QO&if. difng. fthikfi. biM S6 6 (279) - 2015
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HOAN TIIIEN C0 CHE BMVE HIEN PHAP
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THEO HIEN PHAP NAM 2013
I TS. T A O TH! Q U Y E N *
1. Sfl can t h i e t k h a c h q u a n h o a n t h i e n cd che b a o v@ Hi^n p h a p
Cd ch^ bao ve Hien phap Id t6ng the cdc yeu tfl' (th^ ch§', thig't che, phfldng thflc bao ve Hien phdp) CO quan he mat thid't, tfldng tdc ldn nhau, hinh thanh mgt he thong va sfl vdn hanh cua he thong do de tign hanh hoat dong bao ve Hien phdp, nh^m bao dam sfl ton trong Hien phdp, ngfin ngfla vd xii ly mpi hdnh vi vi pham Hien phap. Dieu 119 Hien phdp nfim 2013 quy dinh:
"1. Hien phap la ludt cd ban cua nfldc Cong hod xd hoi chu nghia Viet Nam, co hieu Iflc phdp ly cao nhd't. Moi van ban phdp ludt khac phai phfl hdp vdi Hien phdp. Moi hanh vi vi pham Hien phdp deu bi x i ly.
2. Quoc hoi, cdc cd quan cua Qufl'c hgi, Chu tich nfldc. Chinh phu, Toa an nhdn dan, Vi§n kiem sdt nhan dan, cdc cd quan khac cua Nha nfldc vd toan the nhan dan co trach nhiem bao ve Hien phap. Co che bao ve Hien phap do luat dinh".
Nhfl vdy, 1 ^ dau tien Hien phap nam 2013 da xac dinh trong Nhd nfldc phdp quy^n xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam c6 cd che bao ve Hien phap (CCBVHP) va trao quyen quy dinh vi CCBVHP cho Quo'c hoi. Viec xay dflng, hoan thign CCBVHP de thi hanh Dieu 119 Hig'n phap nfim
2013 la mpt nhigm vu quan trong va c^n thiet Dieu do xud't phat tfl hai phfldng dign ly ludn va thflc tien sau day:
Tb& nha't, vSphddng dien If Mn CCBVHP gop p h ^ bao vg chg' do chinh tri, chu quyen quoc gia, bao dam tS^t ca quyln Idtf nha nfldc thuoc ve nhan dan; CCBVHP bao dam tinh tho'ng nhd't cua he thfl'ng phdp luat;
CCBVHP gflp p h i n bao dam quyln con ngflcii, quyen, tfl do cua cflng dan; sfl vdn hdnh cua CCBVHP gdp p h i n bao dam cd ch^ thflc hi$n vd kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc.
Thtt bai, ve phddng dien thdc tien (i) 0 Vigt Nam, th^ che bao ve Hign phap (BVHP) da xac dinh dfldc mflt sfl" nguygn tdc chi dao hoat dong BVHP nhflng chfla cy thi, mflc dfi the hien yeu ciu cua cac nguygn tdc chfla phii hdp vdi dac trflng cua Nha nfldc phdp quyen xa hoi chu nghia (NNPQXHCN); da quy dinh ve mgt so noi dung va tham quyg'n cua cac chu the tham gia BVHP nhflng cung chfla diy du.
(ii) Cac quy dinh ve BVHP thig'u tinh hi thflng, ndm rai rac trong rd't nhieu vdn ban, tham chl ca vdn ban dfldi ludt. Mot so quy p h p i dfldc quy dinh lap di lap lai d nhilu vdn ban quy pham phap ludt khac nhau.
(iii) Thiet ch^ BVHP mang tinh phi tdp trung
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va khflng chuygn trach, tham quyen BVHP dfldc giao cho nhieu cd quan, ca nhdn khac nhau nhfl Quoc hpi, Uy ban Thfldng vu Quoc hfli, Chu tich nfldc... nhflng chfla dfldc phan dinh ro rdng.
(iv) Ve phfldng thflc van hdnh cua CCBVHP:
Phfldng thflc hoat dgng BVHP cua Quoc hoi, Uy ban Thfldng vy Quoc hgi kha da dang vd dfldc quy dinh tfldng d6i cu the, ro rang. Mgt suhinh thflc vd bien phap nhfl xem xgt, <Enh chi, huy ho vfin ban quy pham phdp ludt da dfldc svt dyng khd thfldng xuyen. TXiy nhign, cdn mgt s6^ hinh thflc va bign phap phap ly chfla dfldc quy dinh mot each cu the, chi tiet, mgt so bien phap mang tinh tfly nghi ngn tinh kha thi rd!t han che. Nhin chung, cac phfldng thflc hoat dgng cua CCBVHP hign hanh con dan trai, da so cdc bien phap mang tinh chat tfl vifn, khuyen nghi, hieu Iflc phdp ly th^p.
(v) Cac yg'u tS' cua CCBVHP chfla d6ng bo vdi nhau va do vay, sfl tfldng tdc gifla cac yg'u t6 chfla "dn khdp, nhip nhdng".
2. Ygu cau hoan thign cd che bao ve Hien phap trong Nha nfldc phap quyln xa hoi chu nghia Viflt Nam theo Hi^n phap nam 2013
Mot la, bao dam tinh ddc lip va chuyen trach cua cd quan bao v$ Hiin phap
Cd quan BVHP Id yeu to trung tam cua CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam. De cd chg' nay vdn hdnh dat dfldc muc dich, ddp flng cac ygu ciu cua NNPQXHCN Vigt Nam, cd quan BVHP phai cd vi tri dpc ldp vdi cac cd quan khac trong bg mdy nhd nfldc, hoat dpng cua no phai mang tinh chuygn trdch vdi nhflng chflc ndng, nhiem vu rieng.
BVHP Id boat dong ddc biet dfldc the hien d
muc dich, tinh chd't, ngi dung dfic biet va do vdy doi hoi hoat dgng dd phai dfldc tien hdnh b5i chu the ddc biet. BVHP la bao ve chu quyen nhan dan, bao ve ch^ do chinh tri, nen tang phdp ly cua nha nfldc, bao vg nhflng gia tri trfldng ton va cao quy nhat trong xa hfli. BVHP khong chi la bao ve vd bao dam sfl tuan thu nhflng nguyen tdc, quy pham dfldc th^ hien bdng Icli van cua Hien phdp, ma con bao vg tinh thin cot loi cua Hien phap. De dat dfldc muc dich dd, noi dung BVHP bao gom hoat dpng mang tinh phdp ly ddn thuin va hoat dgng mang tinh chinh tri.
Noi dung cua hoat dgng BVHP dfldc xac dinh can cfl chu yeu vao npi dung cua Hiln phdp trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam. Ngi dung dd quyet dinh va chi phfli pham vi chflc ndng, nhiem vy cua cd quan BVHP.
Hai la, the che BVHP bao gom nhUng nguyen tic chinh tri - phap ly hiSh dinh va nhiing quy dinh mang tinh chuyen bi$t dddc thi hi$n trong mgt h$ thong van ban dong bp, nhai quan, minh bach, ro rang
Thl chl BVHP la yeu to' quan trgng cua CCBVHP, bao g6m cdc nguygn tfic, quy pham dong bg, thong nhd't xac (finh myc tigu vd tao ldp cd scl phap ly cho viec xay dflng, van hdnh CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam.
Thl chl BVHP trflde het la nhflng nguyen tdc hien dinh. Chang han, Dieu 2 Hien phdp nfim 2013 quy dinh: "Nha nfldc Cgng hoa xd hgi chu nghia Viet Nam Id nhd nfldc phdp quyen cua nhdn dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan". Dilu ndy da xac dinh nguygn tdc chi dao quan trgng hdng diu dfli vdi CCBVHP cf Viet Nam. Hien phap ciing xdc dinh cac nguyen tdc quan trong khac chi phoi hoat dong BVHP do Id, nguyen tac bao
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Ctidv-difiuf^ fihdfi. biM S6 6 (279) - Z015
dam quyen lUc nha nUdc thuoc ve nhan dan;
nguySn tic vl hieu lUc toi cao cua Hien phap;
nguySn tSc ton trong va bao vl quyen con ngUai, quyen cong dan; nguyen tic quyen lUc nha nu6c thong nh^'t; nguyen tic bao dam stf lanh dao cua Dang doi v6i Nha nUdc... Cac nguyen tic nay vita phan anh nhiing yeu cau phap ly - bao dam tinh phap quyen, viJfa phan anh yeu clu ve mat chinh tri - bao dam ban chat giai eSp, ban chat dan chu cua Nha nUdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu ngliia Viet Nam.
Bin canh nhtSng nguyen tic chinh tri - phap ly neu tren, cac quy dinh diidc ghi trong Hien phap va cac v^n ban quy pham phap ludt chuyin bi^t khac cung la mot bo p h ^ cua thl chl BVHP. Bo phin nay tao ISip cd sS phap ly cho hoat dong BVHP.
Dl dilu chinh cac quan he phap ly phat sinh trong qua trinh tien hanh hoat dong BVHP, doi hoi phai c6 luW vl CCBVHP. VSn ban nay la sU thl chl hoa, cu the hoa cac nguyin tic, quy dinh cua Hiln phap doi vdi CCBVHP. LuM ve CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam phai dilu chinh mot each toan diln cac v£ln de nhii:
N§i dung cua boat dong BVHP; chtic nang, thim quyln cua cd quan BVHP; each thiic thanh ISp, cd cSii to chflc ciia cd quan BVHP; doi tUdng phai chiu sil xem xit tinh hdp hien; phiidng phap, hinh thflc, thu tuc tiln hanh cac hoat dong BVHP; nhdng bien phap phap ly ma cd quan BVHP CO the ap dung doi vdi nhiing doi tUdng da c6 hanh vi vi hiln... Ngoai ra, CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN Vilt Nam dfldc to chflc va van htoh tren cd sJ phap ly la nhflng quy dinh, quy tic noi bo cua cd quan BVHP.
Ba la, phuang tbHc ran banh cna CCBVHP
pbai pbi bdp vdi vi tri, tinb cbU't, cbvic ning nbiem va vi pham vi tbim quyen ciia cd guao BVHP tbeo qtty dinh cia Hien phap va piap luat
Phiidng thflc vto hanh la hinh thflc, phUdng phap, quy trinh, thii tuc tiln hinh boat dong BVHE Dl til'n htoh c4c hoat ding BVHP, dSc biet la boat dong phto quyet, xii l^ nhflng vSn ban vi hanh vi vi hiln trong to chflc vk thilc hiln quyln lilc nhh nfldc, CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN phai to chflc vk boat dong theo phudng thflc riing, khac vdi phifdng thflc cua cac boat dong I4p phap, htoh phap, tfl phap. C»
quan BVHP chuyen trach, doc l&p, vfla mang tinh chinh tri vfla mang tinh phap ly, vi vJy, phudng thflc boat dong cua n6 khac hin so vffi phfldng thflc BVHP thing qua cd quan mang tinh chi'nh tri nhfl Quoc hoi vk cung khac so vffi phfldng thflc to tung tfl phap 3 cac Toa an thflclng. Hdn nfla, chil thl cua nhflng htoh vi vi pham hiln phap chu ylu \k chu thl mang tinh cong quyen, che tai trach nhilm c6 thl ap dung doi vdi nhiing chil thl dl 1^ trach nhilm chinh tri phap ly, do do boat dong BVHP trong NNPQXHCN Vilt Nam phai dfldc tiln hinh theo phfldng thflc dac thii. Ngoii ra, phfldng thflc BVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam con phai phu hdp vdi truyen thong va trinh dp van hoa phap ly 3 Viet Nam de bao dam tinh kha thi va thiet thflc cila phfldng thflc d6.
Phfldng thflc vto htoh cua CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam dfldc thl hiln cu thi thong qua cac hinh thflc, phfldng phap, quy trinh, thil tuc bao dam tinh cong khai, minh bach, chinh xac, khach quan, kip thdi va hi|"
qua cua hoat dong BVHP
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Boil la, CCBVHP twng NNPQXHCN Viet Nam tuan tbu nguySn tdc quySn lilc nba nitdc la tbong nb^t, co sfl pban cong, phdi bap va kiem soat giila cac ca quan nba nitdc trong tbuc biin cac qttySn Ikp phap, banb pbap, titpbap
Dfi vdi NNPQXHCN Viet Nam, m^t trong nhQng dac trflng rieng cila no la theo nguyen tic thong nhSt quyen Iflc co sfl phto cong, phS hdp, kiem scat gifla cac cd quan trong thflc hiln cic quyln lip phap, hanh phap va tfl phap.
CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam li mot bo phto trong cd chl to chflc vi thflc hiln quyln Iflc nhi nudc vi l i bo phin quan trong de bao dam tinh thfiig nhSt cua quyln Iflc nhi nfldc.
Thing qua cac hoat dong giai quylt tranh chip vi vi pham Hien phap liln quan den viec thflc hiln quyen Iflc nhi nfldc, xii ly nhiing sai Ilm, l$nh l^c, de doa the chl chinh tri, de doa chil quyln quoc gia, CCBVHP gdp phln hit sflc to ldn bao dam cd chl thong nhSit quyen Iflc. Ben canh d6, hoat dong giai thich Hiln phap, trong do cd giai thich chinh thflc ve ban chat ciia quyln Iflc nhi nfldc vi phfldng thflc to chflc thflc hien quyln Iflc nhi nfldc, CCBVHP ciing tao cd sd phap ly cho cac cd quan nha nfldc trong viec thflc Men quyln Iflc nhi nfldc thing nhi't.
Cd quan BVHP dfldc nhto dto uy thac dam nhiem chuyin trach chflc ntog bao vl Hiln phap. Cung nhfl Quo'c hii, Chinh phii, Tda to nhto dto tfi cao vi Vien kilm sat nhto dto tfi cao, cd quan BVHP tham gia thiJc hien quyln ldc nhi nfldc theo sfl phto cong cila nhan dto dfldc thl Men trong cac quy dinh cua Hiln phap.
Ben cjnh sfl kilm soat gifla QuSc hii, Chinh phii, Toa an nhto dto tfi cao vi Vien kiem sat nhto dan tfi cao, trong NNPQXHCN Vilt Nam
CO cd quan BVHP chuyin trach thflc Men kiem soat cac cd quan ndi trln. CCBVHP la cd chl hflu Miu dl kiem soat cac cd quan nha nfldc thflc Men quyln lap phap, hanh phap, tfl phap nhflng muc tilu cufi ctog cua nd khong phai li nhim gay xung dSt, khd khin cho hoat dgng lap phap, hinh phap vi tfl phap. CCBVHP co tie dung ngto ngfla sU lam quyln hoac khong thflc Min diy du nhilm vu va quyen ban da dfldc phto cong cho cac cd quan nhi nfldc. Neu xay ra sfl lam quyln hoac khong thflc Min diy du thim quyln theo quy dinh cua Hien phap, cd quan BVHP cd quyln phan quyet, xac dinh trach nMlm theo Hien phap va ap dung cic biln phap chl tai nhi't dinh.
Su phfi hdp gifla cd quan BVHP vi cac cd quan khac trong bo may nha nfldc the Min d cho; Cac cd quan nhu Quoc hoi, CMnh phu, Chil tich nfldc... co the tham gia vao hoat dong BVHP thong qua vile dl xuit ylu clu xem xet tinh hdp Men cua VBQPPL, de xuat ylu cau giai quylt va xfl ly hinh vi vi hiln cua quan chflc nha nfldc cao c^p... Cd quan BVHP chuyen trach doc lap nhflng khong doi lip vdi cac cd quan chuyin trach thflc Men cac quyen lip phap, hanh phap vi tfl phap. Cd quan BVHP cd phfi hdp ctog cac cd quan nay thflc hiln quyln Iflc nhi nfldc vi bao dtoi quyen Iflc nhi nfldc thraig nhi't.
Nam li, bao dam sfl lanb dao bap bi& cua Bang C6ng san doi vdi ca quan BVHP trong NNPQXHCN Viet Nam
Sfl lanh dao cua Dang Cong sto Viet Nam doi vdi CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN da thl hiln b vile cac van kiln, nghi quyet cua Dang de ra nhiing quan dilm cM dao doi vdi hoat ding BVHP va xay dflng, hoan thiln CCBVHP h Viet
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Nam. Chdng han, Nghi quyet so' 48-NQ/TW ngay 24/5/2005 cua Bfl Chuih t n ve Chien Ifldc xdy dflng vd hoan thien he thfl'ng phdp ludt Viet Nam yeu ciu: "Xac dinh CCBVHP, dinh ro cd che', each thflc bao dam tinh tm cao cua Hien phdp". Tiep theo. Van kien Dai hgi Dang toan quoc 1 ^ thfl X viet: "Xdc dinh CCBVHP, dinh ro cd che, each thflc bao dam tinh tea cao cua Hien phap va luat", nghien ctiu "xdy dflng, hoan thien cd che kiem tra, giam sat tinh hop hiln, hdp phap trong cdc hoat dgng va quyet dinh cua cac cd quan cflng quyen"i; "xay dflng cd che phdn quye't ve nhiJng vi pham Hien phdp trong hoat dgng ldp phdp, hdnh phap vd tfl phdp"^. Dai hoi XI cua Dang nhd'n manh nhigm vu: "Nghien cflu xdy dflng, bo sxmg cac the chl, cd che vdn hanh cu the de bao dam nguygn tdc td't ca quyen Iflc nha nfldc thuoc ve nhan dan va nguygn tac quyln Iflc nhd nfldc la thong nhd't, cd sfl phdn cong, phfli hdp vd kiem sodt gifla cdc cd quan trong viec thflc hien quyen lap phdp, hanh phdp va tfl phap"; "khiin trfldng nghign cflu, s6a dfl'i, bfl' sung Hien phdp nam 1992 (da dfl(Jc s6a d6i, bfl' sung ndm 2001) phfl hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi.
Tilp tuc xdy dflng tflng bfldc hodn thien cd chl, kiem tra, gidm sat tfnh hdp hiln, hdp phdp trong cac hoat dgng va quye't dinh cua cac cd quan cdng quyen"^. Nhflng quan digm neu tren cd gia tri dinh hfldng, chi dao mgt each toan dien doi vdi sfl phdt trien eua cae yeu to the c h l
BVHP, cd quan BVHP, phfldng thflc vdn hdnh BVHP, bao dam cho CCBVHP van hanh co higu qua, phfl hdp vdi cac dfic trflng cua NNPQXHCN.
Dang Cgng san Viet Nam lanh dao qua trinii the chg'hda cfldng hnh, dfldng 161, lanh dao cong tac xay dflng phdp ludt ndi chung va xay dipig cd sd phap ly cho CCBVHP ndi rieng. Sfl ldnh dao cua Dang khong chi bao dam nhiing nguyen tdc, quy pham ve BVHP t h l hien mgt cdch tiy du va dung ddn nhflng quan diem cua Dang Cgng san Viet Nam doi vdi hoat dgng BVHP, ma con bao dam rang nhiing nguygn tac, quy pham dd the' hien mflt each trung thflc va toan dign y chi va nguygn vgng cua nhan dan. 0 day, Dang Cgng san Viet Nam cin the hien vai tro lanh dao doi vdi cac cd quan xdy dflng phap ludt sao cho cac hoat dgng to chflc Id'y y" kien nhdn dan, tap hdp y kien nhan dan, phan hoi va chinh 1^
van ban quy pham phdp ludt ve BVHP tren cO sd tiep thu y kien nhan dan... dfldc tiln hdnh mgt each cong khai, minh bach vd thflc sfl dan ehu.
Sfl lanh dao eua Dang Cgng san Viet Nam doi vdi CCBVHP trong NNPQXHCN doi hoi ban than dang vien va cac to' chflc cua Dang Cgng san Vigt Nam phai tfeh cflc, chu dgng tham gia vao viec gido dye y thflc ton trgng va bao vg Hien phap, tfl giac, gfldng mdu hoat dgng trong khuon khfl' Hiln phap va phdp ludt •
1. Bang Cgng sdn Viet Nam • Vdn kiin Dgi hpi dgi bieu lodn qudc lan thuX. Nxb. Chinh tri gudc gia, Hd Ngi 2006, tr 126.
2. Bdng Cgng sdn Vi^t Nam: Van ki^n Dgi hoi dgi bieu todn quoc lan thd X. Nxb. Chinh trf quae gia, Hd Ngi 2006.
tr.127.
3 Bdng Cgng sdn VietNam. Vdn ki?n Dgi hoi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thir XI, Nxb. Chinh tri q^oc gia. Ha Ngi 2011.
tr 106.
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