Khu kinh te ty do: khai niem, dac diem, vai tro va sy phat trien
TH.S. DANG THI PHUONG HOA
1. Khai niem Khu kinh te tir do
Khu kinh tl tu do khdng phai la mdt pham trii mdi. It nhat nd eiing nhu cae nen van minh phuong Tay, da tdn tai d thanh phd Phenixi thdi tien cd va vao nam 300 trudc Cdng Nguyen.
Sau Chien tranh The gidi 11, cac FEZ phat trien rat nhanh va lan rdng khap the gidi. Chung ed the d viing ven bien bay trong dat lien, d thanh thi hay (rai rac) d ndng thdn, hoac o mdt vimg cua khciu giua hai hoac nhieu nude. Chiing d cac giai doan phat trien khac nhau va ed nhung nen tang cbinb trj va kinh te khac nhau nen cae FEZ ed rat nhieu ten ggi va Ioai hinh khac nhau.
Dieu nay phan anh mdt thuc te la bat ky su ddi mdi va tien boa co ban nao ve the che, edng nghe, kinh te eiia eac FEZ deu ddi hdi cd sir thieh ii'ng phii hgp ve thuat ngu'.
Nhung cho den nay clnca cd mat dinh nghTa thdng nhdt ve "Khu kinh te tir do" (Free Economic Zone - FEZ) trong gidi nghien ciru ly luan va thirc tien.
Trong nen thuang mai the gidi ke tir sau The chien II, khi mirc thue quan cdn cao thi cac thuat ngu' nhu "Khu tu do" (Free Zone), "Khu phi thue quan" (Duty Free Zone), Khu Thuong mai Tir do (Free Trade Zone), "Khu Cbl xuit"
(Export Processing Zone)... duge sir dung kha
* Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri The gioi
' Grubel, Herbert G. (1982): Towards a Theoiy of Free Ecunuinic Zones, In; "Review of Word Economics", Vol. 118/1
da dang dk chi mdt khu vue/khdng gian lanh thd xac dinh cua mgt qude gia (hoac mdt vai qudc gia) cd mdi trudng thuong mai, thue quan va kinh doanh khac, tu do hon, thdng thoang hon mirc ap dung chung.trong ea qude gia do.
Trong Cdng udc qudc te ve thuan lgi boa va bai hda hda thii tuc bai quan ky tai Kyoto ngay 18/05/1973, khai niem "Viing tu do" hay "Khu tu do" {Free Zone) dugc sir dung de chi "n/or vung lanh thd xdc dinh cua mot qudc gia, trong dd hdng hod dicov huang nhicng ddi xu ngodi phgm vi dp dung cua cdc quy dinh chung ddi vdi Idnh thd hdi quan qudc gia, nghTa Id khdng thudc diin bi ddnh thue quan vd kiem tra hai quan thdng thicang'".
Herbert Grubel (1984) eho ring, FEZ (FEZ) la "mot khu vice dia ly xdc dinh md cdc hogt ddng kinh te trong do khdng phai dp dung nhicng quy dinh dieu tiit vd thue cua chinh phu nhu dang dp dung chung cho todn nen kinh te qudc ddn" .
Van phdng Quy hoach FEZ thugc Chinh phii Han Qude hien nay (2009) da dua ra mgt dinh nghTa bet sire ngan ggn ve FEZ nhu sau:
"Khu Kinh ti tic do Id mdt khu vice ddc biet dm/c quy hogch de tgo ra mdi tncdng tdi uu cho cdc cdng ty tham gia vdo hogt ddng kinh doanh loan cdu ".
Herbert Grubel (1984): Free Economic Zone: Good ur Bad:\ Aussenwirtschafi. 39. Jahrgang, 1984: 43. ' '
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Khu kinh te tu do: khai niem, dac diem...' Dang Thj PhiFcyngHg?
Nhu vay, cho den nay cd rat nhieu dinh nghTa khae nhau dugc sir dung cho khai niem FEZ, song trong tat ea cac dinh nghTa ay diu bao gdm hai thanh td cbinb eau tao nen ndi ham ciia khai niem FEZ: Mdt la lanh thd dia ly va hai la ndi hdm kinh ti ciia FEZ dd. Cd mgt diem chung la FEZ thudng dugc bd tri d nhiing noi thuan tien nhat ve giao thdng. Cd nhieu each
phan Ioai cac FEZ khac nhau. Xet theo vj tri dia ly, chiing duge phan thaph cae FEZ ven bien, dat lien, xuyen bien gidi hoac ed the la cang tu do, thanh phd tu do. Cac FEZ ed tbi dugc phan theo nganh nghi chii dao hoac theo sir tham gia cua eac ddi tac. Theo tieu ehi sau, FEZ co the cd nhimg ten ggi nhu FEZ lien bien gidi, lien qudc gia.
Cac khu kinh te t i f do trong nipo'c
Khu kinh te tu do thuong maj Khu kinh td ty do chd tao i Khu kinh td tu do dich vu
Khu kinh td tu do khoa hoc | Khu kinh td tu do tong hgp ,
Cac khu kinh td tip do xuyen bien gid*!
- Khu hop tac kinh te xuyen bien gidi - Tam giae tang trudng xuyen bien gidi
Lien ket kinh te khu VLFC xuyen
qudc gia
- Khu uu dai thud quan - Khu thuong mai tu do - Lien minh thue quan - Thi trudng chung - Lien minh kinh td va tidn te
- Lien minh kinh te va chinh tri
Nguon: Meng Guang-wen (2005). Evolutionary Model of Free Economic Zones: Differrent Generations and Structure Features, Chinese Geographical Science, Vol 15, No 2, June.
Chii thieh: Cdc mid ten ngang chi hudng phdt trien ciia cdc dgng dua tren ca cdu ngdnh vd dia diim cua cdc FEZ; cdc mid ten dgc chi mdi lien hi li thudc giica hai he thdng logi hinh dua tren ca cdu ngdnh vd dia diim; cdc miu ten diet dogn chi hudng phdt triin cua logi hinh cdc FEZ ben trong mdt hi thdng logi hinh. - -
2. Dac diem ciia FEZ
Khu kinh ti tu do thudng cd che do uu ddi dgc hiit
Thdng thudng, cac FEZ duge thanh lap d nhung viing dugc lira chgn va dugc cung cap mdt mdi trudng dau tu cd Igi va dn dinli, cu thi, chimg dugc thu hudng co sd ba ting tot va chinh sach hay cac quy cbl uu dai. -=
Ccic nhdm uu dai cu the thudng thiy la uu dai ve thue (thue hai quan, thul tbu nhap), ve gia thue co so ha tc^ng. Cac ndi dung uu dai va
mire do uu dai dugc nang cao va md rdng theo sir phat trien ciia eac FEZ tir FEZ dua tren thuong mai den FEZ tdng hgp va xuyen bien gidi. Nd dugc md rgng tir ITnb vuc thuong mai den ITnh vuc djch vu, san xuat, quan ly va xa bdi, tham ehi chinh tri. Cae FEZ dugc hudng mdt mdi trudng cd cac quy tac khac vdi nhiing quy tic thdng thudng duge ap dung g nhimg viing khac trong nudc. Grubel, Herbert G. cho ring, cai ggi la "tu do" nghTa la nhirng uu dai tai cbinb va nhiing dac quyen ve kinh tl va hanh
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Dang Thj Phu'O'ng Hoa Khu kinh td tu do: khai niem, dac dilm.
chinh dugc ap dung eho mdt "khu" ma cac thuc thi trong nudc khdng duge hudng. Trong khu tu do nay cung khdng ap dung he thdng thue qudc gia, cac ban che ngoai thuong khac va mdt sd chinh sach kinh tl va hanh ehinb\ Ndi ham tu do nay gdm tu do luu chuyen cac hang hoa, vdn, dich vu va nhan lire giiia cac khu va nen kinh te the gidi cung nhu mdt sd dac Igi ve hanh chinh. Trong khi dd, Robert C. Haywood lai thay rang, phan ldn, cac nguyen tac tu do ban, nhung trong nhieu trudng hgp lai hi kiem soat ve mdi trudng hieu qua hon va thudng theo cac nguyen tac ciia bd luat chat che bon so vdi cac viing khac eiia nen kinh te.
Ca cdu hdnh chinh trong FEZ
Mdt FEZ thanh cdng cd co cau quan tri vdi quyen hanh trach nhiem eao, tinh hieu qua cao, do linh boat cao va lgi ich lau dai, ma nhiem vu ciia chung la hoach dinh, quan Iy, dieu phdi va phat trien boat ddng kinh te va xa bdi trong khu vdi sir hgp tac chat che vdi nha cam quyen nudc sd tai. Xay dung va van hanh ban quan ly FEZ cd the dugc xem la mdt nhiem vu phat trien the che ehii yeu ciia khu; Md hinh hoan chinh nhat ciia FEZ cd the phan Ioai thanh 4 mirc quan ly:
The che cap xuyen qudc gia chiu trach nhiem ve hgp tac kinb te - chinh tri, xa hdi lien qudc gia ciia cac khu; He thdng hanh chinh qudc gia chiu trach nhiem ra quyet dinh kinb te vT md eiia cac FEZ nhu luat phap va giam sat; He thdng hanh chinh khu virc la su quan tri nha nudc hay tinh va giam sat cac quan he kinh te va xa hdi ciia cac khu kinh te tu do'*; Ban quan Iy cac FEZ chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi boat ddng kinh tl va xa hdi eiia chinh FEZ.
' Grubel, Herbert G. (1984): Free Economic Zones: Good or Bad', Aussenwirtschafi, 39. Jahrgang, Heft I'll, DIessenhofen: Rueegger (Ban djch).
"* Li Ll (Chief Editor) (1996): Study on the World Free Trade Zone. (Shijie ZIyoumaoyiqu Yanjiu), ChinaReform Publishing House, (Zhongguo Gaige Chubanshe). Beijing, p. 95.
Cdc ITnh vice ngdnh nghi trong cdc FEZ Co eau nganh gdm cac ITnh vuc ehii chdt phuc vu eho su phat trien kinh te eiia FEZ. Ndi chung, cae nganh chii chdt ciia cae FEZ da tien trien tir eac nganh thuang mai, tai cbinb va du lich sang nganh che tao va edng nghiep. Hon nira, cung nhu khu kinh te thdng thudng, nganh che tao duge chuyen ddi theo xu budng tir nganh diing nhieu lao ddng va vdn sang nganh cd bam lugng cdng nghe cao. Cac ITnh vuc nganh eiia eac FEZ phat trien tir cac ITnh vuc rieng le sang da ITnh vuc. 6 giai doan ban dau ciia eac FEZ, co eau nganh dugc quyet djnh va dugc lap bdi ngudi lap ke hoach va nhdm cac nha dau tu dau tien nhu cac khu che xuat d cac nudc kem phat trien. Sau dd, co cau nganh va nganh tru cot cd the thay ddi dira vao su dau tu ciia cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia va su phat trien ciia CO eau nganh. Cudi eiing, su phat trien co eau nganh ciia cac FEZ da day manh su lien ket san xuat vi cac FEZ se lien ket thanh cac mang san xuat the gidi hay eac cdng ty xuyen qude gia.
3. Vai trd ciia cac FEZ trong phat trien kinh te - xa hoi
Cac dai dien eiia ly thuyet Tan ed dien eho rang, FEZ tao ra nhieu lgi ich cho mdt dat nudc, bdi:
tbu but dau tu true tiep nude ngoai;
day manh viec lam;
nang cao xuat khau;
khuyen khich tao ra nhirng lien ket kinb te trong nudc thdng qua viec sir dung cdng nghe va nguyen lieu dia phuong.
Nhirng ngudi theo thuyet tang trudng mdi (Johansson, 1994) bd sung, FEZ tac ddng vl tri thue, phat trien vdn con ngudi...
Trong qua trinh chuyen ddi tir nen kinh te ke hoach, tap trung sang kinh te thi trudng trong nhimg nam 1980 va 1990 da hinh thanh mdt ly thuyet mdi (Litwack, Quian, 1998) vl sir phat trien khdng can bang ciia cac viing. Trong thdi
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Khu kinh td t u do: khai niem, dac didm...
dai toan cau boa va canh tranh toan ciu, nlu tuan theo quy luat phat trien tuan tir va sir phan cdng lao ddng tuan tir theo nac thang phat triln, thi chac chan dai da sd eac nen kinh te dang phat trien se nam mai trong "eai bay thu nhap thip va trung binh". Cbinb vi vay, trong khi sire manh tdng the eiia nen kinh te qudc dan chua eho phep dua toan bg nen kinh te len nac thang phat triln eao hon, tien tien ban, tbi can tao ra mdt khdng gian phat trien nhat djnh de dau tu, tbu hilt ngudn luc tien kip vdi bd phan tien tien nhat, phat trien nhat cua nen kinh te the gidi.
Md hinh phat trien FEZ/SEZ'"' ngay nay la Idi giai cho thach thirc neu tren. Bang viec phat trien cac FEZ/SEZ vdi nhung tieu ehi uu viet, mot qudc gia cd kha nang hinh thanh trong Idng nd "mdt nen kinh te FEZ/SEZ phat trien bien dai", ddng vai trd cue tang trirdng mdi, vai trd tien phong trong cudc canh tranh toan cau va la md neo chdng lai nguy co tut hau ngay cang xa eiia nen kinh te qudc dan.
Ve mat quan tri. hdnh chinh, md hinh FEZ/SEZ la thuyet phiic vi viec tap trung ngudn luc dau tu cho eo sd ha tang ciing nhu quan Iy boat dgng ciia mgt vimg dia Iy cu the, cd gidi ban se la de dang va linh boat hon nhilu so vdi cdng viec quan trj, hanh chinh tren pham vi toan lanh thd qudc dan. Song cin tilp can khia canh nay tir ddi tugng la cac doanh nghiep va nha dau tu dugc phuc vu trong cac FEZ/SEZ va tir vj the ciia mgt qude gia di sau dang tim tdi, hgc hdi nhung md hinh thi cbl quan tri nha nudc hien dai tren thi gidi.
4. Su- phat trien cac FEZ tren the gidi Trong cac nghien ciru da dl cap, Cang Delos thdi La Ma (Hy lap) dugc trich din chung nhu mgt tnrdng hgp dau tien mang y tudng ciia mdt FEZ lau ddi nhat khi khu vuc nay da trai qua thdi phuc hung thuong mai''. Ncim 1228, mdt
Dang Thj Phu^gngjjg?
cang tu do duge lap ra d Marseilles, mien Nam nudc Phap. Cang tu do "Leyghorn"
(1547) d thanh phd Genoa ven bien Italy va thanh phd tir do Hamburg bilu trung cho su- ra ddi eiia eac khu kinh tl tu do. Cae thanh phd tu do va cang tir do diln hinh vao the ky XVII la Naples, Venice, va Trieste d Italy, Porto d Bd Dao Nha, Dunkerque d Phap^
Copenhagen d Dan Mach, Hamburg, Bremen, Luebeek va Rootstock, Gdansk (Danzig) va Koenigsberg d Dire thdi dd'\
Den diu thi ky XVIII, cang tu do da phat trien tir thanh phd tu do va lan rdng d chau Au, dac biet la dgc theo cae bien Dai Tay Duong Bien Bac va Bantie. Vao the ky XIX, cae cang tu do da dugc binh thanh d cac chau luc khae 10
Ngay sau The chien thir I, eac cang tu do va khu thuong mai tu do tang len d chau My. Cac cang tu do va khu thuong mai tu do dugc Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha va Anh lap ra d Nam My va quan dao Caribe, d chau A va chau Phi do Anh va Phap lap ra. Vao nam 1934, Quoc hoi My da thdng qua Luat Khu thuong mai tu do, eho phep thanh lap cac khu nhu vay d cac viing mien khac nhau ciia My. Nam 1936, khu thuong mai tu do dau tien duge thanh lap d New York". Den nhung nam 1940, khoang 75 cang tu do va khu thuong mai tu do da dugc thanh lap d 26 nude'^.
SEZ: (Specizal Economic Zone): Dac khu kinh li McCalla, Robert J. (1990): The Geographical Spread of
Free Zones Associated uifh Purls. In: Geoforum, Vol.
21. No. 1, Pergamon Press P i c , p. 122. ;.:•:•;
' Guo Xincang (1987): An Introduction to the World's Free Ports and Free Trade Zones, Publishing House of Beijing Aeronautical Engineering Institute, Beijing, p. 11.
Fan Sujie, Wang Guangzhong (1993): World Free Economic Zone, (Shijie Ziyou Jingji Qu), People's Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 7.
•^ Hall, p. (1994): International Urban System, In P. Roe (ed.). In: Emerging Regions in the Pacific Basin, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas
'" Mc. Calla, Robert J. (1990): The Geographical Spread oj Free Zones Associated with Purt, In: "Geofomm, Vol. 21, No. 1, Pergamon Press Pic, p. 123
" Mc. Calla, Robert J. (1990): The Geographical Spread of Free Zones Associated with Ports, In: Geofomm
Vol. 21, No. 1, Pergamon Press Pic, p. !27 ' '" Fan Sujie, Wang Guangzhong (1993): Worltl Free Ecun
Zone, People's Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 9 . IQ
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Dang Thj Phipcng Hoa Khu kinh td tu do: khai niem, dae diem...
Tir cudi nhiing nam I960, mdt xu budng ngay cang phat trien la xay dimg cae khu che xuit d cae nudc va lanh thd kem phat trien. Mdt sd nudc thir nghiem chiln lugc hudng ve xuat khiu dl thue hien edng nghiep boa. Khu che xuit dugc xem la edng cu de thuc bien chien luge nay. Khu cbl xuit dau tien d chau A duge xay dung tai Cang Kandla cua An Do'"' va Cang Cao Hiing ciia Dai Loan nam 1965. Nira sau nhiing nam 1960 va toan bg thap ky 1970, 21 khu cbl xuit da boat ddng d chau A va 19 khu cbl xuit niia vao dau nhung nam 1980 . Khu cbl xuit Ian tir chau Au sang chau A, My, My Latinh va chau Phi, tir cae nudc phat trien sang kem phat triln, va tir cac nude tu ban ehii nghTa sang cac nude xa hdi cbii nghTa. Den nam 1978, Hiep bdi cac khu che xuat va khu thuong mai tu do qudc tl (WEPZA) dugc Lien hiep qudc lap ra nham cai thien tinb hieu qua eua tat ea cac khu che xuat tren the gidi thdng qua viec trao ddi thdng tin djnh ky tai eac hdi thao va bdi nghj, dao tao nhan su quan ly khu che xuat, nghien ciiu tbi trudng va cac ddng thuong mai'^ Sau khi thanh lap GATT nam 1947, tu do hda thuong mai the gidi duge thiie day nhd eac vdng dam phan thuong mai. Nhiing vdng dam phan nay cung thuc day phat trien cac FEZ tren the gidi va ngugc lai. Td chire phat trien cdng nghiep Lien hiep qudc (UNIDO) da dugc lap ra vao nam 1966 vdi chire nang xiic tien phat trien edng nghiep d cac nude kem phat trien. Md rdng xuat khau dugc xem la mgt trong nhung phuang thirc khuyen khich sir phat trien nay. Vdi sir trg giiip eiia Shannon Free Airport Development Co., UNIDO da lam viec vdi cac ben lien quan de tien hanh khao sat.
Kumar, R. (1987): Perfurmance of Foreign and Domestic Firms in Export Processing Zones. In:
"World Development", 15, 10/11, pp. 1309
'^ Rabbani, F. A.(ed) (1983): Economic and Social Impacts of Export Processing Zone in Asia: an Evolution, Asian Producti\'ity Organization, Tokyo, p. 11
'^ Grubel, Herbert G. (1984): Free Economic Zones:
Good or Bad.'. AuBenvvirtschaft, 39. Jaliigang, Heft I/II. DIessenhofen: Rueegger, S. 44 (ban dich).
nghien ciru kha thi va tham chi khdi ddng cac khu nay'^ Viec lam ciia UNIDO da tao ra mdt thdi ky phat triln tilp theo cua khu che xuat . Hon niia, cac chinh sach thuong mai tu do cua thi gidi da tao ra mgt thi trudng rgng ldn cho eac san pham ciia eac khu che xuat.
86 lu-o-ng khu che xuat tren the gidi
3500-, 3000- 2500- 2000- 1500- 1000- 500-
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n
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1976 1985 1995 1997 2002 2007
Ngudn: S6 lieu tir htlp://www.ilo.org/glohal Wliat_wejlo/lnternationalLabourStands/lang
Ben canh khu cbl xuat, nhung binh thai mdi eiia FEZ tilp tue tang len nhu cac FEZ tdng hgp, cac FEZ dua tren khoa bgc va lien ket kinb tl khu vuc xuyen qudc gia. Cdng vien nghien cim Stanford la FEZ dira tren khoa hgc dau tien, duge thanh lap d My. Cac khu cdng nghiep dua vao khoa bgc va cae thanh phd khoa hgc da phat triln nhanh chdng d cac nude phat trien.
My da thanh lap hon 70 khu edng nghiep dua vao khoa hgc. Tai Nhat Ban, "Dao Silicon Kyushu" va thanh phd khoa bgc "Tsukuba" ra ddi vao nam 1965 va I968'^ va 14 khu cdng nghiep dua vao khoa hgc duge thanh lap tir nam
'" Takeo, T., (1977): Introduction, In: "AMPO: Japan- Asia q. Rev.", Special Issue Entitled Free Trade Zones and Industrialization of Asia, pp. 1-5.
" McCalla, Robert J. (1990): The Geographical Spread of Free Zones Associated with Ports, In: Geoforum, Vol. 21, No. 1, Pergamon Press Pic., p. 130.
'* Li Haijian (I99I): The Review of World Special Economic Zones. Part 1, In: Coastal Economy and Trade. Qingdao, Vol. 10, pp. 26 .
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Khu kinh td tu do: khai niem, dac didm.. Dang ThjPhirOTTgJi^?
1983 den 1984''. Cae FEZ dua tren khoa hgc 119
ciing dugc khuyen khich d chau Au. Phap da thanh lap thanh phd khoa hgc Sophia - Antipolice d Nice vao nam 1969 . Anh da tao ra Cdng nghe dua tren khoa bgc Cambridge d Cambridge Shire County va ciing vdi cai duge bilt din nhu Hanh lang phia Tay London M4 giua nhimg nam 1970. Dire da thanh lap Cdng vien khoa bgc Ulm Daimler-Benz vao nhiing nam 1980^'. Dua tren md hinh khu ehi xuit, eac khu cdng nghiep dua vao khoa hgc ciing xuit hien d cac nude kem phat trien bon trong thdi ky nay. Vi du quan trgng nhat la khu cdng nghiep dua vao khoa hgc Hsinchu d Dai Loan, cac khu cdng nghiep dua vao khoa hgc d Singapore va d dai luc Trung Qudc.
Nhung sir kien quan trgng nhat trong su tien trien eiia cac FEZ tir nhimg nam 1970 la viec lan toa eiia chimg d My va d Ddng va Ddng Nam A. Sir Ian tda ciia cae FEZ d Ddng A lan dau tien la tir Dai Loan (1966), sau dd den Philippines (1969), Malaysia (1971) va Indonesia (1973), din Han Qudc (2003). Cae FEZ duge thanh lap cham bon d Nam A. Ben canh Kandla ciia An Do trong nhung nam 1960, mdt loat khu da dirge lap ra d SriLanka nam 1978, d Bangladesh va Pakistan^^ nam 1980.
Cac FEZ bat ngudn tir chau Au va Ian den chau A, chau My, chau Phi va ngay ca din chau Dai Duong. Uc thanh lap FEZ diu tien nam 1985.
Canada cung thanh lap cac FEZ vao nhiing nam
' Xin Xin (1992): The Historic Development and Recent Variants of World Special Economic Zones, In:
"Economy Information", Wuhan, Vol. 5, p. 88
•" Andrien, Corbiere-Medecin (1987): Sophia Antipolis Scientific and Industrial Park", In: "Export Processing Zones and Science Parks in Asia", Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, pp. 147-151.
"' Gebhardt, H. and Abratis, J. (1991): Large Research and Media Parks in the view of Information and Communication Enterprises. In: "Netcom", Vol. 5. No. 2,
^ pp. 401-122.
-- McCalla, Robert J. (1990): The Geographical Spread of Free Zones Associated with Ports, In:"Geoforum", Vol. 21, No. 1, Pergamon Press Pic, p. 132
1980. Nhung cae FEZ lai Ian ngugc lai tir chau A va chau My sang chau Au, nghTa la FEZ dua tren khoa hgc lan tir My din chau Au.
Su lan tda va phat triln cua eac FEZ eiing dien ra d cac nudc xa hgi chu nghTa trudc day.
Vi du diln hinh la su phat triln eiia cac FEZ d Ddng Au. Nam Tu (cii) da tang cac cang tu do va khu thuong mai tu do tir 4 trong nam 1971 din 11 trong nhimg nam 1980. Rumani da thanh lap mdt cang tu do d Sulina d luu vuc sdng Danube tren bd Bien Den vao nam 1978.
Hungary lap cac khu thuong mai tu do trong va xung quanh Budapest vao nam 1982 va mdt dac khu kinb te d Gydr-Sopron gan bien gidi vdi Ao vao cudi nhiing nam 1980. Bungary lap ra mot khu tu do thue quan d Vindi gan bien gidi vdi Nam Tu (cu)^^ Lien Xd (eu) da thanh lap nhieu dae khu kinh te d cac nude edng hda (bay gid la eac nudc dgc lap), gdm Vyborg (gan bien gidi vdi Phan Lan) d Nga, Nakhodka (ben bien Nhat Ban) d Vien Ddng ciia Nga, Brest (gan bien gidi Ba Lan) d Belarus, Gurs Yer (Bien Caxpi) d Kazakhstan, va Odessa (Bien Den) d Ucraina.
Ngay ea Bac Trieu Tien ciing lap ra mgt FEZ tai thanh phd cang la Rajin-Sonbong gan bien gidi vdi Trung Qude vao nam 1991, va ed ke hoach trd thanh mdt cang tu do trong thanh phd Nampo gan thu dd Binh Nhudng^''.
Mdt hinh thai niia cua FEZ la eac tam giae tang trudng xuyen bien gidi. Hinh thai nay hau bet deu dugc phan bd d chau A. Tam giae tang trudng xuyen bien gidi dau tien xuat hien d Ddng Nam A xuat phat tir quan he kinh tl chat che giiia Singapore, bang Johor ciia Malaysia va quan dao Riau ciia Indonesia cudi nhiing nam
'•' Xin Xin (1992): The Historic Development and Recent Variants of World Special Economic Zones, In:
"Economy Information", Wuhan, Vol. 5, p. 88 .
-"* Xiangming Chen (1995): The Evolution of the Free Economic Zones and the Recent Development of Cross- National Growth Zones, In: "International Journal of Urban and Regional Research", Vol. 19, Apr. 1995^ pp 6 0 0 - 6 0 1 .
44 NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR! TH^ GICTI Sd 3(167) 2010
Dang Thj PhiPcng Hoa Khu kinh td tu do: khai niem, dac diem.
1980. Hg cimg lap ra mdt khu tang truong xuyen bien gidi - Tam giae tang truong phia Nam, cd tac dgng lan tda thiic day sir thanh lap cua hai tam giae tang trudng xuyen bien gidi gan dd, hai tam giae tang trudng xuyen bien gidi nay it phat trien ban. Tam giae tang trudng xuyen bien gidi phia Bac duge thanh lap vao dau nhirng nam 1990, ndi cac tinb Nam Thai Lan, cac bang phia Bac Malaysia va bd bien phia Tay, bd bien Ddng Bac ciia Sumatra va thanh phd Medan. Tam giae tang tnrdng xuyen bien gidi phia Ddng bat dau hinh thanh nam 1993, gdm cac bang Sabah va Sarawak d Ddng Malaysia, cac dao ciia Kalimantan (Borneo) va Sulawesi, cac thanh phd Manado va Bitung d Ddng Biic Indonesia va mdt sd dao d Philippines. Them vao dd, Tam giae khu virc sdng Tumen gdm Trung Qudc, Nga, Nam va Bac Trieu Tien, Mdng Cd, Nhat Ban hinh thanh nam 1991. Hon nua, Tam giae khu virc sdng Me Kdng da dugc thdng qua chinh thire nam 1993 (Trung Qudc, Thai Lan, Lao, Viet Nam va Campuchia) 25
So lugng cac dang FEZ khac nhau tren the gidi lien tuc tang theo nhung danh gia khac nhau. Vao nam 1900, chi cd II cang tir do d mot sd it nude chau Au va chau A. Vao nam 1975, 25 nude kem phat trien dieu hanh 79 khu che xuat. Den 1986, sd lugng nay tang thanh 47 nudc vdi 176 khu che xuit"''. Thdng ke 1997 cua WEPZA liet ke khoang hon 1000 FEZ o cae dang khac nhau d khoang 102 nude va vimg lanh thd tren thi gidi. Din thang 3/2007, bao cao ciia ILO lai dua ra eon so 3.500 khu eiia 120 nirdc" . Cac FEZ hien nay nam d mgi noi: tir cac
Xiangming Chen (1995): The Evolution of the Free Economic Zones and the Recent Development of Cross- National Growth Zunes. In: "International Journal of Urban and Regional Research". Vol. 19, pp. 607 - 609.
"'' Otto Kreye, Jtirgen Heinnchs, Folker Frobel, Sternberg Institute, Sternberg in Germany, "E.xport Processinu Zones in Developing Countries: Results of a New Survey", Working Paper No. 43, Interaational Labor Office, Geneva, 1987, pp. 6 - 7.
" hup:/;\\\\\\.ilo.org
cang bien a cae vimg ven bien den trong ndi dia va den khu virc bien gidi vdi cac phuong tien lien lac thuan Igi. Chiing dugc ma rgng ve khdng gian tir chd la cae cang tir do trong lich su ehi gdm nhirng vimg lien ke nhd, bien nay, mgt sd dac khu kinh te d Trung Qudc va Nga bao pbii bang tram, tham chi bang nghin km".
Xau chudi nhirng phan tich d tren, xet theo muc tieu va vai trd ciia FEZ, ddi vdi nha dau tu, FEZ giam chi phi san xuat, nha dau tu dugc hudng nhung uu dai dae biet tir nha nude va Igi ich tir cac cdng trinh ba tang ky thuat; nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi de nha dau tu thirc hien muc tieu tbu Igi nhuan tdi da, tang sire canh tranh cho san pham cua minh tren thi trudng. Dau tu vao FEZ la each thirc nha dau tu tiep can vdi thi trudng eua nude chii nha va thi tnrdng khu vuc, tir dd phat trien chien lugc lau dai. Ddi vdi nudc thanh lap, phat trien FEZ de tbu hiit vdn dau tu nham phat trien theo quy hoach, mo rdng hoat ddng ngoai thuong, tao co hdi viec lam, du nhap ky thuat edng nghe tien tien, kinh nghiem quan ly ciia cac cdng ty nude ngoai va thir nghiem chinh sach mdi; lam eau ndi hgi nliap vdi kinh te the gidi, thiie day phat trien kinh te trong nudc, phat buy tac dung Ian tda ciia khu kinh te tu do; tao dgng lire eho phat trien vimg" .
Xet theo quy luat phat trien chung ciia nen kinh te the gidi, hien nay, hau bet eac nude la mdt phan ciia mang ludi kinh te toan cau. Quy luat vdn cd ciia sir phat trien kinb te the gidi gdm sir md rdng lien tuc pham vi khdng gian ciia cac boat dgng kinb te, tien hanh mdt ddng tu do toan eau ve hang boa, cae yeu td san xuat va nhan lire va ciing ed qua trinb nay bang each sir dimg mdt eo che chung - co che tbi trudng.
FEZ la giai doan ban dau, co ban va la mgt phan eiia lien ket kinh te khu vuc va se thiic day sir thirc bien cudi ciing eiia nd. Tuong tu, lien ket kinh te khu vuc la binh thirc phat trien va sire manh dgng luc tien trien tien bd han ceic khu kinh te tu do*
Helson C. Braga (2002): Prospects For Free Zunes Under FTAA. Integration in the .-Xmericas Conference
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Khu kinh td tu do: khai niem, dae didm... D^n£Thj_Phu;^!29J^
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Andnen, Corbiere-Medecin (1987): Sophia Antipolis Scientific and Industrial Park, In: "Export Processing Zones and Science Parks in Asia", Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, pp. 147 - 15 • 2. Fan Sujie, Wang Guangzhong (1993): World Free Economic Zone, (Shijie Ziyou Jmgji Qu)- People's
Publishing House, Beijmg, pp. 7.
3. Gebhardt. H. and Abratis, J. (1991): Large Research and Media Parks in the view of Information and Communication Enterprises, In: "Netcom", Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 401-122.
4. Grubel, Herbert G. (1982): Tcjwards a Theory of Free Economic Zones, In: "Review of Word Economics", Vol. 118/1.
5. Guo Xincang (1987): An Introduction to the World's Free Ports and Free Trade Zones, Publishing House of Beijing Aeronautical engineering Institute, Beijing, p. 11
6. Hall, p. (1994): International Urban System, In P. Roe (ed.). In: "Emerging Regions in the Pacific Basin", the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
7. Helson C. Braga (2002): Prospects For Free Zones Under FTAA. Integration in the Americas Conference. , *
8. Herbert Grubel (1984): Free Economic Zone: Good or Bad'^. Aussenwirtschafi, 39, Jahrgang, 43.
9. http://wvvw.ilo.org
10. Kumar, R. (1987): Performance of Foreign and Domestic Firms in Export Processing Zones, In:
"World Development", 15, 10/11, pp. 1309 .
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12. Ll Li (chief editor) (1996): Study on the World Free Trade Zone, ChinaReform Publishing House, Beijing, p. 95.
13. Mc. Calla, Robert J. (1990): The Geographical Spread of Free Zones Associated with Ports, In:
"Geoforum", Vol. 21, No. 1, Pergamon Press Pic, p. 122.
14. Otto Kreye, Jiirgen Hemrichs, Folker Frobel, Sternberg Institute, Sternberg in Germany, "Export Processing Zones in Developing Countries: Results of a New Survey", Working Paper No. 43, International Labor Office, Geneva, 1987, pp. 6 - 7 .
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£vy;/;(//w;, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, p. 11.
16. Takeo, T., (1977): Introduction. In: "AMPO: Japan-Asia q. Rev.", Special Issue Entitled Free Trade Zones and Industrialization of Asia, pp. 1 - 5.
17. Xiangming Chen (1995): The Evolution of the Free Economic Zones and the Recent Development of Cros.s-National Growth Zones. In: "International Journal of Urban and Regional Research", Vol. 19, Apr. 1995, pp. 6 0 0 - 6 0 1 .
18. Xin Xin (1992): The Plistoric Development and Recent Variants of World Special Economic Zones, In:
"Economy Information", Wuhan, Vol. 5, p. 88.
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