•vHOA HOC CONG NGHE
THIJG T R A I V G C H A T LUOIXIG M O I TRUOIXIG IXIUOC VEIXI B O V|I\IH H A LOIXIG V A MOT SO GIAI P H A P QUAIXI LY
V5 Hiiu Cdng^ Lfi Tlu Huyln^ Biii Tlu Nha Trang^, Hoing Viet Diing*
T6MTAT
Vimg ho vinh Ha Long ddng vai trd quan trong trong phat trien kinh te tir cac hoat dong du hch, khai thac khoang san, cong nghiep, giao thuong va nuoi trdng thuy san nhung ciing chiu nhieu ap lire 6 nhi^m moi tnrdng. Nghi quyet sd 36-NQ/TW ve Chien luoc phat trien b^n viing kinh t^ bi^n Viet Nam den nam 2030, tim nhin d^n nam 2045 de ra 6 noi dung trong do noi dung thu 5 chu trpng den mdi trudng. Nghien ciru nay dua tren viec tong hpp cac thong tin v^ thirc trang moi trudng mrdc vimg ven ba vinh Ha Long, chu trpng toi cac ap luc moi trudng, chat luong nuoc vinh, dac biet la ham lupng ldm loai nang cd trong nuac bien. Cac k^t qua nghien cuu cho thay, viing bi^n ven bd' vinh bj 6 nhilm diu ma, cac kim loai nang nhu asen, sit va thuy ngan. Ham luang As, Cu, Pb a trong tram tich cao ban so vdi nguong anh hudng CTEL) cua Canada.
Tir ldi6a: Vinh Ha Long, vung ven bd, 6 nhidm mdi trudng bidn, kim loai nang, ngudng anh huong TEL, quan ly mdi trudng.
I.MffDAU
0 nhidm bien da va dang de dpa he sinh thai dudi nude o Vi^t Nam dac biet trong bdi canh nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh chdng nhu hien nay (Le et al., 2015). Trong sd cac chat d nhi6m do con ngudi gay ra, d nhi€m kim loai nang la mdi quan tim dac biet do cic hoat ddng cdng nghiep vi su dung radt lugng ldn hda chat trong nong nghiep d- vung ven bien, dac biet li ven bien Hai Phdng - Ha Long (Cao va Nguyen, 2009). Nam 2015, Bd Tii nguyen vi Mdi hirdng (TNMT) da ban hanh Quy chuin ley thuat Qudc gia ve chit lupng nude bien (QCVNlO-2015) vdi ban 10 thdng sd kim loai nang. Trong dd, mot sd kim loai nang nhu As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe vi Hg dupc nghien cuu khi nhieu vdi ket qua khic bi^t d- nhirng phin vung chit lupng nude khac nhau tai vinh Ha Long (Nguyen Thi Thd Nguyen, 2013; Vu Ngoc Phii, 2016). Dac biet, ndng dp cao trong nude bien gin bd' cua cic kim loai nhu As, Cd, Hg kha pho bien. Day la nhimg kim loai dpc hai co anh hudng den sue khde con ngudi.
Ngiy 22/10/2018, Hpi nghi lin thii tam Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang khda XII da thdng qua Nghi quy^t sd 36-NQ/TW ve Chien luoc phit trien ' Khoa Moi trucmg. Hoc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam
^Ldp K61KHMTB, Hoc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam
•' Khoa Moi truang, Dai hpc Ha Long
'' Trung tam Quan trac Tai nguyen va Mdi truang tmh Quang Ninh
Email: [email protected]
b^n vung kinh te bien Viet Nam den nam 2030, tim nhin den nam 2045. Thuc hien Nghi quyet sd 36- NQ/TW, Tinh uy Quang Ninh da ban hinh Chuong hinh hanh dpng sd 27-Cti-/TU ngiy 27/3/2019, phat trien b^n vimg kinh te' bien trdn nen tang tang trudng xanh, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc cic he sinh thai bien;
bao dam hii hoa gitia lpi ich cua dia phuang cd bi^n va dia phuong khdng cd bien; chii dpng ung phd vdi bien ddi khi hiu, nude bien dang. Hd tra, tao dieu kien de ngudi din ven bien chuyen doi nghe tir cac boat dpng cd nguy ca xam hai, tac dpng tieu cue den bien sang bao ve va sinh ke ben vimg, nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi dan. Vdi lot the ve tu nhien, tinh Quang Ninh da cd budc phit trien nang ddng va toan dien v^ nudi h-ong, khai thac, che bien thuy/hai san.
Theo dd, vdi lpi the v^ tu nhien, viing ven bien Quang Ninh - Hai Phdng duoc dinh hirdng phit trien kinh te du lich tim co qudc te (Nghi quyet sd 36- NQ/TW, 2018). Dieu nay ddi hdi phai tang cudng cdng tic bao ve mdi h-udng tirong xung va cung la bai toan khd ddi vdi cac dia phuang trong khu vuc.
Dac biet, vmh Ha Long - Di san thien nhidn the gidi, da thu hiit su chii y cua nhidu td chuc va du khach trong va ngoai nude khong chi vd cac gii tii ngoai hang toan cau, mi cdn vd van de mdi trudng vinh (6 nhilm, rac thai nhua,...).
Nim trong viing kinh te trpng diem Bic bd, vting ven bien Quang Ninh - Hai Phdng tap tnmg sol dpng cic hoat dpng phat hien, dac biet qua trinh do thi hoa thinh phd Ha Long keo theo su phat trien
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020 87
KHOA HOC CONG N G H £
n h a n h c u a c a c k h u d a n c u , l a n b i e n md- r d n g d d t h i , k h a i t h a c k h o i n g s i n v e n b i e n , p h i t t r i e n c a c k h u k i n h t& v e n b i e n v a d u lich a d i y d a d a y Di s a n thien n h i e n t h e gidi v i n h H a L o n g vao tinh t r a n g r u i r o b d i d n h i ^ m m o i h-udng. V a n dd n i y k h d n g c h i g a y a n h h i r d n g n g h i e m t r p n g d e n h e s i n h t h i i t r o n g v i n h m i c d n c d t i e d p n g tieu c u e d d n trai n g h i e m c u a d u k h a c h (Vu N g p c P h u , 2016). D u a t r e n c i c n g h i e n ciru h i e n c d k h i c n h a u v e m d i t r u d n g v i n h H a L o n g v a k e t q u a n g h i e n c u u b o s u n g , d a p h a n tich, d i n h g i a v a x a y d u n g biic t r a n h t d n g t h e v e t h u c t r a n g c h a t l u p n g m d i t r u d n g b i e n v e n b d vinh H a L o n g n h i m c u n g c a p CO s d k h o a h p c v a t h u c ti^n c h o viec l a p k e h o a c h q u i n ly va xii ly m d i t n r d n g n u d e vinh.
2. m Uai VA PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
- P h u o n g p h a p t h u t h a p s d lieu thii c i p : c a c k e t q u a n g h i e n cihi d u p c c d n g b d t r e n c i c t a p c h i k h o a h p c q u d c t e v a t r o n g n u d e , b i o c i o t o n g k e t v e c h a t l u o n g m d i t n r d n g v i n h H a L o n g d o c a c td c h i i c t r o n g n u d e v a q u d c t e t h u c h i e n , c a c c d n g tiinh n g h i d n cihi c u a c i c c h u y e n g i a . B i o c i o t d n g k d t vd p h a t t r i e n
k i n h t e , x a h p i cita t i n h Q u a n g N i n h v a t h a n h p h d H?
L o n g .
- Phuang phap thu thap sd lieu s o cip: lay mau nude mat tai cac vimg nudi ngao va ca tap trung b cac dao Nam Hoi, Tay Hoi va vimg nuoc mat quanh khu nuoi trdng cang Cai Rong (Hinh 1). Cich lay miu nude duoc thuc hien theo TCVN 5998:1995 QSO 5667-9:1987) - Chat lupng nude - Lay miu va Huong din lay m i u nuoc bien. C i c chi tieu crom (Cr), mangan (Mn), s i t (Fe), niken (Ni), ddng (Cu), kem (Zn), asen (As), cadimi (Cd), chi (Pb) duoc phan tich theo phuang phip 200.8 (EPA Method, 2008) bang he thdng ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) ddi vdi kim loai nang cd ndng dp v^t (US EPA 1994).
- P h u a n g p h i p t d n g h o p v a p h a n tich sd lifeu: cac sd h e u d u p c t d n g h o p v a s o s i n h vdi Q u y c h u a n ky t h u i t Q u d c g i a vd c h a t l u p n g n u d e b i e n (QCVN 10- M T : 2 0 1 5 / B T N M T ) . T r o n g n g h i e n ciiu n i y , c i c ket q u a t a p t r u n g v i o v i m g v e n bd' g d m v i m g v i n h , cang v i n h u n g noi e a c h b d t r o n g v d n g 3 h a i ly ( k h o a n g 5,5 k m ) .
H i n h 1. S a d d d i ^ m My m i u 3. K ^ QUA VA THAO LUAN
3 . 1 . Ap l u c n g u d n t h a i
B a n g 1 t h e h i e n i p l u c n g u d n thai tai vinh H a L o n g . A p l u c d u p c x i c d i n h g d m : i) C i c n g u d n thai tir d a t h d n , t r o n g d o c d n g u d n t h a i tit b o a t d p n g d a n s i n h v a d o t h i h d a , d u lich v i dich v u , c d n g n g h i e p , b d n , c a n g b i e n , lan b i e n v a x a y d u n g c o so- h a t i n g ; ii) N g u d n t h a i tir t i n t h u y e n h o a t d d n g t r e n v m h , b a o g d m c i c t i u d u lich, tau c h d h a n g v a tau d a n h b i t h a i s i n t r e n vinh; iii) N g u d n thai tir h o a t d d n g d d thai v a b o a t d d n g lien q u a n d d n d i y b i e n , n h u dd thai t r u e tidp til k h u d i n c u s d n g v e n b d v i n h , t r e n v i n h , d u k h a c h , n a o v e t v i d d biin thai tir b o a t d d n g k h a i t h d n g , m o r p n g t u y e n l u o n g h o a c k h u n e o d a u c u a
n u 6 c m a t nufii t r d n g t h u y s a n
c i c b e n , c a n g ; iv) N g u o n t h a i tiJ c a c l i n g c h a i va nudi t r d n g h a i s i n t r e n v i n h ( N g u y e n T h i TTie Nguyen, 2 0 1 3 ) . C i c n g u d n thai tir d a t U^n c d a n h h u d n g ldn n h i t d e n c h i t l u a n g n u o c v m h H a L o n g d o tai khu v u c v e n b d v i n h t a p t r u n g n h i e u h o a t d p n g p h a t tiien k i n h t e - x a h d i . C a c n g u d n t i c d p n g tidp t h e o den c h a t l u p n g n u d e v i n h H a L o n g t h e o t h i i h i g i a m dan I i b o a t d d n g c u a t i u t h u y d n , h o a t d p n g d d thai va h o a t d p n g lien q u a n d d n d a y b i e n . C u d i ciing la n g u o n thai tir c i c l i n g c h a i v a n u d i t r o n g h i i s i n tren vinh.
T i t c a c i c i p l u c n g u d n thai t i c d p n g d d n mdi t r u o n g v e n b d v i n h H a L o n g d d n n a y v i n d a n g la mpt v a n d d c a p b i c h g a y a n h h u d n g d e n c h a t l u p n g nudfc, cd n g u y c a g a y 6 n h i l m c h a t d m h d u o n g , c h i t hiru
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOG CONG NGHE CO, dau, cMt ran la limg, coliform. Theo Vu Ngoc
Phii (2016), t6ng lutmg nuoc thai sinh hoat phat sinh cia nam 2016 la 68.250.000 (mVnam). Trong khi do cong suat xir ly ciia cac nha may tai tinh la 15.100 (mVngay dem) tuong duong 5.436.000 (mVnam),
chiem 7,9%. Nhu vay con 92,1% tuong duong 62.814.000 (mVnam) luong nuoc thai phat sinh chua duoc xu ly. Nuoc thai cua cac nha may nhi&t dien chi 31% luong nuoc thai duot xii ly con lai 69% khong duoc xu ly (Bang 2).
TT 1
2
3
4
Bang 1. T3ng hpfp cic ngudn tac ddne d^n chit hirmtr rurdc vinh Ha Lone Ngudn tie dong Khu vuc phit thai Chat d nhidm chu yeu Cic ho^t ddng kinh tS-xa hdi tii dit lidn
Dan sinh va do thi hda Du Hch, dich vu Cdng nghidp Ben cang Lan bien
Ha Long, Cam Phi, Hoanh Bd, Yen Hung Ha Long, Cit Ba Cam Pha, HEI Long, Hoanh Bo Ha Long, Cam P h i Ha Long, Cam Pha
Chat dinh dudng, chat hiiu co, chit ran lo lung, coliform
Chat dinh duong, chat hiiu co, chit rin lo lung, coliform.
Chat rin lo limg, kim loai nang, chit dinh dudng, chat huu ca
Dau, kim loai nang Chat rin lo limg Hoat d0ng tiu thuySn
Hoat d0ng dd thai va ho^
Lang chai vi nuoi trdng i Tren vinh
t ddng Udn quan ddn diy Ha Long, Cim Phi 'lii sin trin vinh
Tren vinh
Dau, chat rin lo lung, chit dinh duong, chat hiiu
C O
bidn
Chat rin la lung, kim loai nSng, ddc td.
Chat dinh dudng, chat huu ca, chat rin la liing, cohform
Bang 2. Thyc tranj venbd'vi Loai hinh xa thai Nude thai smh hoat Nude thai n h i may nhiet dien
g x a t h a i t ^ inhHaLonc
Cd xu ly 7,9%
31%
vimgbi^n Khong xic ly
92,1%
69%
Nguon: Vu Ngoc Phu (2016) 3.2. Chat lugng nuac ven ba vinh Ha Long 3.2.1. Thuc ti-ang chat luong moi trudng nude Chat lupng nude ven bd" vmh Ha Long da va dang cd xu hudng giam, chiu anh huong cua su gia tang mpt sd chat gay 6 nhidm tich tii hong nude.
Nguydn Thi The Nguyen etal, (2013a, b) da ap dung chi tieu chat lupng nude (WQI) de danh gia thuc trang d nhidm mdi trudng nude theo muc dich su dung, cho thay vimg dem vi vting lan can cira Luc cd chi sd WQI bien ddng tii 22-85, trong dd vimg ciia
Ngudn: NguySn Thi The Nguyen (2013) Luc CO gia tri tir 53-59. Chi tieu nay cho thay chit luong nude rit kem, cin phai cd bien phip xii ly.
Trong nghien ciiu nay, nhdm tic gia da dinh gia cac chi sd DO, COD, TOC, diu ma, tdng coliform va TSS, TN, TP va chlorophyll a.
Bang 3 the hien chit lupng nude vimg ven ho vinh Ha Long. Him luong chat rin la lung CTSS) phan bd khdng ddng ddu, tap trung nhidu hon a vimg dem va vimg phu can, it hon b viing loi. 0 nhidm cue bp d vimg dem va viing phu can, dac biet 6' cic diem bfin tau Bai Chiy (75 mg/l) va cang Nam Ciu Tring (72 mg/I) vupt qua chi tieu gidi han cho phep (Vu Ngpc Phu, 2016). Tidp theo la cac diem cho Ha Long 1, ciu Bai Chay va bai tim Bai Chiy Itrong TSS khi cao va tang deu hing nam so vdi cac diem quan trie tai vimg loi cua khu di sin thien nhien vinh Ha Long. Tdng diu mo cao do cac su cd tran diu ti-ong khu vuc ddu anh huong true tiep ddn vinh Ha Long. Cu the la d nhi§m cue bp khi nhidu ti-en vimg
KHOA HOC CONG N G H | loi va vimg dem cua vinh. Nam 2016 tong lupng diu
mo ti-en vinh da tang len ro ret so vdi nam 2013. Hiu het cac diem quan trie ti-^n vinh Ha Long deu phit hien thay ving dau.
3.2.2. Ham luong kim loai nang trong nude Theo thdng hi sd 67/2015/TT-BTNMT ngay 21/12/2015 cua Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng ban hanh Quy chuan ky thuat Qudc gia ve mdi trudng, 10 chi tieu kim loEii nang dupc quan trie d vimg nuac ven bd- gdm As, Cd, Pb, Cr^, Cr tdng, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Hg. Cac ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay, vimg nude ven bo vinh Ha Long co ham luong As, Fe va Hg vupt nguong. Trong dd, As vupt ngudng tii 1 ddn 4 lin
(0,08 mg/L) trong miia khd. Hg vupt ngudng 6 lin.
Ham lupng Hg trong nuoc bien cao (dac biet !a trong cac khu vuc cang) chu yeu la do son chdng ha ciia tau bidn nha ra. Mac dii da cd khuyen cao khong nen sir dung son cd ddc td la Hg, nhung ti-ong thuc te Hg van dupc su dung hdt siic rpng rai trong hing hai bdi hidu qua cao va gii thanh re (Vu Ngoc Phii, 2016).
Ket qua quan trie dau nam 2020 cho thiy, ham lupng crdm d' diem quan trie cang Cai Rdng vupt 1,12 lan so vdi ngudng cho phep cua QCVNIO- MT:2015/BTNMT cho viing nudi ti-dng thuy sin.
Cdn lai cic chi tieu khic van nim trong gidi ban cho phep (GHCP) cua quy chuan (Bang 3).
TT
1 2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Bang 3. Thuc Thong so
pH Oxy hoa tan
(DO) Tong chat ran lo
liing (TSS) Amoni (NH,* tinh
theoN) Tong ddu mo
khoang Crom (Cr) Asen (As) Cadimi (Cd)
Chi (Pb) Kem (Zn) Mangan (Mn)
Sat (Fe) Thuy ngan (Hg)
Donvi
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/I mg/l mg/l mg/l
trang chit lu^ng nir6c bi^n ven bd vinh H& Long Vinh Ha Long (2020)
Nam Hoi 7,79 5,54
0,095
<0,002
<0,002 0,002
<0,020 0,002 0,043
Tay Hoi 7,86 4,99
0,086
<0,002
<0,002 0,002
<0,020 0,004 0,036
Cang Cai Rong
6,69 5,17
0,112
<0,002
<0,002
<0,002 0,033 0,004 0,061
Vinh Ha Long (2016)™
36-72
0,8-1,6
0,02-0,08
0,04-0.35 0,030,4 0,004-0,8
0,001- 0,006
Vinh Ha Long (2016)"
7-8
7-30 0,1-0,9
0,050,26 QCVNW
6,5-8,5
> 5
50
0,1
0,5 0,1 0,02 0,005
0,05 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,001 Nguon: <" Vu Ngoc Phu (2016): <-' Le Tuan Anh (2015):'QC\N 10-MT:2015/BiyMT: •-': Khdng cd dd heu: LOD: gidi han phat hien
Toa dd diem lay miu: Nam Hoi (21Vir20.g'W 1072lj-43.6"E): Tiy Hoi (21 0IV2.9'N 107-2ff41.3"E):
CangCiiRdng (21 OSIKLVN 107-25-56.0"E)
90 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE
BSng 4. Ch^t liTono ranVf hi^n vinh Ha T /mir nam 2019
Vi tri quan trac
Cdng CENCO 5 Hon Gac Sau cho Ha Long 1
Cdng thoat nuoc khu vuc cot 3 Khu nh^ be cot 5 Cang than Nam Cau Triing Lo Phong Cang cay sd 6 Cang Vung Due Nhiet dien - tuyen than Cang Van Don Thifen Cung Dau G6
Nghi dem Hang Luon B 6 Nau - Sung Sdt Lang chai Ba Hang
THONG SO Nhiet do
CC) 24,55-31,25 23,50-32,10 22,25-31,50 22,15-31,15 21,80-31,15 21,65-31,00 22,65-32,60 22,00-32,95 23,25-33,05 21,35-33,15 24,50-31,19 22,85-29,10
22,80-30,60
21,90-31,00
19,40-30,25 QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT -VimgNTTS
pH
7,75-8,06 7,98-8,14 7,76-8,13 8,03-8,27 7,93-8,29 7,95-8,17 7,05-8,18 7,66-8,14 7,90-8,14 7,92-8,22 8,02-8,13 8,06-8,15
8,01-8,13
7,84-8,17
8,09-8,15
6,5-8,5 DO (mg/l) 4,75-6,75 5,56-6,97 5,96-6,34 6,12-6,51 6,08-6,24 5,96-6,43 5,05-6,09 5,35-6,55 5,09-6,03 4,48-6,71 4,47-7,93 5,50-6,26
5,39-6,46
5,69-6,11
5,46-6,20
>-5 TSS (mg/l) 21,9443,50 24,2042,83 14,55-46,50 21,03-51,00 20,09-55,50 33,76-47,50 84,00-133,37 42,98-83,86 50,50-110,09 54,48-105,20 45,46-73,03 21,99-37,93
10,39-21,50
17,88-26,42
19,5045,54
50
Amoni (mg/l) 0,51-0,84 0,060,66 0,52^),75 0,07-0,58 0,52-0,59 0,1JO,55 0,120,40 0,090,30 0,280,38 0,100,17 0,100,61 0,060,15
0,09^,12
0,050,15
0,05^,17
0,1
Phosphate (mg/l) 0,12-0,23 0,060,30 0,11-0,47 0,07-0,22 0,090,28 0,08-0,35 0,10-0,36 0,05-0,09 0,07-0,18 0,04-0,19 0,11-0,37 0,05-0,12
0,03-0,30
0,040,25
0,040,23
0,2
Dau mo khoang
(mg/I) 0,03-0,1 0,03-0,12 0,450,62 0,05-0,3 0,05-0,12 0,05-0,31 0,05-0,12 0,06-0,1 0,06-0,24 0,03-0,1 0,280,65 0,07-0,13
0,02-0,06
0,05-0,2
0,02-0,19
0,5
Cohform (MPN/
100 ml) 1550-11765
144-700 1225-3046
735-1938 483-1023 2 5 0 « 1
61-505 43-121 392-789 56-74 1075-1957
128-263
28-200
50-85
38-188
1000
Ngudn: Sd Tii nguyen vi Mdi tiirdng Quang Nmh (2019 a, b, c, d) Bang 4 cho thSy trong nam 2019 tdng th« co nhimg Mm nay mirc do 6 nhiem kha cao, chti ydu la 15/41 didm d nhidm amoni, 11/41 didm d nhidm <^''**"™' *™g ^4 <Jac tnmg cua 6 nhi6m nrnjc thai phosphate va 5/41 diem d nhidm colifrom tren tdng 4 ™ " "<'?'•
dot quan trie. Cu thd dot 1, 2 va 4 ddu cd 3 didm d 3.3. Htai luong kun loai nSng trong trSm tich v4 nhidm coliform (cdng CENCO 5, sau cho Ha Long 1, sinh vat d4y
cang Van Ddn), dot 3 cd 4 diem 6 nhidm (cdng „„ , „ . , - . . - , . , .
CENCO 5, sau cho Ha Long 1, cang Van Don ^^ f' fj L . a s
cdng thoat nuoc khu viic Cdt 3). Nhu vay, cd thd thay
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Kim loai nang
Al Mg Fe As Cd' Cr Cu Mn Ni Fb Zn
Bang 5. H ^ lupng mdt sd kim logi nang (KLN) trong t r ^ tich ven b 6 vinh Ha Long Thanh phan kim loai nang trong tram tich'"
Donvi
% %
%
fg/e Ug/g Hg/g w / g
^g/g ug/g w / g Mg/g
TB 4,47 0,44 1,30 26 0,18 27 20 108 8 16 40
Min 0,97 0,10 0,48 13 0,06 10 13 18 3 4 12
Max 8,73 1,10 3,12 62 0,89
49 30 38 20 41 93
STD 2,27 0,27 0,64 9 11 4 59 4 8 17
Tham chidu hirdng din ctia Canada Nguong iinh hudng (TEL)
7,2 0,7 52,3 18,7 15,9 30,2 124
Ty le vtiot nguong (%)
100 0 0 57 3 3 3 Ngudn: "'Hd Huu
Ham luong mot sd kim loai nang trong tram tich dupc the hien trong bang 5. Theo Hd Huu Hieu va cong su (2010), him luong trung binh cic kim loai nang Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn do duoc trong miu thip hon so vdi nguong anh hirdng cua Canada (Threshold Effect Level-TEL). Ham lugng trung binh ctia asen va ddng cd tri sd trung binh vugt TEL, trong dd, 100% sd miu quan sit cd As vupt nguong, 57% mau cd Cu vuot nguong, 3% cic miu khic cd Ni, Pb v i Zn vugt nguong. Cic trim tich day gin cang Cua Ong diKxc dac trung bdi him lugng thap cua hat min (53,2%), chat huu ca (1,65%), cung nhu cac nguyen td chinh nhu Al (4,47%), Ca (1,33%), Mn (0,44%), Fe (1,30%).
3.3.2. Ham luong mot sd kim loai nang tiong sinh v$t day
Khristoforova va cpng su (2007) nghien cuu su tich luy ciia Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb va Ni trong 6 loii ngheu phd bien nhat tai vinh Ha Long da din ra 3 loai tich luy h i m lugng kim loai nang cao nhat li sd (Septifer bilocularis), sd long
Hieu etal.. (2010). * Nguyin Quang Long va cs (2013) amygdalumtostum) va trai (Isognomon Isognomon).
Bang 6 cho thay ham luong cao nhat ciia Mn dugc xic dinh trong cic mo cua loai nhuyin th^ (mollusk) tir viing nude ven bd- dao Van Bdi. Ham luong Zn cao nhat d cic mo cua hiu het cac loii dugc thu thap ngoii dao Cdng Dd. Tuy nhien, mdt sd loai d dao Bp Hung CO ham lugng kim loai nang cao hon cac dia diem khac. B6n canh dd, Le Q. D (2015) cung phat hien h i m lugng KLN cao trong hau di, gdm Zn (823,6-3201,6 mg/kg), Cu (238,1-1597,8 mg/kg). As (10,10-19,33 mg/kg), Cd (3,53-12,74 mgAg). Pb (0,79-6,20 mg/kg) vi Cr (0,81-4,47 mg/kg). Mgt sd nghien cuu vdi loai h i u {Saccostrea glomerata) tai mpt sd diem cu the ven bien Hii Phdng - Ha Long cho tiiiy miic tiTjng binh cua As, Zn va Pb chua dugrc xem la mdi de doa ddi vdi sue khoe con ngtroi, nhung inh hirdng cua du luong kim loai nang cd the gay ra nhieu mdi lo ngai ve doc tinh. Vi vay, can nghien cuu sau hon ve rui ro cua KLN den siic khde con ngudi qua mit xich dpng vat thuy sinh ttr cac vung d nhilm nang va cd giai phip xu ly triet de chat d nhi^m.
Dia diem (Dao)
Bang6.H4r Fe
n lugng mdt sd kim loai n$ng trong sinh
Zn Cu Cd
vat diy (sinh vat hai manh)
Mn Pb Ni
Septiler bilocularis Van Bdi Hang Trai
Bo Hung Cdng Dd
240+10 100+2.2 207±lll 2.^1+28
50±9,2 61±4.9 ib±\.l 60+2..i
14.3+0.7 13.4+0.4 13.9±0,2 16.8±3.0
4,5+0,3 8.2+0,4 7.9±0,2 8.9+3.0
14,4±0,6 ll.5±0.4 l3,4+i.2 16.5±4.8
3.99+0.8 2.S2+(l..s 3.36+1.4 3.25±2.1
3,29+0,30 2,73+0.56 3,13+0.66 5.05+0,96 92 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
TB 1 210+78 57±6,9 14,1+1,6 7,1±1,6 13,4±1,4 2,86±0,9 3,37±0,83 Barbatia amygdalumtostum
Van Bdi Hang Trai
Bo Hung Cdng Do
TB
357+16 462±26 669+92 335+25 493+147
78+1,1 102±5,8 129±11 104+0,7 106+21
9.8+05 9.0+0,2 10,1+0,6 9,8+0,8 9,6+0,7
13,1±0,8 24,1+0,9 22.1±3,4 18,4±0,8 20,4+4,7
73,6±2,4 43,6±1,6 36,7+3,3 49,3±1,6 46,8±12.4
3,86±1,2 3,76±0,6 5,70±1,9 3,13+0,3 4,34±1,5
4,15±0,46 5,68±0,46 6,64±1,08 5,90±0,87 5,65±1,12 Isognomon isognomon
Hang Trai Bp Hung Cdng Dd
TB
354+89 332+154
306+33 331 ±99
2545+737 1548+911 2922+355 2338±887
14,4+1,5 12,9±2,5 11,7+0,9 13,1+2,1
15,1±3,2 10,5±0,8 13,9±1,4 13,2±2,8
38,6±1,7 26,5±5,2 28,4+3.0 31,1+6,4
6,38±2,7 6,73±2,5 5,72+2,0 6,72±2,2
2,43±0,81 2,63±0,47 2,43±0,52 2,50±0,58 Pmnabicolor
Van Boi Bp Hung TB
61+8,8 36+42 33+30
750±247 848+643 799+462
68,8+8,6 108+76 88±55
85±1,8 I29±68 107±51
3251 ±379 1452 ±1505 2824 ±1678
51 ±12 62 ±22 56 ±17
50 ±26 68 ±21 59 ±24 Pinna vexillum
Bp Hung Cdng Do TB Spondilus Sj
Bo Hung 904+61 393+18 676±273
1189+51 1359+53 1264+102
16,4+0,6 12,1 ±0,9 14,5±2,4
16,2±0,6 18.9±0,7 17,3+1.5
64±3,7 21±2,9 45±23
5,05±1,02 3,23±1,16 4,24±1,39
4,14+0,25 3,96±0,18 4,05±0,23 0.1
471+19 68+11 46.6±4,8 219±39 133+11 35,6±5,13 130±10 Spondilus sp. 2
CdngDd 1 576+58 80+1,3 16,2±0,6 12,6±0.3 31,5+1.2 8,30±1,57 7,44±0,54
3.4. Mdt sd giai phip quan ly chat Ii^mg mdi tnrdng nuoc ven hb vinh Ha Long
Tir cic ket qua khoa hpc cho thay, de quan ly chat luong nuoc ven bd' vinh Ha Long cin cd giai phap ddng bd. Mot sd giai phap co the ap dung nhu sau:
- Dinh gia dugc ap luc tii cac ngudn gay d nhigm moi h-udng, dac biet la cic hoat ddng gay ra d nhidm KLN. Ra soat cac ngudn thai tir cic luu vuc sdng vi cic hoat ddng san xuit, kinh doanh cd xa thii ra khu vuc vinh Ha Long.
- Quy hoach cac viing nuoi trdng thuy san gin vdi yeu td xii ly m6i hordng. Dac bifit la ddi vdi cac loii thiiy san cd kha nang hap thu mot sd kim loai nSng.
- Dinh gii chi tiet va cap nhat hon sir phan bd ciia cac loai kim loai nang theo huong dan ti-ong quy chuan Viet Nam QCVN 10-MT;2015/BTNMT ddi vdi cac loai KLN cd tinh doc, anh hudng den sinh
Ngudn: Khristoforova va cs (2007) trudng, phit tridn cua thuy sin vi con ngudi. Danh gii nil ro sinh thii va nii ro siic khoe ddi vdi KLN de cd dugc nhung bien phip ky thuat phii hop.
4. KETLUAN
Chat lupng nuoc vinh Ha Long hien dang chiu cac ip luc rit ldn tir cac hoat ddng tren dat hen (ngudn thai din sinh, do thi boa, cong nghiep, du lich, dich vu, lan bien); tir hoat dgng cua tau thuydn, dan cu tren vinh; tir hoat dgng nao vet va dd thai.
Nude bien ven bd dang bi 6 nhiim bdi cac ydu td diu mo, amoni (NH4*), asen va thuy ngan vugt nguong khi cao theo quy chuan QCVN 10- MT:2015/BTNMT. Trong ti-am tich (bim diy) cd ham lugng asen va ddng cao hon rit nhieu nguong miic do anh hudng (TEL) cua mdt sd qudc gia. Ddi vdi sinh vat diy, 3 loai tich liiy ham lugng kim loai nang ldn li sd {Septifer bilocularis), sd long {Barbatia amygdalumtostum) va ti-ai {Isognomon isognomon). De quan ly tdt hon chit luong nubc ven bd' vinh Ha Long, cin cd cac giai phap ddng bp nhu
KHOA HOC C d N G N G H £
quan trie chit luong nude, giam sit hoat dong xa thai, i p dung bien phip xir ly o' cic viing cd hoat dgng nuoi trong thiiy san.
LOI CAM ON
Nghiin cuu nay duoc ho tro mot phan kinh phi tir de tai "Nghien cuu xay dung md hinh su dung rong bien de giam thiiu 6 nhiSm moi trudng phuc hdi hi sinb thai vinh Ha Long".
TAI UEU n i A M KHAO
1. Bp Tai nguydn va Moi trudng (2015). Quy chuin ky thuat Qudc gia ve chat luong nude bien.
QCVN iaMT;2015/BTNMT.
2. Cao T. T. T. and Nguyen M. T. (2009).
Assessment tiie accumulation of pollutants m Cam- Bach Dang estuary and Ba Lat river mouth area.
Marine Resources and Environment 14,143-150.
3. Huu Hieu Ho, Rudy Swennen and An Van Damme (2010). Distribution and contamination status of heavy metals m estuarine sediments near Cua Ong habor, Ha Long bay, Vietiiam. Geologica Belgieal3{l-2), 37-47.
4. Khristoforova N. K, Kavun V. Ya., Latypov Yu. Ya., Dam Dook Tien, Zhuravel E. V, and Nguyen Xuan Tuyen (2007). Heavy metals in mass species of bivalves in Ha Long Bay. Oceanology47 {5), 685-690.
5. Le Q. D., Bach L. C , Aral T. (2015).
Monitoring heavy metal contammation using rocky oyster {Saccosti-ea glomerati) in Hai Phong - Ha Long coastal area. North Vietnam, hit. J. Environ.
Res.,9(4):1373-1378.
6. Le Tuan Anh (2015). Phan tich hidn ti-ang chit lugng nude vinh Ha Long, tinh Quang Ninh, Viet Nam: Mpt nghien ciiu xa hpi hgc tir goc nhm ciia cic doanh nghidp du lich. Gland, Thuy Si: lUCN.
47 trang.
7. Nghi quydt 36-NQ/TW, Nghi quyet Hpi nghi lin thu tam Ban Chap hinh Trung uong Dang khda XII ve Chien luoc phit tiien ben vung kinh te bien Viet Nam den nam 2030, tam nhm den nam 2045, Ban Chap hinh Trung uong Dang Cdng sin Viet Nam.
8. Nguyen Quang Long, Tran Thi Tuyet Mai, Pham Ngoc Khai, Nguyen Tmng Thanh, Nguyen Van Phuc, Doan Thuy Hau, Duong Van Thang, Ha Lan Anh, Vo Thi Anh and Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2013). Quantitative research for pollution levels w marine sedmients of Ha Long Bay by nuclear
technique. Trong Tbe Annual Report for 2012 Tran Chi Thanh; Cao Dinh Thanh; Nguyen Hoang Anh;
Nguyen Tlii Kim Dung; Nguyen Thi Dinh; Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan (eds.); Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute, Hanoi (Viet Nam); 360 p; Dec 2013; p. 154- 161; VINATOM-AR-12-22.
9. Nguyen Thi The Nguyen, N. T. P. Thao, T.
N.Khoi (2012). Shidy on h-ends of nufrient concentrations in the Ha Long bay, Viet Nam, Proceedmgs of the 4th Intemational Conference on Estuaries and Coasts, Volume 2, Pages 19-25.
10. Nguyen Tlii Tlie Nguyen, Nguyen Chu Hoi (2012). Development of Water Quality hidex for Ha Long Bay in Vietnam, Proceedings of the PIANC COPEDEC VUI, Pages 1178-1184.
11. Nguyen Thi The Nguyen, Nguyen Chu Hoi, Dong Kim Loan (2013a). Proposing sollutions to manage and use water quaUty zones in the Ha Long bay. Joumal of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, Secial issue-No. 11,156-162.
12. Nguydn Thi The Nguyen (2013). Mgt sd vin de ve chit lugng nuoc vinh Ha Long. Khoa hoc Ky thuat Thuy lgi va Moi trudng, sd 42, trang 40-45.
13. Nguydn Thi Thd Nguyen (2013). Nghien cuu pban vung chat lupng nude vinh Ha Long, tinb QuangNinh va de xuat giai phap quan ly va sudung.
Luan i n Tien si, Dai hpc Qudc gia H i Npi.
14. Nguydn Thi The Nguydn, Dong Kim Loan, Nguydn Chu Hdi (2013b). Development of water quality index for coastal zone and application in the Ha Long bay, VNU Joumal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Volume 29 (4), Pages 43-52.
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17. So- Tai nguydn va Moi trudng Quang Ninh (2019c). Bio cio ket qua quan trie mdi trudng tinh Quang Ninh quy in-2019.
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Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometiy. Available online at https://www.epa.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHl
gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/ 20. Vu Ngpc Phii (2016). Danh gia chat luong method_200-8_rev_5-4_1994.pdf ^^^ ^^^" ^^" ^^ ^ / ^ ^^ Tong, tmh Quang Nmh.
Luin van thac sy Khoa hpc Moi trudng, Hgc vien Nong nghidp Vidt Nam, Ha Ngi
STATUS OF SEAWATER QUALITY IN HA LONG BAY AND SOME MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS Vo Huu CongS Le Thi Huyen^ Bui Thi Nha Trang^, Hoang Viet Dung^
'Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
^K61KHMTB, Vietnam National University of Agricultiire
^Faculty of Environment, Ha Lang University
^Center for Environment and Natural Resources Monitoring of QuangNinh Email [email protected]
Summary
The coastal area of Ha Long bay plays an important role in economics development such as the tounsm, mining, industry, trade and aquaculture but also suffers from environmental polluUon. Resolution No.36- NQ/TW on the Strategy for sustainable development of Vietnam's marine economy towards 2030 and a vision to 2045 sets out six issues, of which the fifth focuses on the environment. This study based on reviewing the available scientific information on the status of the seawater environment in coastal areas of Ha Long bay, focusing on environmental pressures, seawater quality, especially the heavy metal content m the bay's seawater. The studied results show that the bay's coastal areas are being polluted by the oil, grease, heavy metals such as arsenic, iron, and mercury. Tlie concentration of As, Cu, Pb in bottom sediment is higher than the influence threshold (TEL) of Canada.
Keywords: Ha Long bay, coastal area, marine environmental pollution, heavy metals, influence threshold TEL, environmental management
Ngudi phan bidn: PGS.TS. Nguydn Chu Hdi Ngiy nhin bii: 8/11/2019
Ngiy thdng qua phan bidm 9/12/2019 Ngiy duydt dang: 16/12/2019
