KIHIH I E
GIAI PHAP VlTgfT KHO CHO CAC
DOANH NGHIEP DET MAY TRONG GIAI DOAN KHUNG HOANG DO DAI DICH COVID -19
• N G U Y I N QUOC PHONG
TOIM TAT:
Nganh Det may Viet Nam dang phai trai qua nhiing kho khan va thach thiic to lan do khung hoang hi dich benh covid - 19 mang lai. Thi truang xudt khSu cua nuac ta va nhiau quoc gia bi gian doan do nhiing quy dinh cua lenh phong toa, dong cua han che giao thuang. Dilu nay da anh huong rat lan den cac doanh nghiep det may, trong do c6 hang nghin lao dong, nhiau doanh nghiep khong xuSt khau du<^c phai thu hep quy mo san xudt hoSc tam dung hoat dpng.
Be giiip cac doanh nghiep det may, dac biet la doanh nghiep gia cong det may nho va vira vugl qua nhiing thach thiic tir anh huong cua djch benh covid 19, tir danh gia thuc trang cua cac doanh nghi8p det may hien t^i, bai bao ggi y mgt so kian nghi chinh sach va giai phap d6i vai doanh nghiep va nguai lao dpng nham giiip doanh nghiep duy tri ton t^i va phat trian trong thai gian tai.
Tir khda: Doanh nghi?p det may, khiing hoang, dai dich covid - 19.
1. fiat van de
Nhiing nam gan day, nganh Det may Viet Nam luon khang dinh vai tro to lan ciia minh vao qua trinh phat trien kinh te dat nuac. Dac biet, nam 2019, mac dii khong dat dupe ke hoach de ra, nhung nganh Det may Viet Nam da dat kim ngach xuat khau uac dat 39 ty USD va mirc tang truang 7,55% so vai nam 2018, dong thai da tao ra hang trieu viec lam cho nguai lao dpng. Cimg vai nhiau tin hieu dang mCmg cho nganh Det may khi Viet Nam da ky ket nhiau hiep dinh thuang mai tu do tha he mai (FTAs) nhu CPTPP, EVFTA hu'a hen nhiing thanh cong mai. Tuy nhien, buac sang quy 1 nam 2020, nganh Det may Viet Nam gap nhiau bat Ipi khi ngay trong thang 1 va thang 2, dich covid - 19 xuSt hien va biing phat tai Trung Quoc da anh hudng rat Ion dan hoat dpng san xudt - kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep (DN) det may do gian doan ngudn cung img nguyen vat lieu.
Sau khi cac DN d?t may gap kho khan do khong co dii nguyan vat lieu san xudt dap ling cac dcm hang
xuat khau, lai tiep tue phai doi mat vai viec cac doi tac nhap khau a My va cac nude EU tam ngirng, gian hoac hiiy bo dan hang do dich covid - 19 biing phat d nhirng quoc gia nay. Dieu nay dat ra nhtmg thach thiic to Idn doi vdi cac DN det may Viet Nam, do la lam tha nao da vupl qua nhiing thach thirc hien tai va tiap tue phat trian theo da trudc do. Vdi nghian ciru nay, tac gla dua ra thuc trang ve anh hudng dan tir khiing hoang ciia dai dich covid - 19, cung nhu du bao ve nhimg kho khan ciia nganh Dat may trong giai doan hien nay. tir do ggi y mpt so giai piiap giiip cac DN det may duy tri va tim kiam nhimg ca hpi phat trian trong thai gian tdi.
2. Muc dich va phirong phap nghien ciru 2.1. .Muc dich nghien cuu
Danh gia thuc trang tac dpng cua khiing hoang do benh djch covid -19 den cac DN d^t may Viet Nam.
du bao thach thiic va de xuat cac giai phap nham ban cha anh hucmg do dich benh covid -19 gay ra doi vdi nganh Det may.
Hinh 7: Ca cau thi phan xuat Ithau det may Viet Nam 2 thang n m 2020
ThitniOTig khac, 13,98%
Tmng QuSc, 4,135
Nhat Bin, 12,02%
EU, 12.13%
Ngudn. Tdc gid linh theo s6 lieu Tdng cue Hdi quan
2.2. Phuo'ngphdp nghien ciru
Phuang phap nghien ciiu dinh tinh dugc sir dung nham thu thap thong tin thir cap tir nguon chinh thong qua nhu'ng bai bao dang tran cac tap chi, an pham va bao dien tir ve cac bai phong van, phan tich, binh luan dupe chia sa. Tac gia thuc hien tong hap, sap xap, phan tich theo chii de danh gia thuc trang tinh hinh cua cac DN det may giai doan hien nay, tir do dua ra kian nghi va giai phap.
3. Thirc trang anh hu-ong ciia dich b^nh covid -19 den cic DN d?t may Viet Nam
3.1. Khdi quat nganh Det may Viet Nam 2 thdng ddu nam 2020
Gia tri xuat khau cua nganh Det may: Theo so lieu bao cao cua Tong cue Hai quan kim ngach xuat khau 2 thang ddu nam 2020 dat gan 4,7 ty USD. tang 2,2% so vdi ciing ky nam trudc. Trong do. ca cau xudt khdu det may nhu sau: (Hinh 1)
Theo Hinh 1, Hoa Ky tigp tue la thi trudng nhap khau hang det may Idn nhdt ni Viet Nam vdi tri gia dat 2,25 ty USD, tang 5,3% so vai ciing ky nam tmoc va chiem 47,9% tong tri gia xudt khdu hang det may cua ca nude; thj trudng EU tieu thu 570 trieu'USD tang nhe 0,3%; tigp theo la thi tnrong Nhat Ban d3 tiau thu 565 trieu USD, giam 2,1%; thi trudng Han Qu6c tieu thu 464 trieu USD, giam 1 8%- Trung Quoc tiau thu 194 trieu USD, g,am 4,2%' Dj^u n^y cho thay 2 thang dau nam 2020, ca 3 thi trudng Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Trung Quoc dau sut giam nguyen nhan chinh la do dich benh da lam nhirng qulc aia nay han cha viec nhap khau hang hoa. Budc sanp thang 3, thang 4, djch benh biing phat d My va cac nude d chau Au dan tdi cac dan hang da k V' ^ bj doi tac tam hoan nhan hang hoac huv W 1 • ^"
lam cac DN det may sut g,am san lu?mg°sa„™ ""f ^'
KINH TE
3.2. Mptsd anh hudfng cua dich benh Covid-19 den DN dft may Viet Nam
Trong ITnh vuc det may, cac DN may mac trang phuc chiu anh hudng ro net nhdt vdi gdn nhu 100%
s6 DN hi anh hudng phai thu hep quy mo hoat dgng, do nhieu dan hang bi gian doan phai cdt giam viec lam cua ngudi lao dpng. S6 lupng cac DN san xudt sgi - det hi anh hudng thdp hem chi khoang 10% DN bi sut giam do mot s6 DN co tha chuyan d6i mot phan cong suat san xuat vai sang san xudt nguyan lieu phuc vu san xuat khdu trang va bp d6 bao ho phong chong dich.
3.2.1. Anh huang do gian doan nguon cung nguyen vat lieu (ddu vao)
Thi trudng nhap khau nguyen lieu san xudt det may d nude ta chii yau la Trung Qu6c, ngay tir ddu nam 2020, khi quoc gia nay bimg phat dich benh cung la hp thuc hien chinh sach phong toa va ban che di lai tai nhieu tinh, thanh pho. Nhiau DN cung cap nguyen lieu khong tha san xuat cung cap vai din tdi cac DN det may Viet Nam phai diing trudc nguy ca can kien nguyan lieu san xuat da dap ling cac dan hang da ky kat. Dau thang 3/2020, cac DN det may Viet Nam chua kip vui mirng vi 90% doi tac Trung Quoc da hoi phuc san xuat, dii nang luc cung ling 80% nguyan phu lieu thi dich benh lai bat dau lan nhanh ra toan cau, dac biet la tai My va chau Au khian cho thi trudng dau ra ciia cac DN gan nhu bi dong bang.
3.2.2. Anh huong ve Ihi truang lieu thu (ddu ra) Dich benh covid -19 biing phat d Italia, Tay Ban Nha, sau do lan khap tai cac qudc gia cua chau Au va nude My la nhO'ng quoc gia nhap khau Idn san pham det may cua Viat Nam. Klii dich benh bimg phat, cac quoc gia nay dau thirc hien phong toa, han cha di lai, hoac gian each xa hpi vdi cac lenh cam di lai, mua sam doi vdi hang hoa khong thiet yau. Nhiing viec nay dS lam tinh hinh giao thuang hang hoa giiia Viet Nam vdi cac quoc gia tran bi anh hudng. Nhiau d6i tac ciia cac DN det may Viet Nam da phai hiiy dan hang, mgt so dan hang bi tam hoan. Diau nay da lam anh hudng rdt Idn doi vdi cac DN det may von dT phu thupc rat nhiau vao xuat khau. Dan cii nhu Tong cong ty May Hung Yan (Hugaco), doanh thu quy 1/2020 da giam 20% va hien Cong ty phai ra soat tiing khau, tirng bp ph§n hoac toan bp cac khau da giam chi phi. "Chung toi chua danh gia dugc toan b6 thiet hai va chua biat sdp tdi se hanh dpng the nao, tinh hinh thay d6i tiing ngay, timg gid...'" - mpt lanh dao ciia Cong ty cho biat. Con d Tdng Cong ty
Det May Hoa Thg, tir ngay 16-18/3/2010, ddng loat cac khach hang tai thi trudng My, dang giao dich theo phuang thiic FOB (giao hang lan tau) thdng bao va viec ngimg san xuat, liii giao hang, hiiy dcm hang thanh pham va ngiing viec dat mua nguyan phu Heu cho cac dan hang da xac nhan. Tdng Cdng ty May 10 cung phai ddi mat vdi kho khan trudc viec My va EU quyet dinh tam thdi ngimg nhap khau hang det may Viet Nam anh hudng Idn dan tinh hinh xudt khau ciia May 10 vao 2 thi trudng nay. Trong thang 2/2020, doanh nghiep phai lo nhap khau nguyen phu lieu de dam bao san xuat dugc lien tue, den nay khi c6 dii nguyen phu lieu thi lai phai tam dirng san xuat va dimg giao hang nhiing Id hang da san xuat.
Trudc nhirng kho khan tir anh hudng ciia dai dich covid -19, cac DN det may can phai chu ddng phan tich, danh gia tinh hinh, de dua ra cac giai phap kip thdi nham tiap tue duy tri giiip DN vugt qua kho khan hien tai.
4. D ^ bao va nhirng thach thirc cua cac DN d^t may trong thoi gian tdi
Trong ngan ban, cac doanh nghiep det may tiap tue gap kho khan ve thi trudng tieu thu san pham khi cac qudc gia dang thuc hi?n phong tda hoac dong cua giao thuang do djch benh chua dupe kiem soat. Theo ong La Tian Trudng - TGD Tap doan Det may, cac DN thugc Tap doan co ban 120.000 nhan su va vai tran 90% san lupng san xuat phuc vu cho xuat khau se chiu tac dgng rat Idn. Trudc het, se giam san lupng anh hudng tdi 30-50% so lugng viec lam trong thang 4 va thang 5/2020. Cac DN san xuat, xuat khau khac ciing chiu anh hudng tuang tu. Ddi vdi cac DN det may cd thj trudng tiau thu Idn d trong nude nhu Cdng ty CP TM&DV Hoang Ducmg vdi thucmg hieu Canifa, May Viet Tian, May Nha Be ciing chiu anh hudng khong kem, do ngudi tieu diing trong nude bi anh hudng va thu nhap, do quy dinh each ly xa hgi ban cha di lai, ban che mua sam cac mat hang khdng thiat yau. Du bao, ke ca trong trudng hop dich benh tai mpt sd nai nhu My, EU, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc dugc kiam soat tot han thi nhirng khd khan trong thuang mai quoc ta \an con rat Idn, neu djch benh chua dupe kiem soat d pham vi toan cau. Nhiing quoc gia nay van co nhirng chinh sach ban cha nhap khau nham khdi phuc san xuat trong nude vdn bj anh hudng nang ne bdi dich b?nh, nhu tang cudng cac bien phap kiam dich. han che thong quan hang hda.
Trong dai han, xuat khau hang det va may mac ciia Viet Nam se co nhieu ca hdi tang trudng khi
TAP CHi CONG THKliNG
cac hiep dinh thuong mai tu do the he mdi, dac biet la Hiep djnh EVFTA va CPTPP cd hieu lire va dich benh dupe kiam soat tren pham vi toan cau. Nhung cac DN det may vin phai doi mat vdi nhiing thach thirc Idn can giai quyat nhu nguon lire tai chinh bj can kien do gian doan san xuat keo dai lam giam ngudn thu; van de lao ddng dich chuyen tir nganh Det may sang cac nganh ngha khac it chiu tac ddng han; nhiing quy djnh kiem soat dich benh qua hang hda nhap khau chat che ban.
5. M9t so kien nghf va giai phap ho tro* cho cac DN det may giai doan hien nay
5.1. Kien nghi vdi Nhd nu&c
Nha nude can nhanh chdng xac dinh va trien khai cac chinh sach mien hoac gian, hoan nop thue thu nhap DN, tien su dung dat nam 2019; gian thu thue VAT phat sinh quy 1 tdi cuoi nam 2020 de cae DN CO tien tra luang ngudi lao dpng va duy tri san xudt. Ban canh dd, Nha nude chi dao ca quan chiic nang tam diing viec tang luang tdi thieu tir ngay 01/01/2020dahd trgcho cac DNva thuc hien viec tam dimg viee dong bao hiam xa hpi, bao hiam y ta, bao hiam that nghiep va phi cdng doan dan bdt quy 2 nam 2020 da giiip DN giam ap lire chi phi va ngudi lao dgng co them thu nhap.
Nha nude chi dao cac td chiic, DN nhu cac Ngan hang thuang mai, tap doan Dien luc, tap doan Vian thdng co cac chinh sach hd Up cho cac DN det may. Vi du nhu vdi he thdng ngan hang thuc hien viec khoanh ng, giam lai vay, an ban chua phai tra phan tian lai va gdc dan han Ua nam 2020, tiap tue cho vay mdi. Nha nude chi dao he thdng ngan hang cho cac DN det may vay hd trp tra luang ngudi lao dpng vdi hd sa vay dan gian da da thuc hien giai ngan.
Chinh phu cho phep DN det may dupe td chuc san xuat mat hang phuc vu phong dich dap ling nhu cau sir dung va ho trp day nhanh boat ddng xuat khau, nham sir dung mdt phan nang lire san xuat trdng trong giai doan khd khan hidn nay.
5.2. Di xudt gidi phap cho cdc DN det may giai doan hi^n nay
- Ve phia cac DN det may
Tiet giam chi tieu va thuc hien giam chi phi khdng can thiet nhu giam hao phi nguydn lieu san xudt, tiet kiem dien, nude...; khuyan khich dpi ngu nhan luc gian tiep giam tien luong hoac bd tri can bp, nhan vien gian tiep phii hgp vdi td chiic san xuat, thuc hien thay ddi each tinh khau hao tai
san, phan bd cdng cu nham giari ch. phi cho VK Cac DN Det may nen chuyen hudng mgt piian san xudt nhdm tan dung su du thira cong .aaiva duy ui viae lam cho lao dong nhu san xuat cac mat hang phuc vu thi uudng trong nude, san xuat khau trang, qudn ao bao hd phong djch, hoac chuydn thi miang tieu thu sang cac qudc gia da dd bd lenh phong toa, ndi lai giao thuang dac biet vai Trung Qudc, Han Qudc.
Thuc hien dam phan vdi cac ddi tac cung ca^
nguydn vat lieu, phu lieu va cac khoan dau m de liii thdi han thanh toan, ddy manh viec thu hoi cdng ng nhdm tang tien mat giiip DN vupt khd.
Cac DN tinh toan lai cdng suat va nang luc san xudt da can ddi thdi gian lam viec cho can bp, cdtig nhan vian khong tang gid lam viec; bo tri sap xep duy tri can doi giiia cac td, chuyan san xuat nham duy tri so gid lam viec tdi thieu de ngudi lao dgng duy tri thu nhap nhieu han 1/2 mirc tdi thiau theo quy dinh ciia Nha nude.
Thuc hien lap danh sach ngudi lao ddng bj anh hudng viec lam, nham tiep nhan kip thdi cac khoan hd trg ciia Nha nude theo quy dinh.
Vdi nhimg nha quan ly DN, can phat huy tinh thdn sang tao, khdng dugc nan chi, bi quan, dam nghT, dam lam, dam ddi mdi, thay ddi each lam hien nay theo phuang an "d! bdt bian, ting van bian", chuyen hudng san xudt - kinh doanh nhdm duy tri cdng an viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng. Coi Upng tinh nhan van, lay cai Tam va hiat ly kinh doanh lam nan tang soi dudng vugt kho trong giai doan nay.
- va phia ngudi lao dpng
Vdi ngudi lao dpng, cdn nhan thirc rd nhimg khd khan ma DN dang gap phai va ddng long, ddng thuan vupt qua thach thirc, tin tudng vao mong lai phat trian cua DN.
6. Kit luan
Bai bao da danh gia nhimg anh hudng cua djch benh covid - 19 ddi vai cac ON det may Viet Nam Uong giai doan hien nay Qua do dua ra mgt sd kidn nghi vdi \ h a nude va giai phap giup doanh nghiep, ngudi lao ddng vupt qua khd khan do dich benh covid - 19 nap tue duv tri VA khoi phvc trong thai gian tai. Bai b
3 con nhieu
"lie do tac dong han che nhu chua nghien ciiu
toi timg nhom doi tuong doanh nghiep7^i"diT nhupm, may mac theo quy mo hoat dong hinh thiic von so hii-u... Do cung chinh li, gm'y ,u„
cac nghien ciiu tiep theo"
KINH TE
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O :
1. Nguyen Quoc Phong, Trin KiSu Trang, Nghien cin, cdc nhdn Id dnh huang din phdi triin nhdn luc trong cdc doanh nghiep ngdnh may lai Hung Yen, Ky yiu hpi thao qu6c gia, trang 96-104.
2. Dich COVID-19- Doanh nghiep del may wigpho Irudc Ihong tin doi tdc ngimg nhdp hang <https://ncov.vnanet.
vn>, tmy cap ngay 21/3/2020.
3. Tinh hinh xuai Ichdu, nhap lihau hdng hda ciia Viet Nam thdng 2 vd 2 thdng lit ddu nam 2020, < https://www.
customs.gov.vn>, Uuy cap ngay 15/3/2020.
4. Khdch hdng My tam ngimg nlidn dan hdng, del may Viet Nam lim cdch viral khd. < https://lao(lonB vn> trav can ngay 8/4/2020.
5. Tdng kim ngach xudt khdu del may nam 2019 dai khoang 39 ly USD, <http.//baodansmh.vn>, tmy cap nsay 15/3/2020. 1 .1- c 1 6. Del may "chodng vdng" tnrac khiing hodng chua timg cd. <https://haiquanonlmecom.vn>, Uuy cap ngay 21/3/2020. J ••• s J
N g a y nhan bai: 15/3/2020
N g a y p h a n bien d a n h gia va sira ch&a: 25/3/2020 N g a y c h a p nhSn dang bai: 31/3/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
NCS. NGUYEN QUOC PHONG Tru-tmg Dai hoc Sy ph^tn Ky thuat Hyng Yen
SOLUTIONS FOR TEXTILE AND GARMENT ENTERPRISES TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES CAUSED
BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
• Ph.D Student NGUYEN SUOC PHONG Hung Yen University of Technology and Education
ABSTRACT:
Vietnam's textile and garment mdustiy are facing major difficulties and challenges caused by the Covid 19 epidemic. Exports of Vietnam and many countries have been disrupted due to the lockdown and quarantine measures. Many textile enterprises are unable to export their products, forcing them to reduce their production scale, even suspend then- operations. This situation is affecting thousands of textile and ganiient workers, hi order to help textile and garment companies, especially small and medium-sized ones, overcome the challenges caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, this article analyses current situations of textile and garment companies, thereby proposing a range of policies and solutions to the textile and garment industiy as well as workers.
Keywords: Textile enterprises, crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic.
