TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM s6 4(82) ndm 2016
NjSC DUNG BAI TAP TICH HOP TRONG DAY HOC HOA HQC NHAJW PHAT TRifiN NANG LlTC GIAI QUYET VAN DE
CHO HQC SINH L 6 P 10 THPT
PHAN OQNG CHAU THCIY". PHAM L^ THANH-
TOM TAT
Gdp phdn thuc hien ddi mdi muc tieu gido due cua Bg Gido due vd Ddo tao sau 2015 Id chimin tic chu trong truyin thu kiin thicc sang phdt trien ndng luc vdphdm chdt cho hqc i sinh. bdi bdo ndy gidi thieu vi bdi tgp tich hgp. cdch xdy dung vd su dung bdi tap nay trong dgy hoc mdn Hda hgc nhdm phdt triin ndng luc gidi quyit vdn di cho hge sinh ldp 10 trung hgc phd thdng. Kit qud nghien cuu dinh tinh vd dinh lugng chung minh dugc hiiu qud dgy hoc md logi bdi tap ndy mang lgi.
Tu khda: bai tap, tich hgp, bai tap tich hgp, phat tridn nang Iuc hgc sinh, nang lire giai quydt van dd.
ABSTRACT
Using integrated exercises in teaching chemistry
in order to develop Kf'' graders' problem solving ability in high schools In accordance with the goal of the ministry of education and training, which is shifting from transfering knowledge to developing students' competences and qualities, the article introduces the concept of integrated exercises, and how to prepare and apply them in teaching chemistry in order to develop ICf graders' problem solving ability. Results of this qualitative and quantitative research have proven the effectiveness of this kind of exercises in teaching.
Keywords: exerciees, integrated exercises, develop students' competences, problem- solving ability.
1. Md dau
Dgy hgc tich hgp la mdt trong nhiing phuang thue phat trien nang Iuc hgc sinh [2]. Vi vgy, ehuong trinh giao dye phd thdng tdng thd sau 2018 dy kidn se duge phat tridn dya theo quan didm dgy hgc tich hgp. Dgy hgc tich hgp khdng chi se dugc the hidn qua ndi dung chuong trinh eac mdn hgc cy thd ma cdn dugc thyc hidn thdng qua vi?e td chue cac hogt ddng va sd dyng bai tap tieh hgp trong dgy hgc cua giao vien.
Bai bao nay di sau nghien cuu vd vide su dyng bdi tap tich hgp trong day hpc mdn Hda hgc Idp 10 d trudng phd thdng nhim gdp phin hinh thanh va phat tridn nang Iyc giai quyet van dd cho hgc sinh.
* TS, Tnrdng Dai hpc S u phgm TPHCM; Email: [email protected]. vn
~ Sinh vifin, Tn/firng Dgi hpc S u pham TPHCM
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bdng Chdu Thiiy vd tgk
Bdi tap tieh hgp cdn cd tdn ggi khac la bai tap dinh hudng phat tridn nang Iyc.
Hign tai, vide khai thae va su dyng bai tap tieh hgp trong day hgc va kidm tra danh gia edn hgn chd. Theo didu tra cua ehung tdi tgi gin 10 trudng trung hgc phd thdng d Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, nhihig li do chinh cua thyc trgng trdn la sd giao vidn bidt ddn Ioai bai tap nay cdn it; khdng nhidu giao vidn am hieu va bidt each vSn dyng hidu qua trong day hgc; cdng trinh nghidn cdu vd hidu qua sir dung bai tap tieh hgp trong day hge ndi chung va trong day hgc mdn Hda hgc ndi rieng vin chua phd bidn. Td thyc trgng va nhthig Ii do tren, chdng tdi da tidn hanh nghidn cuu vd bai tap tich hgp va budc diu thu dugc nhirng ket qua kha quan.
2. Ngi dung 2.1. Bdi tgp tich hgp
Theo tu didn Tiing Viet do Hoang Phd chii bidn, bai t$p duge dinh nghta la nhirng bdi ra cho hgc sinh di van dung nhirng diiu da hgc.
Trdn co sd Ii lugn vd bai tap, trong qua trinh nghidn ciiu, chung tdi da xay dyng khai niem vd bai tap tich hgp nhu sau: "la dgng bdi tap khong chu trgng vdo ki ndng tinh tndn md tap trung vdo viee van dung cdc kiin thicc liin mdn di gidi quyit, gidi thieh cde vdn di thuc tiin cupc sdng hoge hgc tap".
2.2. Nguyin tde vd quy trinh xdy dung bdi tap tich hgp
Theo nghidn cuu eua chung tdi, mgt bai tap tich hgp can dam bao nhdng nguydn tie eo ban sau:
Hudng tdi muc tidu mdn hgc;
Cd ngi dung lidn quan d^n kien thde ciia nhieu khoa hge lidn quan;
Chua dyng van dd lidn quan ddn thuc tidn cugc sdng hoac hgc tap cua hgc sinh;
Dam bao tinh chinh xac, khoa hgc;
Dam bao tinh vda sdc, phu hgp vdi trinh do nhan thdc cua hgc sinh.
Qua qua trinh thuc td xay dung bai tgp tich hgp, chung tdi xin dd xuat quy trinh gdm cac budc sau;
Budc 1. Xac dinh ndi dung bai hge cd lidn quan den thyc tidn cudc sdng hoac vin dd hgc tgp eua hgc sinh.
Budc 2. Xae dinh kidn thdc tich hgp can ydu cau hgc sinh van dyng.
Budc 3. Tgo tinh hudng cd van dd trong bai tap, ydu cau hge sinh van dyng kidn thdc lien mdn dd giai quydt.
Buac 4. Dat cau hdi ydu cau hgc sinh giai quydt hoge giai thich van d^.
Budc 5. Xay dyng dap an, chinh sua va hoan thien bai tap tich hgp.
Nhim Iam rd hon quy trinh da dd cap d trdn, sau day chung tdi sd gidi thidu mdt bai tap tich hgp va phan tich eae budc xay dyng trong quy trinh.
Vi dy vd bai tgp tich hgp dugc sd dyng trong dgy hgc bai Luu huynh, Hda hgc ldp 10:
TAP CHl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Sd 4(82) nam 2016
Theo tdi lieu y hgc cS, luu huynh cd vi chua, tinh on vd co tdc di^ng chira mgt s binh. Trong quy trinh bdo qudn thude ddng y vd thuc phdm kho, ngudi ta tiin hdnii xong hai liru huynh di chdng ndm, dm mdc. Viic ldm ndy gdy hgi cho ngicai nhiing ngudi xung quanh vd ngudi su dung. Gidi thich tgi sao.
De xay dyng bai tap tich hgp tren, chung tdi da tidn hanh nhu sau:
Budc I. xac dinh ndi dung bai hgc cd lidn quan ddn thuc tidn cudc sdng hoac vk dd hgc tap cua hgc sinh: Su dung luu huynh trong bdo qudn dugc lieu vd thuc phdm khd
Budc 2. Xac dinh kidn thuc tich hgp cin ydu eiu hgc sinh van dyng:
+ f, cua luu huynh la 445°C
+ Cdc phdn ung hoa hgc xdy ra khi dot luu huynh:
S + Oi'-^ SO2
Trong diiu kiin khdng khi du. mot phdn SO2 tiip tue tdc dung vdi oxi khdng khi tgo thdnh khi SO3
2SO2 ^02^-* 2SO3
+ Cdc phdn dng hoa hgc xdy ra trin be mat ehat dugc bdo qudn:
SO2 + H2O <=^ H2SOJ SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4
+ tchit eda da sd ndm mdc vd vi khudn la lOCC
+ Mdi trudng song thudn lgi cua ndm moc Id: do dm, nhiet do tic 25 "C - 3(fC
+ Trong mdu, SO2 tham gia nhiiu phdn ung hda hgc de ldm gidm du trU kiim trong mdu gdy roi logn chuyen hda dtcdng vd protiin, gdy thieu vitamin B vd C, tgo ra methemoglobine de chuyin Fe^^ (hda tan) thdnh Fe *(ket tua) gdy tdc nghen mgch mdu cdng nhu ldm gidm khd ndng van chuyin oxi cua hdng cdu, gdy co hep ddy thanh qudn, khd thd.
Budc 3. Tgo tinh hudng eo van dd trong bai tap, yeu eau hgc sinh van dyng kien thue lidn mdn dd giai quydt: Luu huynh Id mgt vi thudc nhung khi sic dung di xdng duge lieu hoge thuc phdm kho nhdm chdng ndm, mde thi lgi gdy hgi cho ngudi tieu diing vd nhirng ngudi xung quanh.
Budc 4. Dat cau hdi ydu eau hgc sinh giai quydt hoge giai thich van dd: gidi thich tgi sao cd mdu thudn trong tinh hudng tren.
Budc 5. xay dyng dap an, chinh sua va hoan thidn bai tap tich hgp.
Bdn thdn lieu huynh, theo dong y, la mot vi thudc niu dugc diing vdi mot lieu lugng phil hgp. Dugc lieu vd thuc phdm khd rdt di hut dm, tgo moi trudng thudn tien cho ndm moc phdt trien. Di bdo qudn thuoc ddng y vd thtre phdm khd khdi ndm mdc, ngudi ta diing luu huynh di xong chdt cdn bdo qudn d nhiet do cao se giit chit cdc vi khudn vd ndm mdc (t, cua S Id 445°C, t^hh ^"^ ^^ ^^ "^^ '"^^ ^^ ^' khudn Id lOCfC).
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TAP CHI KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bong Chdu Thuy vd tgk
Ngodi ra, qud trinh do tgo ra khi sunfura vd khi sunfuric (S + O2 ^ SO2. 2SO2 + O2 ^ 2SO3). Khi sunfura Id chdt tdy mgnh, cd khd ndng tieu diet ndm mdc. Ben cgnh do, khi sunfura vd sunfuric hiit dm cd trong dugc lieu vd thuc phdm kho ldm cho vi khudn vd ndm mde khong phdt triin dugc (SO2 + H2O <=> H2SO3, SO3 + H2O ->• H2SO4). Cdc axit ndy ngdm vdo bin trong chdt dugc say.
Phdn ldn khi SO2 bay len phia tren mat Id say ra ngodi gdy dge cho nhdng ngudi xung quanh. Khi SO2 xdm nhgp vdo ca thi qua dudng ho hdp hoac hda tan vdi nudc bgt, tic do qua dudng tiiu hoa di ngdm vdo mdu. SO2 cd thi kit hgp v&i cdc hgt nudc nhd hoge bui dm di tgo thdnh cdc hgt axit H2SO4 nho li ti, xdm nhgp qua phdi vdo he thdng bgch huyit. Trong mdu, SO2 tham gia nhiiu phdn ung hda hgc di ldm gidm du trir kiim trong mdu gdy rdi logn chuyin hda dudng vd protiin, gdy thiiu vitamin B vd C, tgo ra methemoglobine di chuyin Fe^* (hoa tan) thdnh Fe^^(kit tda) gdy tdc nghen mgch mdu cung nhu ldm gidm khd ndng van chuyin oxi ciia hong cdu, gdy co hep ddy thanh qudn, kho thd.
H2SO3, H2SO4 cd tren bi mat dugc Hiu vd thuc phdm khi vdo ca the ngudi ciing gdy tdc hgi nhu nguai hit phdi khi SO2.
2.3. Su- d^ng bdi tap tich hap trong dgy hpc Hda hpe nhdm phdt trien nang IfiC gldi quyit vdn di eho hpc sinh Idp 10
Bai tap tich hgp co the dugc su dyng trong tiet dgy bai mdi, dn tap, luydn tap hay kidm tra danh gia tuy muc dich va each td chue boat ddng day hgc cua giao vidn.
Chung tdi xm gidi thleu mgt sd hogt ddng dgy hge trong giao an bai Oxi-Ozon, Hda hgc Idp 10, cd su dung bai tap tich hgp.
Hogt ddng 1. Giao vidn ydu eau cac nhom hgc sinh nhan xet ket qua giai doan 1 cua bai tap thyc nghidm (da iam d nha) va tidp tyc thyc hien giai doan 2 nham tim hieu tinh chat vat Ii va mdt phan tinh chat hoa hgc cua Oxi.
Giai dogn 1 (iam thi nghidm d nha): Ldy 2 edy rong dudi chd cho vdo 2 dng nghiim do day nudc vd dp ngugc trong 2 cdc thuy tinh chua nudc. Cdc A ddt trong bdng tdi, coc B ddt ngodi dnh sdng.
Nhgn xet: Sau khodng 6 gid. quan sdt thdy co khi tgo thdnh a ong nghiim cua coc B vd muc nu&c trong dng nghiem bi ddy xudng.
Giai dogn 2 (thyc hidn trdn ldp): thic khi tgo ra bdng que ddm thl thdy que dom biing chdy. Hdy cho biit do Id khi gi? Gidi thich hiin tugng thi nghiem quan sdt dugc.
Dd giai bai tgp nay, hgc sinh can van dung kidn thuc tich hgp cua hai mdn Hoa hgc va Sinh hgc nhu sau:
Cay xanh chi thyc hidn qua trinh quang hgp khi cd anh sang. Sy quang hgp cua
anh sang, diep luc
cay xanh xay ra phan ung sau: 6CO2 + 6H2O ' CfiHi206 + 6O2
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(82) ndm 2016
Khi oxi tao ra khdng mau, khdng mui, khdng vi, it tan trong nudc, duy tri su chay do xay ra phan iing: C + O2 -* CO2
Hogt dpng 2. Gido vien chia lap thdnh timg nhom, yiu cdu cdc em lap bg dvmg cy. diiu chi khi oxi. Gidi thich cdch ldp vd cdch tiin hdnh thu khi
Cach lip bd dung eu thi nghidm didu ehd khi oxi dung dugc thd hien qua hinh vg ben dudi: (1)
Hinh 1. Diiu che oxi trong phdng thi nghiem
Kidn thuc mdn Vat If va Hda hgc dugc van dung dd lap va su dung dung dyng cu didu ehd khi oxi la:
Sy nd vi nhidt cua chat ran (dng nghidm dang nung ndng se nut khi bi lam lanh dot ngdt, do dd can lap day dng nghidm (1) cao ban mieng de tranh hai nudc ngung tu chay vao day dng nghiem va phai rut dng dan khi ra khdi chau nudc rdi mdi tat den con dd tranh hidn tugng nude bi day ngugc vao dng nghidm dang nung);
Chdnh lech ap suat eua hai khdi khi dau day dan va cudi day dan (lay dng din khi ra khdi chau nudc trudc khi tit den con, tranh hien tugng chdnh lech ap suit khi d trong dng nghiem (1) vdi ap suat khi quydn, ap suat khi quydn cao ban ap suat trong dng nghidm (I) se day nudc theo dng dan khi vao dng nghiem lam vd dng nghidm);
Oxi la khi it tan trong nude, ngng ban khdng khi ndn thu oxi bing each ddi chfl nudc.
Hogt ddng nay khdng nhdng giup hgc sinh bidt each didu chd khi oxi trong phong thi nghidm ma cdn giup eac em bidt lip va su dung dung eu thi nghidm dung, khoa hoc.
Ndu bidt tu duy logic, tich hgp cac kidn thuc khoa hgc cd Hen quan dd giai quySt cac van de trong trong hgc tap, nghien euu va iam vide cdng nhu trong ddi sdng thi se giup cac em thanh cdng sau nay.
Chung tdi da su dung 2 giao an bai Oxi_Ozon va Luu huynh ed su dyng bai tap tieh hgp de dgy cho ldp 10A9 (Idp thyc nghidm) Trudng Nguyen Cdng Tru TPHCM va Idp ddi ehiing la 10A7 cd trinh do tuong duang, duge day theo giao an khdng eo sit dung bai tap tich hgp.
Chiing tdi da cho 2 Idp thyc hien cung mdt dd kidm tra 15 phut. Ngi dung cua de kidm tra la mgt bai tap tieh hgp. Thdng qua bai kidm tra nay, giao vidn sd danh gia dugc kha nang tich hgp eac kidn thue khoa hgc ty nhidn lien quan dd giai quydt vin d 82
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bong Chau Thuy vd tgk
dugc dat ra trong bai tgp.
Bai tap tich hgp trong de kidm tra 15 phut cua ehung tdi nhu sau:
Trong khdng khi chua khodng 20% the tich khi Y vd cdc khi khdc. Quan sdt Mnh ve sau ve thi nghiem hd hdp d thuc vdt, trd ldi cdu hdi:
1. Vi sao nudc vdi trong dng nghidm ben phdi hinh chua hgi ndy mdm (Hinh 2A) bi vdn due khi bam hut hogt ddng?
2. Gipt nudc mdu trong dng mao ddn di chuyen ve phia trdi (Hinh 2B) cd phdi do hgt ndy mdm hd hdp hut khi Ykhong? Vi sao?
3. Nhiet ke trong hinh (Hinh 2C) chi nhiet do coo han nhiet dp khdng khi ben ngodi hinh chung thuc qud trinh hd hdp ldm tdng nhiet dp hay gidm nhiet dp?
4. Viet phuang trinh hda hpc cho qud trinh hd hdp cita cdy?
5. Qud trinh hd hdp cua thuc vdt trdi vdi vdi qud trinh ndo cua thicc vdt? Biet rdng qud trinh ndy thuc vdt hdp thu CO2 vd gidi phdng ra khi Y cdn cho cdc hoat ddng sdng cua con ngicdi vd dgng vdt. Viet phuang trinh hda hoc tgo ra khi Y tie qud trinh tren.
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bfdiklntofi H|lniyinim
Binh Min CM
—NhWkd H|trdyin4fn
/fc^Vj kl^^^3MH^d7'''^^' •
A. - PMl hiensu thai khi CO2: B.- PMt hien su hip Ihu O2: C. - Phat hiin su tdng nhilt do Hinh 2. Thi nghiim vi ho hdp a thuc vat
KSt qua bai kiim tra ciia 2 lap sau khi xu li so lieu duac the hien qua do thi duimg luy tich bSn du<W. Duong My tich cua lop thuc nghiem nSm duoi va ben phai lop ddi chiing chiing to kSt qua kiSm tra cua lop thuc nghiem tot hon lop d6i chiing. Di6u nay chiing to hoc sinh lop th\rc nghiem co kha nang giai quySt vSn dS cao hon lop doi chiing.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Sd 4(82) ndm 2016Hinh 3. Dd thi duang ldy tich diim kiim tra ISphut
Ngoai ra chiing tdi con phat phidu khao sat danh gia thai do va nhgn xet cua hoc sinh vd cac bai tap tich hgp dugc su dyng trong giao an va bai kidm tra. Kdt qua thu dugc nhu sau: Co 90% hgc sinh thich Imn bai tap dgng tich hgp kidn thue khoa hoc.
Gin 75% hge sinh thieh giao vidn su dung Igai bai tap nay trong day hgc. Mdt sd it hpc sinh khdng thich, didu do cd the giai thich la do cae em cdn lung tung trong vide tich hgp cae kidn thdc khoa hgc dd giai quydt van de trong bai tap. Chung tdi that bat ngo khi 100% hgc sinh cho ring logi bai tap nay giup cac em he thdng va lidn he dugc cac kidn thue khoa hgc vdi nhau va dieu do lam tang kha nang suy lugn, giai quydt vin di.
Do van cdn quan trgng vd didm sd nen chi cd AA,AA% hgc sinh thich giao vien su dung logi bai tap nay trong de thi hoac kidm tra. Tuy nhidn, phan tram hge sinh Iai tang gan gip ddi khi dugc hdi cd thich sd dyng bai tap tieh hgp trong tidt day bai mdi hay khdng.
3. Kdt Iuan
Mac du budc dau nghidn cuu, chung tdi cdn bj gidi hgn ve thdi gian va dia ban thye nghiem nhung ket qua thuc nghiem (nhu da trinh bay d trdn) tuong ddi kha quan.
Tuy bai tap tieh hgp la mdt loai bai tap kha mdi la so vdi hgc sinh phd thong nhimg hau hdt cac em rat thich va hiing thu khi giao vien su dung trong dgy hgc. Ngoai vide dem lgi hung thu hgc tap cho hgc sinh, nghien cuu cua chung tdi cdn chimg minh rang bai tap tich hgp gdp phan phat trien nang lyc giai quydt van dd cho hgc sinh phd thdng. Hi vgng bai bao nay se dem lai mdt hudng md cho giao vien cac mdn khoa hgc ty nhien trong vide su dung bai tap trong dgy hgc. Didu dd se giup giao vidn eac mdn khoa hgc ty nhidn co sy ehuan bi kT cang ve kien thuc, tam thd va sin sang cho sy ddi mdi ehuang trinh va sach giao khoa sip tdi, vao nam 2018.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phan Bdng Chdu Thuy vd tgk
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
1. Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang khda XI (2013), Nghi quyit Hdi nghi ldn thic 8 (Nghi quyet sd 29-NQ/TW) ve ddi m&i cdn bdn, todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo.
2. Dinh Quang Bao, Ld Huy Hoang (2014), "Mgt sd van de vd myc tieu va chuan trong chuang trinh giao due phd thdng sau 2015", Hdi thdo Chuang trinh gido due phd thdng tdng thi trong chuang trinh gido due phd thdng mdi, TPHCM thang 11 nam 2014, Bd GD&DT, tr.l 1-24.
3. Dinh Quang Bao (2014), "Day hgc tich hgp - Phuong thdc phat tridn nang Iuc hgc sinh". Hoi thdo Chuang trinh gido due phd thong tdng the trong chuang trinh gido due phd thdng m&i, TPHCM thang 11 nam 2014. Bd GD&DT, tr.38-44.
4. Nguydn Anh Diing (2014), "Day hgc tich hgp dong chuong trinh giao due phd thdng", Hpi thdo Chuang irinh gido due pho thdng tdng thi trong chuang trinh gido due phd thdng mdi, TPHCM thang 11 nam 2014, Bd GD&DT, tr.25-37.
5. Dd Nggc Thdng (2014), "Phucmg hudng ddi mdi chuong trinh, saeh giao khoa giao due phd thdng", Hdi thdo Chuang trinh gido due phd thdng tdng the trong chuang trinh gido due phd thong mdi, TPHCM thang 11 nam 2014, Bd GD&DT, tr 5-10.
fWgay Tda soan nh$n dugc bai: 31-8-2015, ngdy phin bi6n danh gid: 27-10-2015;
ngiy chSp nhin ding: 24-4-2016)
