.856,6 2.045.9
X2 50.352.0 51.422.4 52.207.8 52.744.5 52.840,0 53.302,8 53.703.4 54 249.4 55 800,0
X3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
X1«X3 0 0 0 0 0 1 487.6 1 670.2 1 856.6 2 045.9
X2*X3 0 0 0 0 0 53.302.8 53.703.4 54.249.4 55.800.0 Nguon Jac yiii tonji
X3 = 0,00156644 XI*X3 = 0,003I82395 X2*X3= 0,001646386
NhiT vay, ta't ca cdc bid'n deu cd y nghia thd'ng ke.
Ndi cdch khdc, cdc bie'n ddc lap cd mo'i quan hd tuyd'n linh khd rd vdi bid'n phu Ihupc va hau nhir khdng cd quan sdt gay ra sif sai lech qud ldn (hay cdc quan sdt cd ciing vai trd).
Khi dd, ham hoi quy du'dc vie't Iai nhd sau:
Ndng sudt lao dgng = 0.027756425*Vdnddu tu + 0,00470556*Lao dong + 258,8611011*Su thay ddi ca che chinh sdch - 207.2390114
Ham hoi quy thd' hien md'i quan he lu'dng quan tuye'n linh giiJa gia tri do thifc te' va gia tri md phdng.
Dd'i vdi mdi ddn vi tdng trong vd'n dau tu', nang sua'l Iao ddng tang vdi 0,027756425 ddn vi. Dd'i vdi mdi ddn vi lang Clia lao ddng. nang sua't lao ddng ldng 0,00470556 ddn vi. Dd'i vdi mdi ddn vi tang cua cd che'chinh sdch, ndng sud't Iao ddng tang 258,8611011 ddn vi. Ke'l qua nay cho tha'y, su" thay doi cua cd che' chinh sach cd lac ddng rd't Idn den kha nang lang nang sua't lao ddng.
KET LUAN VA HAM Y
Bai vie't ddnh gia cdc yd'u td' lac ddng den nang sua't lao ddng cua Viet Nam. Kd'l qua cho tha'y, bid'n phu thupc la nang sua't Iao dpng va bie'n ddc lap la vd'n dau tif, lao ddng cd md'i quan he thudn chieu, td'c la nang sua't lao ddng tang khi vd'n dau tir va lao ddng tdng.
Ddc bidt, bie'n gia sif thay dd'i cua cd che' chinh sdch cd lac ddng manh nha't de'n kha nang tang nang sua't lao ddng cua Vidt Nam.
Nhif vay, trong bd'i canh t\i do hda thifdng mai va Cach mang Cdng nghiep 4.0. Chinh phii can cd dinh htfdng phat trien dung va giai phap hidu qua trong vide xay dutig va thifc hien thanh cdng Chie'n Itfdc qud'c gia vi nang cao nang sua't Iao dpng cua Viet Nam, vdi muc
Economy jnJ Forei-J\i RCM 159
BANG 3: TOM TAT C/CJC LtfONG QUA PHAN M I H EXCE Tfim tat ke't qua
Cdc thdng sdcua mo hinh hSi quy He so lu'dng quan boi R
R- R-hieu chinh Sai so'chu^n Mau
0.9999667 0.9999333 0.9998222 0.24284.19 9 ANOVA
Do hoi quy Do ngau nhien Tong He so W do X!
X2 X3 XI*X3 X2*X3
H?stf -207,2390114
0,027756425 0,004 7055 (S 25S,86II0I1 0,022182247 -0,005483104
Sai sU chuSn 1.1,34072466 0,001731033 0,000290826 23.32005216 0.002545893 0,000502386
df 5 3 s tStat -15.5343144 16,03460017 16,17997671 11,10036544 8,71295232 -10,9141279
SS 2653.663
0.17692 2f.53,S4 P-value 0,000579633 0.000527532 0.000513567 0,00156644 0,003182395 0,001646386
MS 530.7326 0.058973 Lower 95%
-249,6951513 0.022247505 0,003780021 184,6462873 0.014080078 -0.00708192
F 8999.56
Upper 95%
-164.7828715 0,033265346 0.005631098 333.0759149 0,030284416 -0,003884288
Significance F 0.000002
Lower 95,0%
-249,6951?!
0.022247505 0.003780021 184.6462873 0.014080078 -0,00708192
Upper 95,0%
-164.7S2y715 0.033265346 0.()().?631098 333,0759149 0.030284416 -0,003884288 g u o n : Ta<
tidu chung va cu the trong tifng giai doan de ndng sua'l Iao ddng ciia Viet Nam bat kip cdc nifdc trong khu vifc.
Mat khdc, Chinh phu cdn xay dimg cac chinh sach ve tien lu'dng, che dp bao hiem, che' dp ifu ddi va dai ngd nham thu hut va giif nhan tai, nha't la dpi ngu tri thu'c Ire ngu'di Viel Nam d nu'dc ngoai, til dd cd the dem Iai nhifng dot pha vd kinh Id' - xa hdi cua da'l nifdc gdn lien vdi sir phdt trien cua khoa hoc, cong nghe cimg SLT doi mdi, sdng tao.
Cdc cd sd giao due dao lao, nha't la nhifng nganh cdng nghd va ky thuat can thay doi md hinh dao tao phii hop vdl thu'c tidn thi trifdng va dao tao nhu'ng gi thi trifdng can. Ben canh dd, nang cao trinh dd ddi ngu giang vidn, day manh nghien cu'u khoa hpc trong trirdng dai hpc dng dung vao thifc lien sdn xua't, giang day nhu'ng ndi dung can thie't phQ hdp vdi nhu cau viec lam cua doanb nghidp va ciia nen kinh id'.
Cdc cd sd gido due dao tao va cd sd day nghe can tang cu'dng hpp ldc vdi cdc doanh nghiep nham lao ra nhifng bifdc dot pha ve gido due nghe nghiep, gdn dao tao va vide lam.
Vd phia doanh nghiep, can khuyen khich va tao co hpi cho ngifdi lao ddng hpc tap, doi mdi ttf duy trong cdng vide, mdi ddi ngu cdc chuydn gia dao tao vd hirdng ddn cho ngifdi Iao dpng ftig dung khoa hpc, cong nghe vao san xua't. Ngoai ra, doanh nghiep can gdn ke't vdi cd sd dao tao, day nghe, cting cd sd gido due ddo tao xay diJng chifdng trinh dao tao, ddnh gid sinh vidn lot nghiep ra tru'dng, ren luyen cac ky ndng tai doanh nghiep thdng qua hd trd thifc hdnh Ihifc ldp, cung nhtf tuyen dung sinh vidn sau khi td't nghidp. Dong thdi, doanh nghiep ciing vdi cd sd dao tao, day nghe chia se nhOYig kinh nghidm cdng viec, ren luydn kha ndng thich iing vdi thj tru'dng lao dpng.
Ban than ngirdi lao ddng ciing can chii ddng thay doi, hpc tap ndng cao trinh do, tay nghe, ludn sdn sang hpc tap, rdn luydn cdc ky ndng ve ngoai ngif, tin hpc.Q
TAI U E U THAMJCHAO
1. Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2019). Bdo cdo linh hinh kinb te- xd hgi ndm 2019
2. Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2012-2020). Nien gidm Thdng ki cdc ndm. tff ndm 2011 de'n 2019, Nxb Thd'ng kd
3. Nguydn Van Ddng (2017). Cac ye'u to'tdc ddng den nang sua't lao dpng va nhifng va'n de ddt ra, Tgp chi Tdi chinh, ky II, thang 12
4. Hiii Hang (2020). Ndng cao ndng sud't lao dgng ctia Viit Nam trong bdi cdnh CMCN 4.0. truy cdp tif https://vjsl.vn/vn/tin-luc/2676/nang-cao-nang-suat-Iao-dong-cua-\iet-nam-trong-b()i-canh- cmcn-4-O.aspx
5. Dieu Thidn (2019). Tdng ndng sudt lao dgng: "Chia khoa" de ndng cao ndng ha -anh iranh qudc gia. truy cap tif http://thoibaotaichinhvietnam.vn/pages/kinh-doanh/2019-0.^-2l • .iiL'-nang- suai-lao-dong-chia-khoa-de-nang-cao-nang-luc-canh-iranh-quoc-gia-69150.aspx
