• Nghiin ciiu - Trao ddi
GIA TRI NHAN VAN TRONG TlT TlTdNG TRIET HOC CUA NGUYEN BINH KHIEM
ThS. HUYNH NGOC BICH^ >
Tom tat: Tu tu&ng triet hoc ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem ndm trong binh dien chung cita tu tu&ng triit hgc phucmg Bdng vd tu tuang triet hgc Viet Nam. Tu tudng triit hgc ciia dng khdng tham vgng gidi thich ngudn goc thi gi&i md chu yiu huang vi triet li nhdn sinh, khuyen rdn gido hudn con ngu&i ve mat dgo dice, le sdng vd cdch xu the & d&i Do do. nd thdm duam gid tri nhdn vdn vd tinh thdn nhdn dgo ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem.
Til- khoa: gid tri nhdn vdn; tu tu&ng triit hgc Nguyen Binh Khiem
I
&at van deTrong lieh sir tu tudng nhan loai,
• da cd nhigu hgc thuyet de cap dgn sd phan eon ngudi, phan anh tam tu, nguyen vgng mudn dugc giai phdng khdi nhiing bg tac trong cude sdng, giai thoat khdi nhiing ap hire, bat cdng va nd dich ciia eon ngudi. Dd chinh la tu tudng nhan van, nhan dao dugc the hien d cac mire do va trinh do khac nhau, tigp can ttr nhiing khia canh, binh dien khac nhau. Nhan van la gia tri mang tinh phd quat, td hgp cae ygu td cban - thien - ml, la nhiing gia tri eao dep ma con ngudi hudng den va khdng ngimg hoan thien. Tu tudng trigt hgc Nguygn Binh Khigm Cling hudng tdi cac gia tri cao dep ay. Tinh nhan van sau sac trong tu tu'dng triet hgc ciia dng thg hien trudc bet va rd nhat d tinh ygu thuang con ngu'di va tinh thdn phe phan chidn tranh phong kien - nguygn nhan sau xa dan den nhirng dau khd raat mat cua ddi ngudi.
2. Tinh yeu thu-ong con ngiroi trong ta tirong triet hoc Nguygn Binh Khiem
''Truong Dai hoc Cong nghiep Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
Khoa hpc chfnh tri - So 5/2019
Sinh ra va ldn Ign trong thdi ki loan lae eua xa hdi phong kien Viet Nam, ehiing kign canh cac tbd lye phong kign tranh gianh quygn lyc, chem giet ldn nhau vi ngdi vi dg vuang, nhan dan lam than ddi khd. Nguyen Binh Khigm khdng khdi xdt xa cho nhan tinh thg thai. Ong nghe nhigu, thay nhigu, suy tu nhigu, do dd lai cang thau cam vdi tinh canh khdn khd cua nhan dan. Cang thau earn bao nhieu thi tam Idng yeu thuong eua dng danh eho hg cang ldn bdy nhigu. Nguyen Binh Khiem ygu thuang con ngudi bdng ea tam Idng cban thanh va khat vgng eua minh. Dieu nay duge thg hien sdng ddng bang chinh cudc ddi va hanh ddng ciia Nguygn Binh Kliiem.
Tinh yeu thuong eon ngudi ttong hr tudng cua Nguygn Binh Khigm duge thg hien rd nhat va tnrdc nhdt d sy cam thdng, chia se vdi nhihig vdt va, khd sd cua dan chiing. Ong dau xdt trudc canh bdn han, lara lii cua ngudi dan qug, canli ddi, ehay loan eua dan chiing. Quan tam dgn ddi sdng ciia nhan dan, nhat la d nhiing ntn thdn da. Ong bay td su cara thdng sau sae ddi vdl canh ldm than, thdu hieu nhung khdn khd ma ngudi dan phai ganli chiu:
• Nghien ctiu - Trao ddi
"Ngoai ddng chi cd nam liia khd Trong kho khdng cdn hat thdc thira Ngudi ndng dan khd nhge va than thd Ngudi cay rudng gay dm va khde I6c""\
Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi ngheo khd, ca eye, dng dac biet raong raudn hp dugc thoat khdi canh tiing quan, ban ban. 6 n g kgu gpi nhiing ngudi giau ed quan tara, chia se, xdt thuang, khuygn ran hp phai bigt yeu thuang, ban bd cho ngudi ngheo khd hon, ngudi giau khdng nen
"mua re ctia ngudi ngheo", khi cho vay "xin dimg lay Iai cao". Ddi vdi ngudi tan tat, dng eung de xuat ndn cd chinh sach chain lo cho hg:
ngudi tan tat, mil Ida thi phai day eho hp nghe hat, nghg bdi dg ty nudi sdng minh.
Chimg kign eanh loan lae, chign ttanh lign raign, ttong xa hdi kg bao ngugc ngang nhign dimg vii lye ha higp ngudi yeu the, Nguygn Binh Khigm quan niem yeu thuang con ngudi rapt each thigt tbyc la phai dera Iai sy vui sudng, sy "an lac" cho dan, phai Iam cho "dan lam than khd eye se duge nam ttgn nem chieu yen dn"'^\ Mudn lara dugc dieu dd thi can nhSt va trudc nhat la phai chara dirt, loai bd khdi xa hdi nhiing hanh ddng bao nguge, ddc ac, phai
"di nhan phat bat nhan... ciiu thir digu sai dan - lay Idng nhan de phat kg bat nhan dg ciiu dan vd tdi dang lam vao eanh ciing cyc"'^\ phai ngu
"chinh nghia diet lii hung tan" dg thda man khat vgng hda binh cua ngudi dan. Ben canh dd, theo Nguyen Binh Khiem, thuong ygu, mudn dem lai hanh phiic cho con ngudi thi trudc hgt phai higu duge tam tu nguyen vgng cua hp. Chi ed hieu duge tam tu, nguyen vgng ciia dan thi mdi cd bien phap va phuong each giiip dan mgt each hieu qua va thigt tbyc. Digu nay ciing la van de ttan ttd sudt ddi eua nha nho "uu thdi man thg" Nguygn Binh Khigm.
Ldng ygu thuong con ngu'di d Nguygn Binh Khigm cdn dugc thg hien thdng qua viec vach ttan nhiing thdi nat eua bpn quan lai cudng hao, sy higm ac cua bpn giau sang, su gia nhan, gia nghia cua giai cap thdng tti. Ong xdt xa khi thay eanh ehenh lech ldn giiia mire sdng giiia cac nha quygn quy va ngudi dan, dng vigt:
"Ti thigp dua mac gam raac la.
Dung cu do diing diie do scm.
Ciia sd phdng d rue sang nhu sao chi chit, Kho dun ara dp kg nhau nhu cai rang lugc"™.
Vg canh khdn cung ciia ngudi dan, dng vigt:
"Chang khac chim bj mat td, Gidng bet ca bi mau ddn xudng dudi.
Liic ay nhu thg la cimg eye, Sinh dan qua u tigu tuy" *^'.
"Ao quan raeh rudi khd ehe than the.
Vet xanh, vet nieu, thirc an khd no bung".'''' Thye ttang dd lam Nguygn Binh Khigm cam thay: "Ngan nhin ddi due budi bon ehen"'^*.
Khdng nliiing vay, dng cdn dua ra nhung bang chimg cy the, dd la nhung hanh ddng xau xa eua giai cap thdng tri duang thdi nhu: "khi d trigu dinh thi tranh nhau vi danh, khi d chg biia thi ttanh nhau vg lgi, khoe la sang thi lau son gae tia, khoe la giau thi cd vii ta ca lau; thay ngoai dudng cd ngudi chgt ddi, khdng dam bd radt ddng tien ra cuu giiip, thay ngoai ddng ed ngudi nam suang, khdng chiu bd ra radt nam ra dg che day...", "hien dat sang trgng thi kieu eang, giau cd thi xa xi, nha cira ttang hoang long lay, cham ttd ve vdi. Xa xi ciing cyc, lay sap dun thay ciii, lay dudng trat vd, say rugu ndng, no chat tuoi, mae ao da nhe, cudi ngya beo... tdi mat vi lgi ldc, nhu cudng, nhu ngay"'^'. Tgi ac cua chiing edn duge Nguygn Binh Khiem vi nhu nhiing con chugt due khoet tai san eua dan, lam hai dan, hai nude. Trong eanh loan lac, vdi nhigu muu gian, kg ddc bpn chiing y thg eay quygn, niip vao nai mieu dudng, thanh quach - nhiing nai duge cho la thidng ligng, khdng thg xam pham dg "lam digu gian", de gam nhara, an vung hgt thde liia eiia ngudi dan. Nguygn Binh Khiem edn vi nhiing ke bao tan gidng nhu eon ca ldn, y vao siic raanh ma "nudt nhirng con ca be". Ong canh bao: nhiing con "ca ldn" lam ttai diie hidu sinh eiia ttdi dat, "cay minh manh an thit loai nhugc tieu"^^' chi vi "Idng tham chua bao gid no ehan" "chi cdn cho than minh dugc beo bd" thi trudc sau gi ciing se rude hga vao than. Bdi, "radt khi ludi to dugc giang ra thi loai Cling vay ciing mai" ciing "khdng tim dugc
= ' 2 0 1 9
• Nghien citu - Trao ddi 77 chdn nao cd thg an niip"''"'. Cdn nhiing "con
chugt" do "da lam mat long thien ha" ngn "tat se bi thign ha giet chgt, phgi xac mi d chdn trieu thi, qua va didu ria thit mi"*"'. Vdi tdi ac lam
"ca than va ngudi dgu oan gian" nhu vay, nhat dinh bgn ehimg se bi gigt chet.
Long ygu thuang eon ngudi ttong tu tudng trigt hge ciia Nguygn Binh Khiem cang mang y nghia nhan van khi the hien d Idng khoan dung dp lugng, tha thii eho nhung ngydi timg mac phai sai lam. Cho ngn, Nguyen Binh Khiera
"tuy ndi rang ghet ke bao nguge. Nhung eung kha thuang cho bude dudng ciing eua nd""-'.
Ong khuygn "khdng ngn tan sat qua nhigu",
"loai to loai nhd nen dg cho nhau ygn"*'^',
"an can thi vdng nhi, da sat thii bat kha". Ong thuong xdt chii khdng ghet bd, du phat hien ra bao nhigu thdi xau an nap ttong con ngudi, dng muon giiip hg eai tao, gat di cai xau, tang thgm nhixng tinh tdt de duge sdng ygn vui nhu hg dang duge hudng.
Thg ki XVI - thuc tien xa hdi ma Nguygn Binh Khiera sinh sdng dang phai oan mmh tmdc thdi ddi bac beo, ngudi ta de dang thay ttang ddi den ttong khac giay, tmh nghia dugc can dong do dgm bang "vang mudi", nhan nghia bi xem thudng va cung ed thg dugc mua ehugc ciing bang "vang mudi": "ddi nay nhan nghTa tya vang mudi, cd cua thi han het mgi idi""'''. Con ngudi sdng ttang hoan canh nhu the khd long ma giii dugc nhan nghia. Vi vay, Nguygn Binh Khigm khuyen con ngudi dii trong bat cii hoan eanh nao cGng phai rang giii long luong thien, khdng dugc trai dao lam dieu ac dire, phai tich diic cho con ehau. Ddng thdi, dng ciing nhae nhd eon ngudi ciing ngn eanh giac, phdng ngira nhiing ke bdt nhan "tua niem quan phdng ke bdt nhan""^', khuygn con ngudi nen sinh sdng gan ngudi luong thien, tim chd d la nai ed nhigu ngudi tdt dd cd eude sdng yen vui, dara ara vdi lang gigng: "ly nhan tdi ai tu vi my, lan diic tdng tri tdt bdt cd"*'^'.
Cd thg thdy, Nguygn Binh Khiera khdng chi don thudn dg cap dgn tinh ygu thuang con ngudi, muc dich sau xa dng raudn hudng tdi la
xay dyng ngn tang tu duy va hanh ddng theo dieu thien, hudng tdi dao nhan cho eon ngudi.
Theo dng, tat ea mgi viec ttgn ddi dgu xuat phat hi nhan nghia. Nhan nghia la digu quan ttgng rihat: "dau mdi cua dao nhan tir do ma ra, tdt dp eiia tri binh tdi dd la dimg viing"*'''', eung la cdng cy hiiu hieu nhat dg thu phuc ldng ngudi, la bat diet. Ong viet: "Cai ma khdng thg chgt dupe dd la long ngudi, cai ma khdng mat dugc la le ttdi, suy ra tir dau mdi cua digu nhan, dimg lai d ngn tri binh tdt bac, ai biet ehd vui thich nhat, ehi la theo dudi digu thien ma tbdi"*'^'.
3. Phe phan chien tranh phong kien - net noi bat lam n^n tinh nhan van trong tir tirdng triet hoc Nguyen Binh Khiem
Trong bdi canh xa hdi nhigu nhuong, khat vpng Idn nhat ciia nhan dan chinh la dugc sdng ttong thai binh, ygn am. Ong nhan ra chign ttanh la rapt trong nhiing ngudn gdc day eon ngudi, cu thg la nhan dan lao ddng, vao canh khdn eimg. 6 n g Ign an chien ttanh phan liet, coi nd la bieu hien cue doan, cudng vpng cua
"dam ngydi quyen thg", khign dat nude roi vao tai hpa ciing quan, chia nam xg bay. Ong ehiing kign chign ttanh lien mign gay ra bao canh loan lac, "dau rai mau chay", khign ngudi dan phai
"tay bong tay bg dat diu nhau bd ttdn". Cac tap doan phong kidn eat cii, ttanh gianh lanh thd, ra sire bde lot dan chiing dg xay thanh dap liiy, bdt phu, bdt Imh dg cung cap ngudn lyc eho chien ttanh. Tinh canh do lam cho mdng ddng bi bd hoang, san xuat bi dinh tte. Canh cha eon, chong vg bi bdt di phu, di linh, canh chgt ddi ban cung xay ra khap nai.
Chidn tranli la mdt bidn co khdc nghiet nhdt trong cude ddi ciia radi con ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi. Trong hoan eanh dy, ngudi dan thdp ed be hpng la chiu nhieu dau thuang, mdt mat va khd cyc nhidu nhdt. Chien hanh khien ngudi dan phai "... dat vg bg con di, luu Iy virt bd ttg nit, gia dm lan xudng ngdi ranh, chgt ddi nam day cdng lang"^'. Ong dau xdt khi ngudi dan
"nhu hi heo ngugc" khi roi vao tay giac du va
"mdt thay noi nai dgu lara than. Di qua khap ehdn ddu la sinh gai gde"'^"'.
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 5/2019
• Nghien citu - Trao ddi Nguyen Buili Khigm kich liet phan doi va
phg phan chien ttanh phong kien cimg nhiing ke chu muu. Ong "cudi bpn thii tac cii ttanh gianh lan nhau, thign ha dang rdi bdi, ban ehua dep ygn", va "ngan nhin bpn giac dign cudng da lau, chien ttanh vdi nhau giet hai den mdt nira". Chinh vi vay, dng bay td ldng mong mdi khdng giau giem ddi vdi nha Mac trong viec
"ra quan dep loan". Ong san sang vui long theo xa gia nha vua di diet ttii bgn Vu Van Uygn, Vii Van Mat d tan Tuyen Quang, khdng ngai tudi gia siic ygu, dudng sa higm ttd, gap ghgnh.
Nguyen Binh Khiem ki vgng vao ban tay "khur bao" eua nha Mac khdng phai vi ban than sy tdn tai ciia trigu dai do, ma rauc dich ehinh la vi tinh ygu thuang ddi vdi con ngudi, cu thg la nlian dan lao ddng. Bat ki bai tho nao cua Nguygn Binh Khigm dgu an chiia trong do sy suy nghi ve van menh eua nhan dan. Ong bay td thai dp "rat thuang dan mgn mac nan ddi ret", va keu ggi bac nhan gia neu biet suy ldng bidt nhan thi "hay thuang xdt ma ndi cho dan mgt ddi phan", va udc raong "ai ngu dai nghia diet lii hung tan". Nguygn Binh Khiem mong mudn lam eon ngao ldn dg dau ddi trdi, ehan lam tru chdng dat, dng mudn: "gnip ddi nghieng nga, keo lai san ha manh dg kinh"'^".
Nguygn Binh Khigra da vach tran su phi li cua chign tranh. Theo dng, chien tranh khdng dem lai bat cir lgi ich gi, bdi nd Iam cho "khap noi chd nao eiing mau chay thanh sdng, xuong chat nhu nui", "lira dii chay bimg birng dot ca ngpc da". Thdng qua dd, Nguygn Binh Khiem ciing vach tran da tam ciia nhiing ke thich theo dudi chidn tranh. Dd la nhii-ng ke "nha d dem be lam ciii dot, trau cay dem md lam thit an, cudp doat tai san khdng phai la eua minh, higp dd ngudi khdng phai la vg minh"*-^', nhung ke "dudi ea dgn vyc sau, dudi chim vao bui ram". Nhirng ke nhu the nhat dinli phai bi tning phat. Chinh thai do cam ghet ehien ttanh va long thuang xdt den tirng sd phan da lara cho tu tudng nhan nghia, raa bieu hien la long ygu thuang con ngudi eiia Nguyen Binh Kliiem trd nen rat cban that, tha thiet, sau sac,
gan gui va thigt thye.
Ci gdc do khach quan, Nguyin Binh Khigm da ed liic diing ttgn lap trudng ciia nha nudc phong kidn - cy thg la nha Mae - de len an eac phe phai phong kign khac gay chien ttanh chdng lai trigu Mac. Tuy nhign, rauc dich thuc su cua Nguygn Binh Khigm la mong raudn bao ve cude sdng etia nhan dan - nan nhan ciia chien ttanh dg ehdng lai mpi bieu hien lara nguy hai ddn sy binh ygn, an lac ciia ngudi dan. Mpi viec dng lam deu xuat phat tir tam ldng thuang yeu dan, yeu thuang con ngucri sau nang, tir tam huygt mudn ciiu van ca xa hdi dang xudng dde, thiet lap rapt ttat ty xa hdi phong kign "vua sang tdi hien, dan chung am no". Klidng ehi td cao, Ign an chign ttanh, ma xet eho ciing, thai dp chdng chign ttanh phi nghia cua Nguygn Binh Khiem cdn la tigng ndi manh rae, ddi quygn sdng cho con ngudi, ddi giai cap thdng tri phai tta Iai cude sdng hanh phiic eho con ngudi. Vi vay, tam long vi nudc, vi dan, vi con nguoi eua Nguygn Bmh Khigm da ttd thanh anh hao quang tda sang sudt thg ki XVI day dau thuang va loan lae.
Tdra lai, ttong cupc ddi gan ttgn mdt the ki, Nguygn Bmh Khigra da nliieu lan xudt xic, nhung dil xudt hay xic dng van ludn tmng thatih vdi dao lara ngu'di va thuang yeu eon ngudi.
Mgi suy nghi, hanh dgng cua dng dgu khdng nam ngoai hai ehii' "nhan nghia". Chinh digu do da tao ngn eho tu tudng Nguygn Binh Khigm tinh nhan van eao ca va cd siic giao hda cao, ttd thanh dao xir the cdi md, 'vu'gt xa va tien bg hon nhiing luan li mang tinh khudn khd, ciing nhac ciia Nho giao tmyen thdng. Nguygn Binh Khigm da nang nhiing luan li ay Ign tam eao mdi va thdi vao dd ludng gid thdi dai mang dam net khai phdng ciia mdt tu duy bigt sang tao va ling xu linh boat vdi tlidi cudcG
ID. (2).(3), 14), (S), 16) ( ; i , ( S ) , m , (10), (Ml. (12), (]3) ( U ) (i5).(L6), (17X18). (191. (20).
(21) v;,(22)H5f ^5ng lich sit Hai Phong, Tha vdn Nguyen Binh Khiem, tdng tgp, Nha xuat ban Van hot;, Hai Phong, 2014, tr. 309,219,312,428,442,429,273,334, 304 304 308, 304, 304,735,735,218,320, 319,273, 306,287 va'313
Khn3 hnr^ nhinh tri - Rn 5/2019
