amA m§€ 4f HUM Nmiu
IVIpt so net dac sic cua giao due phd thong Phan Lan
T rong khoang 10 nam trd lai day Giao due Phin Lan trd thanh mdt hien tQdng ndi trdi. Rat nhiiu nQdc da phai giat minh, theo ddi, quan sat va nghien cQu, nhit la tQ khi b i t d i u xuat hien ChUdng
trinh danh gia HS qud'c te (PISA)^. K i t qua xep
hang cua PISA da lam nhieu qudc gia "bang hoang","giat minh" v i ehi'nh sach va hieu qua d i u tQ giao due cua d i t node minh. Tieu bieu nhit la Hoa Ky. BQc xuc trQdc nhQng ban che cua giao due phd thdng (GDPT) trong viec thQc hien nang cao chit iQpng, Tong thdng Obama da quyet djnh tang cQdng ngan sach cho GDPT mdt each manh me; 5 ti USD cho chQdng trinh hpc sdm (eariy learning programs), 77 ti USD cho viec cai td manh me giao due tieu hpe va trung hpe, dae biet danh 5 ti USD cho "quy canh tranh nham khuyen khich ddi mdi va tham vpng mudn lap d i y nhQng khoang trdng trong k i t qua hpe tap cuaHS Hoa Ky"2...
Trong bdi canh dd, GD Phin Lan trd thanh mdt hinh mau ma nhieu nQdc phai tap trung nghien cQu.
Doan can bd nghien cQu eua Bd GD&DT Viet Nam do Phd thu tQdng - Bd trQdng Bd GD&DT Nguyin Thien Nhan d i n d i u ( thang 2/2009)va l i n nay (thang 1/2010) doThQtrQdng Nguyin Vinh Hien lam trQdng doan d i n Phin Lan cung khdng ngoai mue dfch dd.
Bai viet nay xin neu len mdt sd net dac s i c eua GDPT Pbin Lan de ban dpc tham khao.
1. He thdng GD Phin Lan la he thdng binh quan Bic Au, ngQdi hpe khdng phai tra tien hpc phf trong sudt thdi ky la hpc sinh. Djch vu dQdc thQc hien trong sudt thdi ky GD b i t budc 9 nam, b i t d i u tQ 7 tudi cac bQa an mien phf danh cho HS tieu hpc va THCS tai cae nha trQdng dia phQdng. Tham gia danh gia HS qudc t i eua khdi OECD, Phin Lan ludn dan d i u vdi sd diem cao nhit the gidi; nam 2006 HS Phin Lan 15 tudi da dQng d i u t h i gidi ve mdn khoa hpc ( science), thQ nhi v i loan va dpc hieu; nam 2003 HS
PGS.TS. DO NGOC THONG
Vien KHGD Viet nam
tVlotgia hoc cua HS ldp 9 vdi chu de: Lam the nao de ton tai duoc giua ttiien nhien
Phin Lan dQng d i u v i mdn dpc hieu, toan va khoa hpc, x i p thQ hai va giai quyit v i n d i ( problem solv- ing).
Sau GD Tieu hpc, HS dQde tach ra theo hai hudng he thdng Nghe va Ly thuyet ( academic) theo md hinh cua GD nude DQc cu.
Cd hdi t i i n bd eho HS tQ trinh dp 1 d i n eac trinh dp tiip theo dQde sQ bao ve eua luat phap. Bang tdt nghiep THPT va bing tdt nghiep trQdng trung hpc nghi deu du tu each vao DH tdng hpp va trudng bach khoa.
Dac biet cd sQ khac nhau quan trpng so vdi he thdng GD khac la d day khdng cd "trQdng thanh nien"^
("youth school") chung cho tudi tre - Tudi 15-19, HS
Phin Lan dope hpc trong trudng nghi hoac theo djnh
hu'dng ly thuyet d trQdng THPT. Sau khi tdt nghiep
trQdng nghi, HS cd the tham gia lao ddng tryc tiip
NhQng ngu'di tdt nghiep trQdng THPT, khdng dQpc
day kT nang nghi thi tiip tuc hpc len bac cao hon
OH-CD. Day la net dac sic dan tdc trong su tuOng
phan vdi mpt sd he thdng GD nude ngoai- Nhung
nudc chi dupc vao hpc DH- CD khi hoan thanh tdt ki
DAY VA HOC
N G A Y N A YSO 3-2010 '11
thi d trQdng T H P T vdi uy tfn va k i t qua eao.
Khai niem "giao due bac 3" (tertiary education) la ndi d i n cad hpc vien bae cao hoac nhQng gl hQdng tdi trinh dp D H tQ xa, d mpi ndi. Trinh dp bac 3 dQdc ehia ra hai iiQdng: vao DH tdng hdp va vao he thdng trudng nghe bac eao. Hai loai bang nay khdng the hoan ddi, Chi ed DH tdng hdp mdi dQdc phat b i n g chQng ehi hanh n g h i (licentiates)' va bang Tien sT ( d o c t o r a t e s ) -
1 Programme for International Student Assess- ment
2 http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/Education/
3 "Trddng thanh nien" - mdt loai trQdng phd bien d Thuy Dien, la trydng k i t hdp giQa hinh thQc hpc nghe va hpc van hda cd ban d THPT, trong khi P h i n Lan tach ra thanh hai loai trQdng rieng biet. ( DNT)
" licentiate mdt danh hieu cua ngQdi da \.c\ nghiep mdt van b i n g ly t h u y i t ( academic degree). Thuat ngQ nay b i t ngudn tQ t i i n g Latin "Licentia docendi', nghTa la gia'y phep day hgc. NhQng cung ed the b i t n g u d n tQ m d t t i e n g L a t i n k h a e "licentia ad practicandum"CO nghTa la ai dd cd dQdc mdt chQng nhan ve nang iQc thQc hanh n g h i . Nhieu nQdc c d danh hieu nay nhQng dQde sQ d y n g cho nhieu trinh dp GD khac nhau. Trong n h i i u trQdng dai hpc nQdc ngoai nd la mdt van bang d giQa CQ nhan, Thac sT va Tien sT.
Academic i degrees i doctor I I licentiate
Education in Finland Vocational degrees
employment
Age
master Polytechnic(new) bachelor Polytechnic
upper secondary
school vocational school
comprehensive school
pre-school
2-3 _y_
3-4 y 18-19
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
Theo t r u y i n thdng ehi cd tdt nghiep DH tdng hdp mdi dQde coi la ed hpe vj eao.... P h i n Lan cd 20 DH tdng hpp va 30 trUdng bach khoa (polytechnics) trong ca nQdc.
Giao dye ngudi Idn dap ung d mpi trinh dp giao dye Ngu'di Idn ed the hpe lay b i n g khoa hpc cP ban heac b i n g n g h i , hpe theo cac mddun, theo cac course phat trien cdng dan va kT nang nghe nghiep, tham chl hpc theo ti'nh c h i t tieu khien.
Sd thinh vudng cua xa hdi Phan Lan dddc xiy nen td giio due, van hda vi tri thuc. Tit ci moi tre em deu duoc bio dim cic cd hdi hoc tip vi tu phat tnen phu hdp vdi nang Idc cua ca nhin, bit chip ve ndi cd tru, ngdn ngd hoac tinh trang tii chinh. Moi HS deu dddc giao due tdt vdi chat ludng cao vi dudc hoc cich giu gin mdi trudng, sdng khde manh. Sd mem deo cua he thdng GD vi cd sd an toan giio due da tao nen sd cdng bing va ket qui vdng chac cho GD Phan Lan.
2. Chinh sach khoa hpc va giao dye cua P h i n Lan n h i n manh tdi c h i t IQdng, hieu qua, cdng b i n g va qud'c t i hda (internationalisation). Dieu dd day manh tinh canh tranh manh me eua dat nQdc nay. Kinh te phat trien tiep tue lam cd sd vQng chac cho van hda, xa hdi va kinh te Phan Lan phat trien thjnh vQdng.
Mpi eon dQdng cua chi'nh sach giao dye va khoa hpc Phan Lan d i u la con dUdng chien Idde EU Lisbon (EU Lisbon strategy). O P h i n Lan q u y i n ldi cua GD va van hda dyde ghi trong Hien phap. Q u y i n Ipi chung phai bao dam dieu kien cdng b i n g cho tat ca mpi ngu'di dan dddc hpc xong GD b i t bude va tQ phat trien b i t chap dia vi tai chi'nh cua hp. Luat quy dinh GD bit budc vi quyen iqi mien phi cho tudi tien hoc dudng cdng nhu GD cd bin. Mdt sd dieu kien GD khac cung mien phi ngay ca ddi vdi giio due sau khi tdt nghiep cic trudng DH. Qudc hdi da thdng qua luat GD va nghien cQu, xac dinh rd phudng hu'dng cd ban cua chfnh sach GD va khoa hpc. Bd GD chiu trach nhiem ve ngan sach GD tQ ngan khd cua bang. Chi'nh phu thdng qua ke hoach phat trien v i GD va nghien cQu 4 nam mdt.
3. He thdng giao dye Phan Lan gdm giao due cd sd (Basic education) 9 nam, HS b i t budc phai hpc 6 tru'dng phd thdng hdn hdp (comprehensive school).
B i t d i u tQ 6 -7 tudi va k i t thuc d tudi 15-16. Mac du v i phap ly trQdng hdn hdp khdng phan chia nhQng trong thyc te thi van chia la hai: trinh dp thap ( low) tudi tQ 7-12; va trinh dp cao ( upper) tudi tu 13-15.
Vdi trinh dp thap, mdi Idp, HS hpc vdi mdt t h i y co giao, thay cd nay day dudc hau h i t eac mdn hpc. 0 Idp trinh dp eao trong mdi Idp cd mdt s d GV day khac nhau. Hai loai trQdng nay thudng dupe xay c i t khac nhau. Sau khi tdt nghiep tru'dng hdn hpp, HS cd the lua chon vao trQdng THPT (upper secondary school) hoac trQdng n g h i (vocational school). THPT la trinh dp GD khdng b i t budc d Phan Lan. nhung da sd HS d i u hudng tdi rat manh me. Ca tieu hpc va trung hoc cdng quy deu nhd vao ehinh quyen thanh pho DAY VA HOC N G A Y NAY SO 3-2010
vdi SQ trd giup cac bang tren ep sd sd HS cua eae trQdng.
HS trong trudng hdn hPp va trung hpc dupe hu'dng mpt sd q u y i n Ipi xa hdi ma quan trpng nhat la sQ cham sdc sQc khde va an trUa hang ngay m i i n phi, chiim mdt p h i n ba chat dinh dudng hang ngay. Them vao dd HS trong cae trPdng b i n hdp ed q u y i n nhan sach, eac tQ lieu hpe tap, cae cupc du ngoan... deu m i i n phf. Djch vu cham sdc sue khde eung m i i n phf;
nhQng HS sdng each xa nha (hdn 5 km) hoac dudng di nguy hiem thi ed the dudc m i i n phf t i i n phUPng tien. N i u mdt ngay HS nao phai di chuyen vUdt qua 3 gid thi cd the dang ki an d nha ki tQc xa m i i n phi. d trQdng trung hpc, HS mdi phai b i t bude mua SGK va tai lieu hpc tap trong mdt chQng mUe nao dd.
Muc tieu cua giao due ed ban la giup eho HS trQdng thanh theo budng nhan van va dao If- mot thanh vien xa hdi ed trach nhiem; eung cap cho hp nhQng k i i n thQc va kT nang can thiet cho cude sdng.
Mpt nam hpc d Phan Lan la 190 ngay thQc hpe, b i t dau vao giQa thang Tam va k i t thuc vao d i u thang 6 nam sau. Thdi gian nghi he la 60 ngay. Cae cd quan GD dja phUdng se thu xep eac boat ddng tinh nguyen sang hoac chieu cho HS Idp 1, Idp 2 hoac nhQng HS can trp giup dac biet.
TrUdng THPT chuan bi cho HS vao eae trudng DH tat ca tQ lieu day hpc la " bai tap thdng thudng -chung".
TrUdng nghe phat trien nang lyc nghe nghiep va khong du tien chuan bi cho viec hoc len cao. Tuy vay nhOng HS tdt nghiep trydng n g h i van du dieu kien de vao hpe cac trUdng DH- CD.
Nhu the khae vdi Thyy Dien, Phan Lan tach rdi chu'Png trinh giao dye nghe va giao dye trung hpe.
Sy tfeh hpp cua chung da chQng minh dupe tfnh hieu qua qua hinh thu'e "TrUdng thanh nien" thu nghiem, nhUng cudi cung van giO sQ chia tach nay.
Khac vdi trQdng nghe, hpe d trQdng THPT k i t thuc vdi sQ phan loai qudc gia bdi ki thi vao DH (ma- triculation examination). Viee kiem tra ngau nhien tren thUc t i nhu la dieu kien tien quyet cho viec hpc tap 6 bae cao bPn. He thdng nay t h i i t ke sao eho khoang 5% sd diem thap (thi trupt) va cung cd 5% sd diem rat eao. Ki thi nay xem xet trinh dp chuyen mdn trong ITnh vQc khoa hpc tQ nhien hoac khoa hpe xa hdi. Cae trudng DH tdng hop cd the su dyng diem thi trong cac ki thi DH de t i i p nhan sinh vien.
4. Cac Idp d tru'dng tieu hpe va trung hoe dupe xep loai b i n g mdt sd giQa 4 va 10, sd 4 la thap nhat va 10 la cao nhat. O loai 4 nay cac Idi trong bai kiem tra nhu nhau, cd nghTa la cd the phai kiem tra lai.
Trong bai kiem tra, mdt HS eung cd the nhan duoc eac diem nhu 9-, 9-t- hoac 9,5; vdi 9- ed nghTa la thap hdn 9 va 9-i- cd nghTa la gan b i n g 10, tru'dng hPp 9,5 thi tuy, cd the nang len 10 trong the bao diem, tuy vay cung edn tuy thudc vao tu each dao due cua HS trong qua trinh hpe tap tren Idp.
Trong sudt nam dau bac tieu hoc su phan loai
chu yeu b i n g viee danh gia hOn la xep hang chinh thQc. B i t dau xep hang theo sd la do quyet djnh cua dia phUPng nha trUdng. Phan Idn HS cac trudng hdn hdp CO the bao k i t qua hpe tap 2 lan mdt nam: vao cudi mua thu va mua xuan. Neu mdt HS trudng hdn hpp nhan dupc loai 4 trong mpt mdn hpc vao cuoi ki mua xuan thi hp phai thi rieng mdn hpc nay vao mua he, de hp cd dieu kien eai thien k i t qua mdn hpe.
N i u mdt HS nhan dUPe nhieu sy phan loai yeu ( khdng dat) ho phai hpc luu ban. Dieu nay h i i m khi xay ra. Quyet djnh cho mpt HS luu ban la do giao vien va Hieu trUdng sau khi da l i n g nghe y kien cua hpc sinh va gia dinh.
Trong giao dye nghe va DH, phan Idn sQ phan loai theo he thdng giQa 0 ( trUpt) va 5. Diem binh quan khdng ed y nghTa ddi vdi hpc tdt nghiep, nd chi cd the sQ dyng cho viec lam tiep nghien cQu sinh.
Qua trinh phan loai dd/ trUpt khdng tinh den diem binh quan; sinh vien khdng the lUa chpn giua phan loai va danh gia dd/trUdt.
Phan Idn cac bang ly thuyet ( academic) dupc phan loai dPn gian bang dd/trupt. Khdng cd b i n g danh dy su dyng trong cae trUdng DH tdng hdp Phan Lan va cac trudng bach khoa. Tuy nhien trong ITnh vyc cdng nghe, bang master va cQ nhan cd phan loai bang danh dy/ dd /trUdt.
5. De phu hdp vdi Luat GD cP ban (1998) viec danh gia HS la n h i m hudng dan va k h u y i n khich kT nang tQ danh gia. Nhung tien bd eua HS, kT nang thQc hanh va tQ each dao dQc dUde danh gia trong mdi quan he vdi mye tieu eua chuPng trinh.
Hudng dan va cae nguyen t i c danh gia qud'c gia dupc ghi trong chUPng trinh cdt Idi. Trong CT nay viec danh gia HS dudc chia lam 2: danh gia trong sud't qua trinh hpc va danh gia cudi eung. Hai loai nay cd vai trd khac nhau.
Trong sud't qua trinh hpe tap nhiem vy cua viee danh gia la ed vu, k h u y i n khfch hpc tap va giup HS cd phUdng phap hpc. NhQng thdng tin phan hdi lien tyc tQ GV la r i t quan trpng. Nd s§ giup dd va hUdng dan cho HS ed dUPe mdt thai dp tfeh eye. Vdi sy giup dd tu nhung thdng tin phan hdi va nhan xet, GV hudng dan HS t i i p thu kien thuc phu hpp vdi suy nghTva hanh dpng cua hp; va cung giup HS hieu hp dang hpe nhung gi.
B i n g cap va bao eao mieng cung la mdt each cd thdng tin phan hdi. HS nhan bao cao vao cudi mdi nam hoc, them vao dd la nhung bao cao trung gian, Trong 7 nam dau cua d trddng hdn hdp ( 9 nam) cd the bao eao ehi la nhan xet mieng hoac b i n g sd hoac k i t hpp ea hai each. Nhung danh gia cham can phai b i n g sd nhUng cung cd the bd sung b i n g Idi. GV eung cd the mieu ta nhung tien bd va phuong phap hpc eua HS d eac mdn hoc khac nhau b i n g nhung bao cao mieng nhu the, Danh gia b i n g sd (thang tu 4-10) ehi khi nhan xet trinh dd HS trong mdi lien he vdi muc tieu cua chudng trinh. Danh gia b i n g bao
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 3-2010
Gid the thao ngoai trdi -15 do cua HS Idp 3 mdn Khuc cdn cau
cao mieng phai trd thanh ed sd quan trpng chQ khdng phai ehi cd cac kl thi.
Nhin chung thanh cdng eua GD Phan Lan dQa tren eae y i u td cd ban sau day;
1) Binh dang ve cd hoi
GD Phan Lan tao ra cd hdi binh dang cho tat ca mpi HS, khdng phan biet ndi d, gidi tfnh, tinh trang kinh te hoac ngdn ngQ - van hda. Mang IQdi nha tru'dng dia phUdng rdng Idn va eae djch vy khdng phan biet gidi tfnh. Giao dye ed ban la hoan chinh va mien phf ( bao gdm viec day hpc, ty lieu, an tai trudng, cham sdc sQc khde, rang mieng, di lai bang phypng tien cdng cdng, sp c i n thiet
GD dac biet va day each chua benh)
2) Giao duo hon hdp (Comprehensiveness of edu- cation)
GD CO ban 9 nam eho tat ea mpi HS tu 7 d i n 16 tudi. Nha trudng khdng IQa chpn HS nhPng HS cd the lya ebon trUdng cho phu hdp vdi dieu kien va hoan canh cua minh. HS khdng phai thQ thach trong cae trudng va cac ludng khac nhau.
3) Giao vien co nang IQc gioi
O tat ea eac cap hpc, GV deu cd c h i t lupng eao va nhiet h u y i t , tan tam. B i n g Thac sT va chung chi thQc hanh sU pham la yeu c i u b i t bude ddi vdi tat ea cac GVtQ tieu hpc den THPT. Nghe day hpc r i t dupe Qa ehudng d P h i n Lan, vi the eac trQdng DH tdng hdp cd the lUa chpn du'de rat nhieu nhQng ngu'di tai nang va ed dpng cP rd ret. GV lam viec dpc lap va day hQng thu ty do trong ldp.
4) Ldi hudng d i n HS va sQcan thiet cua GD dac biet
Giup dd dac biet ve viec hpe tap va sue khde cho HS la muc tieu da ghi trong chypng trinh cdt Idi, Sy c i n thiet cua GD dae biet dupe hda nhap voi GD phd thdng cang xa rdng cang hop If, Sy huong d i n
cua cae nha tQ van se giQp cho HS cap T H P T trong viec hpc tap va iQa chpn bac hpc cao hdn.
5) Khuyen khfch cd vu trong danh gia va nhan xet Danh gia va nhan xet k i t qua hpc tap eua HS la khuyen khfeh va giup dd mdt each ty nhien. Muc dfch la cung c i p nhQng thdng tin cho ca nha trQdng va HS cung phat trien. Kiem tra qudc gia, danh sach x i p loai nha trQdng va he thdng kiem dinh, thanh tra khdng tdn tai.
6) SQ quan trong cua GD trong xa hpi
Xa hdi P h i n Lan vdi mdt n i n giao due tdt dep, than thien va toan dan la mdt n i n giao due eao theo chuan qud'c te. Giao dye dUde danh gia dQng trong mdt bdi canh chfnh tri rdng Idn va ddng thuan ve ehinh sach giao due.
7) Mot he thong linh hoat
He thdng GD mem d i e la ed sd cho nguyen t i c
" t r u n g Qdng c a m l a i - d j a p h Q d n g thQc h i e n "
("Centralised steering - local implementation"). Cam lai la hQdng d i n theo luat va cac tieu chi, chQPng trinh cdt Idi, ke hoach cija chfnh phu va hQdng dan thdng tin. Cac cd quan GD tinh thanh cd nghTa vy doi vdi viee eung cap va thi hanh giao dye. Nha trQdng va cae GV du'de hQdng q u y i n tQ ehu r i t cao.
8) Cpng tac ( Co-operation)
SQ tUdng tac va ehung sQc la nguyen t i c cho cac boat ddng d tat ca cac c i p hpe. Hpp tae de phat trien GD giQa cac cap lanh dao khac nhau, giOa nha trudng va nhung ngQdi lam cdng tac xa hdi. Lanh dao nha trudng hdp tac vdi tap the GV; giQa hiep hpi cac nha giao dye- sy pham vdi ban lanh dao nha trudng. Dd la sy giup dd manh me cho sQ phat trien.
9) HQdng vao ngQdi hpc
S Q to chQc cua cac boat ddng GD la nen tang cho khai niem hpc, d dd trpng tam la hudng vao boat ddng cua ngQdi hpc trong sQ tQdng tac vdi GV, vdi cae HS khac va vdi mdi trQdng hpe.
- , :, ' iC pnc',;!
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Tai lieu tliam khao va tdng tiiuat ^
http://www.oph.fi _.' '-^"•'^
http://www.minedu.fi '•' ' http://www.edu.hel.fi
http://www.helsinki.fi/university ' ' he Finnish education system and PISA - 2009- Min istry of education Publication, Finland
htttp://www.jyu.fi •''•'• ' http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/Edueation/
http://www. wikipedia, the free encyclopedia r.ii
DAY VA HOC N G A Y NAY SO 3-2010
