Tap chi Khoa hoc D H Q G H N , Luat hoc 27 (2011) 42-49
/Khai niem khung bo duoi goc nhin cua cac nha nghien cuu
Le Van Binh Khoa Lugt, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Noi, 144 Xudn Thui', Cdu Gidy, HaNgi, Viet Nam
Nhan ngay 22 thang 02 nam 2011
Tom tat. Khiing bo quoc te chua c6 khai ni?m chung ttong luat qudc te hien dai. Vi tinh phiic tap ciia hien tugng xd hpi dac biet nay ma cdc nha nghien ciru chua the dua ra mpt khai niem chung ma dat dugc sir ddng thuan ciia cac qudc gia tten the gidi. Bai viet co tinh ttao doi ve ban chat cua van de nay.
Khiing bd la mdt bien tugng chinh tri-xa hdi tieu cyc, dd vugt ra ben ngodi bien gidi quoe gia, nd lien quan den nhieu ITnh vyc ttong ddi sdng cua cdng dong va ngay nay khiing bd da trd thanh hiem hga doi vdi hda binh va an ninh qudc te. Vdo nhung nam 90 thl ky trude, nhieu hdi nghj qude te da duge td ehiie nham tim kiem cac giai phap de dau Iranh vdi khung bd, nhung ddy Id mdt nhidm vu ddc biet khd khan vi khiing bd Id gi, bdn chat ciia nd ra sao vd phuong phap dau ttanh vdi nd nhu the nao vdn dang cdn la vdn de tranh ludn.
Tham gia nghien ciiu hien tugng dac bidt nay ed cae nhd ldnh dao, cae Id ehiic, cac ludt gia, eae nha xd hdi hgc, cae nhd chinh tti hge, cac nha sir hge va can bd ciia cae co quan bdo ve phap ludt d cdc qude gia khde nhau, nhung hidn nay ttong ludt qude td hien dai vln edn thidu mdt khdi niem ehung ve khiing bd qude te.
Khung bd qude te dd duge Uy ban eac chuyen gia diie biet ciia Hdi qudc lien nghien eiju vao nhirng nam dau the ky XX, nhung ket qua dat duge khdng nhieu vd khdng dua ra duge khai niem ve khiing bd, chi din khi Uy
ban dae biet ve chdng khiing bd qude td dugc Lien hgp qudc (LHQ) chinh thirc thanh lap (1972) thi mdi bat ddu cd nhiing kit qud nhat dinh. LHQ cho rdng van de eo ban lien quan den khai niem ve khiing bd la thieu cae tieu chudn chung, ma thdng qua dd cho phep chiing ta bde trdn duge nhiing yeu td eo bdn cdu thdnh thudt ngii khung bd vd chi khi thdng qua dugc eac lieu chudn nhu vay, chting ta mdi thiet lap duge mdt co ehe ddng bd ed du khd ndng xda bd khung bd trong thyc tiln [1].
Nghi quylt 42/159 eua LHQ (12/1987) tilp tuc nhdn manh dau tranh ehdng khiing bd ehi thyc sy cd hieu qua sau khi soan thdo duge khai niem vd khiing bd qudc t l md dugc cdng ddng qude te edng nhdn [2] va sii menh nay dugc Uy ban ludt qudc te LHQ tiep tue ke thira"*. Nghj quylt 42/159 dd de cap din nguyen tdc binh dang va quyen ty quyet cua cac ddn tde'"',
' D T : 84-4-38219284.
E-mail: b'tihlevanl962fS)gmail.com
" Mue dich ca ban cua Uy ban la giiip do sir piiat trien tien bo ciia luat quoc te va phap dien no no>io%eiuie o KoMMCCKH MeamyHapoflHoro npasa 21 HOaSpn 1947r.
CT.1 // JleHCTByioiuee uesuiyHapo^iHoe npaao. B 3-x TOMax //CocT. K>.M. KonocoB H 3.C. KpHBHHKOBa. M.,
1996.T1.C.58.
'^' E}6 la SII binh d ^ g giira cac dan tpe lon va dan tpe it ngircfi, du d|nh phat trien hop tac quoc te voi muc dieh xay
L V. Binh / Tgp dii Khoa Iwc DHQGHN, Ludt hgc 27 (2011) 42-49
nhung ehua dat dugc sy ddng thudn giOa cde qudc gia vi cdn cd y kien eho rang nguyen tde nay cd lien quan den vdn de khiing bo. Vi dy, theo chinh phu Ixraen, Nghj quyet 42/159 da tao CO hgi eho khiing bd hgp phdp hda hoac bien minh cho cdc hanh ddng cua minh bang sy
"nhdp nhem" giira khung bd "cho phep" vd khung bd "bj cdm", vide khiing bd ldn cdng vao thudng ddn vd tdi ed ehu djnh va cd be thdng thi khdng thl che day bdng khdu hieu "ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tdc" (DTGPDT), khung bd ludn la tdi pham vdi bat eii hanh vi va mue dieh nao, khung bd Id loai tgi pham tdn cdng vdo thudng dan^^'.
Mdt sd chuydn gia phdp Iy eho rdng Nghj quyet 42/159 dd the hien dugc y nghTa thyc tien eua nguydn tdc ndi tten, nghi quyet da cdng nhdn tinh hgp phdp ciia cac cudc ddu tranh vi ty do va ddc lap ciia eac dan tdc'"*', cdn Iy do chua
dung cac dieu kien on djnh va yen binh, cac dieu Idfn can thiet de quan he hoa binh va hpp tac hiru nghj giua cac dan tpc tren co so ton trpng quyen binh ding va quyen tir quyet ciia eac dan tpc (D.55, HC LHQ); Nguyen tac binh dang va quyen tii quylt ciia cac dan tpc duoc hieu la tat ca cac dan toe co quyen tu do quy dinh cho minh the ehe chinh tri va thirc hien stf phat trien kinh te, v§n hoa va xa hpi mk khong co sir can thiep tir ben ngoai va moi quoc gia eo trach nhiem ton trong quyen nay phu hpp vdi eac quy dinh ciia HC LHQ. BecHHK Mm CCCP. 1988. >&
I0.C.23.
LSn dau tien Ixraen dua ra eae vu cuop may bay trong thuc tien: vu cuop may bay ciia Xy-ri (1954); vu tan cong san bay quoc te Bay-nit (1968): vu danh hong may bay dan su Li-bi (1973); vu cuop may bay ciia Cpng hoa dan chii Y-e-men (1981); vu cuop may bay dan sir Ai-cap (1985); vy cuop may bay U-bi (1986) khi do trong may bay CO nha chiic trach Xy-ri. Tai lieu LHQ A/42/564, tr.4-5.
*^' DTGPDT dupc the hien 6 mue dich va phuong phap tien hanh, neu muc dieh - diing luSt, con phuang phap - nhu hanh vi khung b6 - se la tpi pham nguy hilm, phi nhan dao. DTGPDT phai tien hanh bSng phuong phap hoa binh, thoa hiep chinh tri, dam phan voi chinh phii, sii dung dien dan nghi vien. phuang tien bao chi. kenh ngoai giao, thong qua eac to chuc quoc te de dat dupe muc dich quyln tit quyet. Vi du. Tong thing De Goll (Hiap) da dam phan vai L3nh dao MTGPDT An-gie-ri din vai Hoi nghj hoa binh E\ian (MonHvOpHH J1.A. TeppopHSM H HauHOHanbHO- ocBo6ojKre,nt.Hbie aBHSKeHHst/ZTocya^iCTBO H npaao.
1998. N° 3); ho5c vai tro cua LHQ trong qiia trinh phi thuc dan hoa. cac cupe dau tranh vi hoa binh va dpe lap cua cac dan lpc va chong nan phan biet chung tpc.
thdng nhdt dugc khdi niem ve khung bd la vi muc dich chinh trj, ndn viec soan thao khai niem chung ve khung bo qudc te da chuyen tii van de don gidn la luat phap thanh van de phiic tap la chinh tti-phdp luat. Ngodi ra, khd khdn khac ttong khai niem ehung ve khiing bd qudc te la phdi the hien duge cde tieu chi rd rang, nhdm phan biel hanh vi khiing bd qudc te vdi phong ttao DTGPDT, dd chinh la eae ttd ngai Idn trong vide soan thao khai niem ehung vl khung bd qude te [3].
Khi xay dung Dy thao Bd ludt ve cac toi ehdng hda binh va an ninh nhan loai (1990), Uy ban ludl qudc t l LHQ da soan thdo mdt khai niem ehung v l khung bo. Theo do, khiing bd quoc l l la viec thye hidn, td chiic, giiip da thyc hidn, cung cdp tdi chinh hode la khuyen khich ede CO quan, cdc dai didn cua mdt qudc gia nay hanh dgng ehdng lai mdt qudc gia khae hoae la dung tling eho mdt ttong cac ben thyc hien cdc hanh dgng nham chdng eon ngudi, mang den ndi khidp sg eho cdc nha boat ddng nha nudc, eho mgt nhdm ngudi hoae eho thudng ddn ndi chung (d.24) [4].
Theo khdi nidm ttdn thi khung bd qudc te la ed td ehiic duge mdt qudc gia nay thyc hien nham chdng Iai mdt qudc gia khdc, khiing bd c6 the do cdng dan cua mdt qude gia Id ehiic va thye hien nham ehdng lai qudc gia minh tten eung mgt ldnh thd. Mue dich ciia khiing bd la dua ddn ndi khiep sg cho cae nha hoat ddng nha nudc, mdt nhdm ngudi hoac la ddn cu ndi ehung. Day Id eac yeu Id quan trgng ciia khai niem ve khiing bd qudc t l ma cdc nha lam ludt d cdc qudc gia cd the tham khdo khi chuyen hda vao phap ludl qudc gia.
Trong Luat siia ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia BLHS Viet Nam (19/6/2009) cung khdng cd khai niem ve khung bd, ma trong luat ehi liet kd cac hanh vi pham tdi khung bd vd cdc khung hinh phat ddi vdi ede hanh vi dd*^\ Didu tuong
'^' D.230a. Tpi khiing bo: 1. Nguai nao nham gay ra tinh trang hoang sp trong cong chiing ma xam pham tinh mang ciia nguoi khac hoac pha huy tai san cua ca quan, to chuc, ca nhan. thi bj phat tu tir muoi nSm den hai miroi nam, tii
L V. Binb / Tap ehi Klioa lioc DHQGHN, Lirnt Iwc 27 (2011) 42-49
ly nhu vdy cung dugc quy dinh trong phap ludt eiia mgt so qudc gia tten thd gidi*^ hoac cd quoc gia ban hdnh mgt dao lu?l rieng quy djnh v l Id chuc khiing bd*''.
chung than hoac tti hinh; 2. Pham tpi trong tniong hop xam pham tu do than the, siJrc khoe hoac chiem giii, lam hu hai tai san cua co quan, to ehurc, ca nhan, thi bj phat tii tiJ n§m nam den muai lam nam; 3. Pham t6i trong truong hpp de dpa thuc hien mpt trong cac hanh vi quy djnh tai k.l Dieu nay hoac co nhung hanh vi khae uy hilp tinh than, thi bi phat tii tii hai nam den hay nam; 4. Nguoi pham tpi con co thl hi phat quan chi, elm cu tni tir mot nam den nam nam, tich thu mot phan hoac toan bp tai san.
Dieu 230b. Tpi tai trp khiing b6: 1. Nguai nao huy dpng, ho trp tien, tai san dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao cho t l eliiic, ca nhan khung b6, thi bi phat tii tir nam nSm din muoi nam; 2. Nguai pham tpi con co the bj phat quan chi, cim cu trii tir mpt nam den nam nam, tich thu m^t phin hoac toan bp tai san". Lu|t sua doi, bo sung mpt s6 dilu ciia BLHS ciia Qu6c hpi khoa XII ky hop thit 5 s6 37/2009/QH12ngay 19/6/2009.
'^' Theo k.l, d.205 BLHS Nga, lianh vi khiing b l la hanh vi thyc hien vu no, thieu hiiy hoac cac hlinh vi khdc gSy nguy hiem cho xa hpi, den tinh mang cho mpi nguai, thiet h^i danp ke ve v^t ehat, neu cac hanh vi nily dupc th\ic hien nh^m muc dich pha hoai xa hpi, lam kinh sp dSn cu hcSc tac ddng din su thong qua cac quylt djnh ciia chfnh quyen hoSc de dpa thuc hi|n cac hanh vi vai muc dfch tucmg ty thi bi phat tii tii 8-12 nam; Luat ve dau tranh chong khiing bd va chong xam pham an ninh quoc gia ciia Phap (1986) eung khong co khai niem phap ly ve khiing bo, ma chi liet ke cac tpi da co trong BLHS (co y huy hoai tai san, co y giet nguoi, cuop may bay v.v. tat ca gom 30 t^i), cac tpi xem la khiing bo neu chiing duac thuc hien vdi muc dich vi pham nghiem trpng trat tu cong e^ng va lam khilp so hoac la khung b6. Bp luat TTHS ciia Phap quy dinh thu tuc d | c biet de dieu tra c4c hanh vi khiing bo (chuang thiJt XV).
^ Theo Luat ve dau tranh chong khung b6 ciia Nga (1998), 16 chuc khiing b6 la t l chiic dupc thanh lap de thyc hi?n khiing bo hoac cong nh|in kha n5ng sir dun§
khiing bo ciia rninh, mpt to chuc dupc xem la khung b6 nlu trong co cau to chirc co bp ph^n thyc hi^n hanh vi khung bo ma dupe su dong y ciia ISnh dgo t l chiic do (Lu4t s6 Xe n o - ^ a ngay 25/7/1998). Luat sua d6i (2006) quy dinh cSm viec thanh lap va hoEil dpng ciia cac t6 chiic vai muc dich nham truyen truyen va iing hp khiing b l ho§c thyc hien tpi pham theo quy dinh tgi cac d.205-206, 208. 211, 277-280, 281.1, 282.2 va 360 BLHS Nga; vi?c xoa'bo t l chiic nay dupe thuc hien theo Quylt djnh cua Toa an tren co so de nghi cua Vien tnrcmg VKS Lien bang Quylt ^\^ ciia Toa an ve xoa bo 16 chiic dupc ph6 bign din tit ca cac khu vuc va cac bo phan cua to chuc do (LuH so Xfi 35-0)3 ngay 06/3/2006).
Nhu vay, khd cd thd dua ra mgt khdi niem chung ve khung bd ma dugc ehdp nhan cd ttong phap ludt qudc gia va phap ludt qudc tl, ngugc lai neu cd mdt khai niem nhu vdy cung khdng the lot ta het toan bg ban ehat ciia hidn tugng dac biet ndy, ma cd the ehi phan anh dugc mdt phan va trong mgt pham vi nhdt dinh nao do cua hien tugng.
Cd quan diem cho rang, khiing bo nhu tdi de truyen thdng cd dac diem ddc trung eiia tdi pham, dieu dd da tao dieu kien de cac qudc gia bgp tdc cd hieu qud trong vdn d l tu phdp hinh sy, vide tdeh khiing bd va tdi cd xu hudng khiing bd vdo nhdm tdi "chinh trj" da Iam phiic tap hon vdn de ve trao trd tdi pham vd tuong ttg tu phap ve eac vu dn hinh su [5].
Theo Cdng udc v l ddu tranh ehdng khiing bd ciia td chiie cde qude gia chdu My thi khung bd cd the la cae dang tdi pham didn hinh nhu giet ngudi, ddt ehay hoae thieu hiiy va sii diing ehdt nd hoae thudc nd, nhung khde vdi eac hanh vi hinh sy Id khiing bd cd y mang din sy hoang sg, phd hoai va nhiing ten khiing bd thudng nam trong mdt td ehiic vdi muc dich pha ky cuong xa hdi, lam td liet siie phan khang ciia xd hdi, lam tang them sy dau ddn eho xa hgi [6].
Nhu vdy, khiing bd la dung bao Iyc nen khiing bd khdng thd la phuong tien dau ttanh chinh trj hop phap, viec diing bao lye khdng the la bdn ehdl cua ddu ttanh chinh trj, nhung didu dd edn phy thugc vao the ehe ehinh trj-xa hdi ciia lung qudc gia, vi cung mdt cudc ddu franh bdng bao Iyc nhung ed the d qudc gia nay thi eho la ehinh dang edn d qudc gia khdc thi eoi la tdi pham.
Cd quan diem eho rang, de dau tranh chdng khiing bd cd hieu qud trong dieu kien chua cd khai nidm ehung ve khiing bd, edng ddng qude t l cd thl dya vao kinh nghiem thyc tidn ehdng khiing bd quoe te da dugc tich luy theo thdi gian, ed the ap dung cdc bien phap dau tranh vdi khiing bd nhu dau ttanh vdi ngudi vi ph^m phap ludt vd ttat tu cdng md duge phap luat bdo ve, ddng thdi tang them quyen han hgp ly cho cdc CO quan dp dung phdp luat, cung nhu dam bao an loan cho nhirng ngudi tham gia vao qua trinh to tung, quan diem nay da nhdn dugc sy ung hg_eua cdc qudc gia chau Au [7].
LV. Binli I Tgp chi Khoa ligc DHQGHN, Ludt ligc27 (2011) 42-49
Mdt so ludt gia-luat qude te cho rdng khd khan ldn nhat trong vide xdy dyng chiln lugc todn edu ddu ttanh ehong khiing bd Id "hanh vi khiing bo" duge hiiu khac nhau d cae qudc gia khac nhau, tiic Id cimg mdt hanh vi nhung d quoe gia nay ggi Id khung bd qudc te cdn d qudc gia khae lai xem la eudc DTGPDT, ben canh dd cdn cd trd ngai khdc la viec ehua phan djnh danh gidi rd rang ^iira khdi niem v l quyln ty quydt vd khdi niem vd khung bd [8]. Nhu vdy d ddy ehung ta edn nhan manh rang de dat dugc mue dich DTGPDT Ihi cdn cd phuong phdp tiln hdnh phil hgp, nlu muc dich DTGPDT Id diing ludt cdn phuong phdp tiln hanh iai nhu hanh vi khiing bd thi se Id ldi ph^m nguy hiem vd phi nhdn dao. Theo tinh than ciia luat qudc te thi DTGPDT trude hit can phdi tien hanh bang phuong phdp hda binb hoae bdng phuang phap chinh trj, liie la edn tiln hanh dam phdn vol ehinh phu, sii dyng dien dan nghj vidn, ke cd phuong tidn bdo chi de dat dugc mue dieh la quyen ty quyet, quyen nay cd tinh nguyen tac da dugc ghi nhan trong Hien ehuang LHQ vd ttong'Nghj quyet 43/159 ciia Dai hdi ddng LHQ. Vi du, trong Irudng hgp khi nude ldn ed thugc dia dung siie manh vii Irang de dan dp eac phong trao gidi phdng dan tde thi cac phong trao dd se lien hanh chien tranh phdng thii vi ddc lap, nhung eac phong trdo do phai tidn hanh chiln ttanh theo cde djnh chi da duge quy djnh trong cac Nghj dinh thu bd sung I va II eiia Cdng ude Vien ndm 1949***.
De tiem can vdi khai niem "khiing bd" cd quan diem cho rdng edn ap dung hai phuong
Dieu 1 Nghi dinh thu I quy dinh trong cac cu^ie xung dpt Vll trang, cac dSn tpc dupe thuc hien quyln ty quy6t cua minh tifin hanh dau tranh chong ach thong trj thuoc dia, chiem dong nuac ngoai va chdng che dp phan biet chiing tpc (k.4). Nguoi khoi nghla c5n tuan thii n ^ i e m tuc cac quy djnh tien hanh chien tranh, eSm cac hanh dpng bao luc hoac de dpa dung bao luc vcri muc dich khiing bo thucmg dan (L2, d 51); cam tin cong thuang dan ho3c cac cong dan rieng le theo each thiic tra thii (k.6, d.51); cac nha bao tac nghiep tai cac nai nguy hiem duoc bao ve phu hap vdi quy djnh tai cac Cong udc va Nghi dinh thu nay (k.l, d.79). N ^ i djnh thu II quy dinh vl viec nghiem cim eae ben xung dfit vu trang thyc hien cac hanh vi bit giu con rin va eac hanh vi khung b l (k.l, d.l va cac k."c" va
"d" d 4).
phap eo ban, dd la phuong phdp sinh hge va phuang phap xa hdi hge, nlu phuang phdp sinh hgc gdn hien tugng nay vdi bdn chat ep budc eon ngudi, de dga tdi lgi ieh eiia ngudi khac va sir dung phuang tien de dat dugc muc dich, thi phuong phdp xa hgi hgc nhdm danh gia ve muc dich va lac ddng ma khung bd da gay ra cho xa hgi, ddy cd the Id hai phuang phdp phd bien nhdt de gidi thich ve ban ehdl vd sy hinh thanh khai nidm khiing bd [9].
Khdi niem vl khung bo trong Cdng udc Thugng Hai "Ve ddu tranh chong khung bo, ly khai vd cue doan" (2001) da duge ghi nhdn theo phuong phap liet kd cdc hanh vi, theo do cac hanh vi duge edng nhdn la tdi pham la: a) eac hanh vi da dugc ghi nhan ttong Cdng udc nay va d mdt trong cdc dilu udc dugc liet ke trong Phu lue eua Cdng udc nay; va b) bat ky mgt hanh vi ndo ma lam thiet hai den tinh mang con ngudi (ke cd thudng dan), gay ra thuong tieh nghiem trgng, lam thiet hai ddng ke ve vdt chat, boat ddng cd td chiic, cd ke hoaeh, tidp tay hay xiii giuc thuc hien, myc dieh eiia boat dgng dd nhdm de dga ddn cu, lam mat trat ly an ninh, bdt ep CO quan chinh quyen hogc td chiie qudc t l thyc hien yeu cdu ndo dd cd Igi cho tgi pham v.v... se bi truy td theo thu luc hinh su phii hgp vdi phap Iuat quoc gia ciia cdc Ben tham gia Cdng udc (k.l d.l). Nhu vdy, theo Cdng udc nay khai niem v l khung bo da tinh din dde diem phap ludl cua tung qudc gia thanh vien Cdng ude, tao dilu kien cho viee phdi hgp dau tranh ehong khung bd toan cau hien nay, day la mdt khai niem md vd cd tinh ke thira quoc te, khai niem dd bd sung them cac hanh vi mdi chua duge trii dinh trong 10 Cdng udc qudc te phd cap v l ddu ttanh chdng khung bd, dd la cac hanh vi tilp lay, xui giuc thyc hien khiing bd vd ede khdi niem ve ly khai va eye doan'''.
' ' Ly khai la hanh vi co ke hoach v4 c6 sy chuan bi nham xam pham toan ven ianh tho cua quoc gja, trong dd bao gdm ea tach ra mpt phSn lanh thd hojc la cSt dut sy lien kit cdc quoc gia dupe thuc hi?n bang sy cu5ng biic, tilp tay hoac xiii giuc thyc hi?n. Cue doan la hanh vi nhim cudp diinh quySn hoac la cirdng bufc n ^ can chinh quyln, nhu ep bupc thay dli chi dp hiln phap quoe gia, vi pham tr?t ty xa
LV. Binh / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Lugt ligc 27 (2011; 42-49
^ Mdt sd nha khoa hge va nha boat ddng thyc tien cho rang cd su giao thoa giira cae khai niem khung bd vd chinh tri cyc doan*'"'. Vi dy nhu, khiing bd la miic do thd hidn cao nhdt cua eye doan, khdng tdn tai khdi niem khung bd chung cho ca phap luat qudc gia va phdp ludt qudc td, khiing bd cd khai niem ngan ggn la khiing bo chinh trj do cae nhdm cd td chiic thyc hien vi ly do chinh ttj, sii dung vii lye mdt each ty y, khdng dy bdo va ed he thdng doi vdi ngudi thii 3 vdi mue dich dem den n6i khiep sg" [10].
Cae nhd khoa hge tay Au eho rdng khiing bd trudc het Id sii dung hoac de dga sii dung vO lue nham dat dugc cac mue dieh chinh trj [11], khung bd la mgt hien tugng xa hdi phiie tap nen khdng de de dat dugc sy ddng thuan ve ndi dung cua hien tugng nay, ehinb viee khiing bd da dugc chinh ttj hda vd lu tudng hda trong eae phuong phap danh gid ndn khd ed thl "nhel"
vao mdt "cdi ihiing" khai niem chung ma ttong dd cd the "chiia" dugc ldt ea quan dilm ve khung bd, nhdt Id trong thdi gian gdn ddy eac bidu hidn ve hinh thiic va sdch luge khiing bo ludn biln hda vd khdng ngiing thay ddi. Cd nha nghien ciiu dd gidi thich v l khung bo dya tren eae yeu td cdu thdnh nhu: cd mue dieh chinh ttj, diing bao lye de lam hoang sg, cd co cdu td ehire, eac cbu thd boat ddng khiing bd bj ed lap ttong xa hdi [12]; hode theo quan diem khde thi khiing bo la ehinh sdch Iam kinh sg, la .bao lye va ddn dp doi Ihii chinh trj cho ddn khi lieu diet dugc ddi thii, hdnh vi khiing bd dugc hieu Id su gidt ngudi hoac mang den thuang tich ndng ne cho thd nhdn lien quan den hoat ddng ehinh trj eiiahg [13].
Trong mdt so tir dien nhu: ttr diln bdch khoa loan thu, tir dien Ira ciiu hinh sy va tii diln
hdi (k.2 va k-3 Cdng udc Thupng Hai "Vl diu tranh chdng khiing bd, ly khai va cyc doan" nam 2001).
'^"'Cyc doan chinh trj dupc thye hien vdi muc dich diu tranh vi chinh quyen va gianh chinfa quySn bang phuang phap bao iuc. siJ dyng hole de dpa su dyng bao lye ddi vdi cac ddi thu chinh trj bSng each kich dpng tam ly, cyc doan chinh trj khdng muon thda hiep, dimg bao luc la phuang phap cc ban trong chien lupc aia minh vi hp thiiu long tin vao kha ning dat dupc mye dich chinh tri bing cac ctm dudng l(hac. ria.iirrM'iecKaj! ncHxaionw. M., 2001. C.382.
bach khoa todn thu quan sy ciia eac qude gia tren the gidi ddu dua ra cdc khdi niem khde nhau vd khiing bd. Vi du nhu, khiing bd (lieng la tinh la terror) Id chinh sach Iam kinh sg, gdy dp lye len cdc ddi thii chinh trj bdng cac bien phap ep bude (cho din khi lieu diet duge hg), khiing bd qude te la hdnh vi cuong biic nhdm chdng lai nhirng con ngudi bode Id eac ddi tugng ma dugc luat phap qudc t l bao ve (giet nguyen thii qudc gia, ngudi diing dau chinh phii nudc ngodi va lanh dao eo quan ngoai giao, gay nd cdc dai sii quan, khu ngoai giao doan, eae eo quan dai dien, tru sd eua cac td chiic qude te, cac noi edng sd, trdn dudng phd, d cac sdn bay, d eae ga tau) [14]; khiing bd la cac hanh vi xam pham den an ninh cdng, den chiie nang eiia co quan cdng quyen, den cudc sdng va siic khde ciia ngudi ddn, gay sup dd, lam ngdp lut, lam hdng cac cdng ttinh dam bao ddi sdng ciia cu dan nhu: nudc, khi ddt, tau dien, lam thiet hai den tinh mang, vat ehdt hoae dl lai nhiing hdu qua nguy hiem cho xa hgi [15]; khung bd la bat ky hdnh vi bao lye nao (gilt ngudi, chilm cdc tda nhd, phuang tidn giao thdng, bdt cde) hoac de dga nham ehdng cdc ddi thii chinh tri hoac nhiing ngudi khdc vdi muc dich ldm khiep dam, tao ra bdu khdng khi sg hai, kinh hoang, gdy ra tinh trang bat dn eho xa hdi, khiing bd ed nhidu ten ggi nhu: khung bd trdn khdng, trdn bidn, hat nhdn, dien thoai, qude te, qudc gia, do dd khiing bd la khai niem tuydn tap [16]; khung bd chinh tri la Iam kinh sg, ddn dp giai cap va eac ddi thii chinh trj bdng tdt cd cac phuong tien eho den khi tidu diet duge doi thii, cd cac hinh thiie khiing bd: khdng tuydn chiln, xuat khau phdn each mang, gidt ddi thii chinh trj, bat giii con tin, eudp may bay [17]; khiing bd qudc te la cdc hanh vi cuong ep dugc thyc hidn nham chdng con ngudi hoae eac ddi tugng ma dugc ludt qudc te bao vd, dugc eae Id chirc cyc doan diing Iam phuang tien ddu tranh chinh trj, ddn ap cde chii the quan he qude te, md trudc hel la dan dp chinh quyen eiia qude gia nay hoae la qudc gia khdc [18]; khung bd quoe te la hanh vi nguy hiem eho xa hdi tren pham vi qude te keo theo sy thiet mang vd ly eho mgi ngudi, vi pham
L V. Binh / Tgp chi KIwa ligc DHQGHN, Lugt ligc 27 (2011) 42-49
boat dgng ngoai giao binh thudng ciia cde qude gia va eac dai dien eiia hg, gay khd khan cho vide thye hien eac cam ket qudc te, cac cudc gIP gdf, kd ca cae phuong lien giao thdng lien lac giiia eae qudc gia" [19]; va mdt khai niem tuong ty cung dugc ghi nhdn ttong tu dien ludt qudc te [20].
Qua cac khdi niem ve khung bd ttong eae ttr dien ndi tren chiing ta thdy rdng mdi khdi nidm deu cd each rieng de tidp can van dd, Ihudng la khdi niem mdt chieu phii bgp vdi tiing nganh vd Imh vyc, cac khdi niem do deu ehiia dynp quan diem chinh trj ciia hanh vi, cdn khung bd duge hidu Id hanh vi ldm kinh sg ddi thii ehinh tti (mdt con ngudi eu the dang thyc hidn ehiie ndng chinh trj, chiic nang qudc gia) bdng phuang phdp cudng biie cua tdi pham.
Cac nha khoa hge Nga eiing dua ra cdc quan diem ve khung bd ttong cdc edng ttinh khoa hgc cua minl^ chang ban nhu: ed quan diem xem khiing bd la he thdng cac ly do ve chinh ttj vd xd hdi, sii dung tu tudng khung bd hoac Id de dga dp dung de lam khiep sg mgi ngudi nhdm dem lai lgi ich cho minh va dat duge muc dich ma khiing bd theo dudi [21];
khiing bd la he thdng cac hdnh vi bao Iyc, khdng lidn quan den ddi ddu vu trang vdi eac luc lugng ciia chinh phii, nhdm dat duge cae mue dich xdc djnh, phdn dnh quyln Igi ciia mdt nhdm ngudi, khdng phai cua loan xa hgi, tao ra khdng khi sg hai v l tam ly eho cu dan. lam roi loan tinh hinh, vi pham ttat ly an ninh [22];
khiing bd la sdch lugc ddu ttanh chinh ttj duge ap dung bao Iyc ed he thong, ed ddng eo va tu tudng. the hien vide giet ngudi, pha hoai, am sat va thyc hien cdc hdnh \i khde nhdm de dga eudc sdt^ ciia con ngudi, ldm khidp sg cho chinh phii. cdc dang phai, td chuc ehinh tti-xa hdi. cac nhdm dan tdc va cdc lang Idp xa hgi nhdm dat duge cac muc dich xde dinh v l kinh te, xa hdi. tdn giao va chinh trj [23]; khiing bo nhu mgt phuong phap eudng biie hoac la de dga cdc ihe nhdn. eac nhdm va cae td chire phi chinh phu, ttong thdi binh chung thyc hien eac hanh vi bi mat. phdn tan hudng ddn cde ddi tugng khdc nhau vdi cde muc dieh xae dinh
[24]; khung bd Id viec sir dung vu lye phi nha nudc hoac de dga su dung vu Iyc vdi muc dieh dem den sy hoang sg cho xa hdi. lam ylu di hoac thdm chi la lat dd chinh phii, mang den sy thay ddi chinh ttj, khoi len sy lo Idng d ddn ehiing trudc nhung ddi tugng sti dung vu Iyc, lam thay ddi chinh quyen nha nudc, thyc hien nhirng mong mudn khac vd ehinh frj, tdn gido, dan tdc [25]; khung bd la hoat ddng cd td chiic trong pham vi qude gia hoac qudc tl. hudng den viec xdy dung eac td chiic dac biet hoac la eac nhdm dd thuc hien viec gilt ngudi, muu sat, mang den tdn hai cho con ngudi, sii dung vii luc va bat cde eon tin, dimg bao luc de tude doat quyen ly do cua con ngudi, di ddi vdi su banh ha than the. dp dung nhuc hinh, khiing bd cd the kem theo su pha huy vd cudp pha cdc tda nba, khu dan cu vd eac doi tugng ddn sy khac [26]; khung bd dugc hieu Id hidn tugng dae biet, ehiing tien hdnh boat ddng pham ldi va kem vdi nd la bao lye, khiing bo cd thl dp dung he thdng cdc bidn phdp cue doan dd dat dugc mue tieu chinh tri xac djnh vdi sy trg giiip eua bao lye, sir dung ede Id chiic ehinh tri dl gdy an tugng vdi nhdn dan va tao ra tinh trang bdt dn dinh, khung bd la hanh vi cuong birc chinh ttj ddi vdi cac t h l nhan hoac dan tgc thiiu sd, thl hien cde hanh vi bao Iyc ea nhdn hoac tap thl de gilt ngudi, bdt con tin, phd hoai [27]; khiing bd la hdnh vi nguy hidm cho x3 hdi dugc thuc hien mdt cdeh edng khai. de dga Iam sg hdi ddn chiing, eac nhdm xd hdi vdi mue dich tac ddng (tryc tidp hoac gidn tilp) d l thdng qua (hoac khdng thdng qua) quydt dinh cd Igi cho ke khiing bd [28]; khung bd ludn cd ddng co bao lye chinh tti, ehiing hudng tdi viec tac ddng len CO quan chinh quydn bdng vide thyc hien muc dich pham tdi d mirc cao nhat ddi vdi thudng dan, nhiing ngudi de bj ldn thucmg vd khong ty bdo ve dugc minh, khung bd ludn gan lien vdi lam kinh sg vi hanh vi nay la phuong tien tdt nhat de khiing bd dat dugc muc dich d l ra [29];
khiing bd khdng chi thyc hien hdnh vi bao Iyc nguy hiem cho xd hdi ddi vdi mgt nhdm ngudi, ma cdn cd muc dich tac dgng den tam ly nhirng ngudi khdc (the nhdn. dai dien chinh quyen va
LV. Binh/Tgp dli Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Umt hgc 27 (2011) 4249
cac phdp nhdn) d l dat nhiing muc dieh khde, nhu tac ddng d l nha lam luat (ed t h l Id bdt budc hoac midn cudng) dua y chi khung bd vao van bdn va ke khiing bd sd dat dugc mue dich khi thue thi van bdn dd [30]; hoac khiing bd la bao Iyc trai ludt ed ke hoach, chuong trinh va suy tinh can than, cd the hanh ddng hudng tdi mue dich bude chinh phu thdng qua quyet dinh theo yaj cdu eiia Iyc lugng chdng ddi [31].
Theo Bd qude phdng va Cue dieu tta Lien bang My thi khiing bd Id vide sir dung sue manh hoac bao Iyc ttdi ludt chdng nhdn dan hoac phd hoai tai san vdi mue dich de dga chinh phii hoac xa hdi, lam phuang tidn de dat duge mue dich ve ehinh trj, tdn giao hoac la tu tudng [32].
Dya tten cdc quan didm ndi tten ve khiing bd, chiing ta thdy khd cd thd dua ra mdt khai niem phd cap ve khung bo, ma lot nhat ehiing ta ndn gidi ban khung bd theo eae ddu hieu eua ehiing, dd la: dau hieu ve ddng eo ehinh trj cua hanh vi bao Iyc (can chii y danh gidi gitra khung bd va tdi pham hinh sy, mae dii dd la danh gidi ed dieu kien); ddu hieu ve myc dieh cua hanh vi bao lye (lam hodng sg ai dd, vu nd, cudp doat mdy bay, ma cdn tao ra sy mat dn djnh chinh tri-xd hgi, ldm khidp sg cho quan chiing, ehinh phu, cac nhdm xd hgi, cdc ddng phai, cdc td chiie); ddu hieu v l mdi lien he vdi sy ddi dau vu ttang, danh gidi giiia khiing bd vd chien tranh, mae dti khiing bd cd the kem theo hanh vi chdng ddn cu d ldnh thd xam chidm.
Nbu vdy, hidn nay trong ludt qudc te van chua cd khai niem chung ve khiing bd, md cac khai niem ndi tten chi mang linh lidt ke vd mdt sd hanh vi cu the dugc xem la khung bo. Dya tten CO sd do edng ddng da thdng qua nhilu bien phdp dd cac qudc gia hgp tdc vdi nhau ttong ddu ttanh ehong khung bd. Ndi mdt each khdc la khdi niem vd khung bd rdt da dang vd ludn cd tinh ban ldm, khd cd the soan thdo dugc mgt khai niem ma dat dugc su ddng thudn ciia 193 qudc gia thanh vien Lien hgp qude, khd khdn do ciing luong ddng vdi khd khdn cua cugc chiln todn cau nham loai bd khiing bd ra khdi ddi sdng xa lidi. Mac dii. da cd nhieu cac quy pham ciia luat qudc id va ludt quoe gia quy
djnh vd dau tranh ehdng khiing bd nhung khung bd vdn tdn tai frong cdn^ ddng qudc te, cac khdi niem ndi fren da it nhieu phan anh dugc bdn chdt eiia hidn lugng dae biel nay. Cd the do la ede ddu hidu, cac ydu Id edu thanh lgi khung bd ma theo thien nghi ciia chiing tdi it nhieu eiing la ngudn lai li»j tham khdo bd ich cho cde dgc gid ndi ehung, cho sinh vidn, cae nhd nghidn Cliu va cdc nhd ldm luat Viet Nam ndi rieng.
De ket thuc cho bdi vidt nay chiing tdi cho rang "khung bo Id phuang phdp md nhd no cdc nhom, cdc to chtic hogc cdc ddng phdi dgt dugc muc dich cua minh thong qua viec su dung bgo luc CO he thong".
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The concept of terrorism from researchers' point of view
Le Van Binh
School of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
International terrorism has no common concept in modern international law. Because of the complexity of social phenomena of this particular researchers ean not find a general concept of achieving a consensus of nations in the world. Posts calculated discuss the nature of this problem.
