CHAUMYNGAYNAY S6 08-2019
KINH rt. - XA HOI
XU HtrdNG, TAG DONG VA BIEN PHAP IfNG PHO CUA VIET NAM DOI VOfI CAC RAO CAN KY THUAT TRONG THlTONG MAI QUOC TE
Tran Minh Ngnyft*
Tom tat: Hien tgi, cdc rdo cdn ky thugt dd phdt trien thdnh dgng rdo edn thuang mgi bi mat vd khd khdn nhdt trong thugng mgi qudc ti, vd Id mgt trong nhiing trg nggi l&n nhdt ddi vol xudt khdu ngogi thucmg ciia Viit Nam. Ki tic khi cuge khung hodng tdi chinh todn cdu biing nd, chit nghig bdo hg thuang mgi da bdt ddu gig tdng tren thi gi&i. Cdc nu&c chdu Auvd chdu My thuang xuyin dua ra cdc biin phdp bdo vi m&i vd thiit lap cdc rdo cdn ky thugt cho cdc sdn phdm nhdp khdu. Vi du, Hoa Ky gdn ddy da thue hiin Dgo ludt cdi thiin an todn sdn phdm tiiu diing vd Lien minh chdu Au dd thdng qua Di xudt chi thi an todn dd chai. Rdo cdn ky thugt se tr& thdnh mdt tr& nggi quan trgng nhdt ddi vol cdc sdn phdm xudt khdu cua Viet Nam. Do do, cdn phdi nghiim tdc nghiin cdu xu huang phdt trien vd chiin luge ddi phd v&i cdc rag cdn ndy.
TIT khoa: rao can 1^ thuat, thuong mai quoc te, xu huong, tac dong
1. Xu hirdug phat trien cac rao can V^ thuat trong thir<mg m^i quoc te
NhiJng nam gSn day, sir phat trien cua cac rao can ky thuat trong thuong mai da cho thdy mot s6 xu huong moi va cac tinh nang moi:
So lugng cdc rdo cdn ky thugt doi v&i thuang mgi dang tdng len nhanh chdng, cho thdy hieu Ong khuech tdn vd phgm vi rdng hem.
- Trong nhilng nam gan day, so lirong cac quy djnh va tieu chuan ley thuat duoc cac nude ap dung da ting len dang Ice.
Chinh sach digu ti6t gia tang co the duoc coi la kfit qua cua miic s6ng cao hon tren toan th6 gioi, dieu nay da thtic day
' Viin Nghien cicu Chdu My
nhu cau cua ngucri tieu dung doi voi cac san pham chat luong cao va an toan, va cac van de gia tang vh 6 nhiim nuoc, khong khi va ddt da khuyen khich cac quoc gia tien tien su dung cac san phim than thien voi moi trucmg. Ben canh do, so voi cac bien phap thue quan va phi thuS quan khac, cac bien phap thuong mai ky thuat ngay cang duac cac quoc gia lua chon vi tinh hop ly va do phiic tap kji thuat cda chiing, co loi cho su phat triSn cua cac qu6c gia nham che gidu bao ho thuong mai.
- Rao can ky thuat trong thirong mai qu6c tS da cho thdy hieu ling khuech tan. Hieu ling khuech tan co the duoc
i
52 SO 08-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY, phan chia thanh khuech tan giira cac
quoc gia va khuech tan giiia cac san phdm cong nghiep. Su lay lan giua cac quoc gia duoc the hien bang su gia tang so lugng cac quoc gia thue hien cac rao can ky thuat doi voi thuong mai. Sau khi mot quoc gia cong bo lenh cam doi vcji mpt so san pham, cac quoc gia khac da lam theo. Hieu ling khuech tan giita cac san pham cong nghiep dugc the hien bang sir lan rpng cua cac rao can ky thuat tir mpt san pham sang cac san pham lien quan va tham chi den cac nganh cong nghiep lien quan khac. Vi du, cac chi thi det may va may mac ciia Lien minh Chau Au ban dau chi nham vao mpt so san pham va hien dugc mo rpng sang acrylic, bong va cellulose tu nhien, bao phu gan nhu mgt loat cac san pham det may .
Do hieu ling khuech tan, cac bien phap ky thuat da dan he lo cac dac diem bao triim mot loat san pham, nganh cong nghiep rgng Ion va da dang. Trong nam 2018, cac rao can TBT va SPS dugc WTO thong bao khong chi lien quan den cac san pham chinh ma con tat ca cac san pham trung gian va thanh pham nhu thue pham, co dien, thiet bi gia dvmg, thiet bi the thao va giai tri, nong san, san phdm y te va bao ve moi truong, vat lieu xay dung, hoa chat, det may, da giay va cac san pham khac . Nhirng san phdm nay chiem ty le ldn trong CO cau san pham xuat khau ciia Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, cac rao can ky thuat doi vdi thuang mai dang md rong
tir thuang mjii hang hoa truyen thong sang thuong mai dich vu va ddu tu. Su xuat hien ciia cac rao can ky thuat ddi vdi thuang mai bSt ddu trong linh vuc thuong mai hang hda, dan md rgng sang Bnh vuc thuang mai dich vu, tir md rpng hang hda hiiu hinh sang tai chfnh, thdng tin, dau tu, sd him tri tue va cac linh vuc khac'.
Rag cdn ky thugt dd m& rdng tic viec kiim tra sdn phdm cudi cung sang todn bd qud trinh sdn xudt, ddng gdi, vdn chuyen, bdn hdng vd gidm sdt khdc
Su phat trien cua cac rao can ky thuat trong thucmg mai qudc te dang trai qua qua trinh chuyen ddi tir kiem tra san pham cudi cung sang toan bd qua trinh giam sat bao gdm nghien ciiu va phat triSn, san xudt, chi bien, ddng gdi, van chuyen, ban hang va tieu thu. Vi du dien hinh nhat la he thdng quan ly HACCP dugc trien khai d cac nude phat hrien. Thdng ke tir Cue Quan ly Thue pham va Dugc phdm Hoa Ky cho thdy, ttong cac cdng ty ch^ bien nudi trdng thuy san, cac cdng ty thue hien he thdng HACCP cd xac sudt d nhilm thue phdm thap hon tir 20% 6in 60% so vdi cac cdng ty khdng dugc thue hien"". An toan ve sinh thue pham ngay cang dugc mpi ngudi tten khdp thi gidi quan tam, cac cdng ty thue pham va ngudi tieu dung tien tijn da ttd thanh ddng lire ehinh dJ cac cdng ty dang ky chiing nhan he thdng HACCP. Tai Hoa Ky, chau Au, Vuong qudc Anh, Australia va Canada, HACCP da trd thanh quy dinh
CHAUMYNGAYNAY 53 va yeu cau bat budc ddi vdi cdc nude
xudt khau neu mudn tiep can cac thi truomg nay'.
Cdc biin phdp tu nguyin dugc kit hgp v&i cdc quy dinh ky thugt bdt budc vd ddn ddn phdt triin thdnh cdc quy dinh bdt budc
Mdt sd bien phap thucmg mai ky thuat ban dau, chdng han nhu ISO 9000, ISO 14000 , chiing nhan nhan mdi tnrdng, chiing nhan HACCP, chiing nhan thue pham hilu co,... dua tten nguyen tic ngudi san xuat tu nguyen xin chiing nhan. Tuy nhien, ttong nhihig nam gan ddy, mdt sd bien phap tu nguyen dang dugc ket hgp vdi cac bien phap bdt huge va cd xu hudng chuySn sang cac quy dinh bat budc. Hau het cac tieu chudn ky thuat do cae nude phat ttien ban hanh ttong nhilng nam gan day da ttd thanh cac bien phap bat budc, nhuh^ thdng quan ly hda chat (REACH) cua E U v a "he thdng danh sach tich cue" ciia Nhat Ban,... REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Resttiction of Chemicals) la quy dinh cua EU vd dang ky, danh gia, cap phep va han ehd su dung hda chat. Theo quy dinh nay, cac doanh nghiep san xuat hang hda xudt khau vao EU cd sir dung cac hda chdt vdi khdi lugng ldn (tren 1 tdn/nSm hoSe 0,1% w/w) cd kha nSng anh hudng xdu den siic khde con ngudi va mdi trudng, ddu phai dang ky vdi co quan quan ly hda chat chau Au (ECHA)'. Cdn Nhat Ban chinh thiic tri^n khai he thdng danh sach tich cue
de tang cudng quan ly du lugng hda chat ndng nghiep (bao gdm thude trit sau, thude thii y va phu gia thiic Sn) trong thue pham. He thdng yeu cau ham lugng hda chat ttong ndng nghiep thue phdm khdng dugc vugt qua gidi han du lugng tdi da, tiic la 0,01 mg/kg'.
Cdc yiu cdu ky thugt cho cdc sdn phdm nghiem ngdt vd phuc tgp han, chii trgng nhieu han din cdc yiu cdu vi an todn, bdo vi mdi tru&ng vd hieu qud ndng lugng.
Cac bien phap thucmg mai ky thuat cu the cd tac ddng ldn den cac san pham xuat khau cua Viet Nam bao gdm: Thir nhdt, cac yeu cau ve xuat khau san pham cdng nghiep: gidi han cac chat dgc hai, chimg nhan, ddng gdi va vat lieu, an toan ca nhan cua san phdm. Thu hai, cac yeu cau ve mat xuat khau ndng san va thvrc phdm, chu ygu la: du lugng thude ndng nghiep va thii y ttong thirc phdm, phu gia thiic phdm, cac chat ddc hai nhu kim loai nang, cac chi tieu sue khde nhu vi khuan va yeu cau dang ky nha may che bien va kho. Ngoai ra, vdi cac van de ngay eang ndi bat ve an toan san phdm va mdi trudng sdng, cac yeu cdu cua cac thanh vien WTO vi an toan san phdm, bao ve mdi truomg va hieu qua nang lugng ngay cang ndi bat va nghiem ngjit.
Rdo cdn ky thugt trgng thuang mgi qudc te dgng ngdy cdng trg thdnh cdng cu m&i de bdo hd thuang mgi
Vdi sir phat trien ciia toan cau hda kmh ti cung nhu tir do hda thuang mai,
54 S 6 08-2019 CHAUMYNGAYNAY cae qudc gia thanh vien hiia se cat giam
them thue quan va dan dan loai bd cac hang rao phi thue quan khac nhau trong cac Vdng dam phan Uruguay nham bao ve lgi ich thuang mai eua hp ttong canh ttanh qudc te ngay cang khdc het. Khi cac nude dan dan loai bd mdt sd hang rao phi thue quan truyen thdng trai vdi quy dinh ciia WTO, hp tiep tuc dua ra cac rao can ky thuat mdi phirc tap hon, tinh vi hon nham bao hd san xuat ttong nude. 6 gdc dp ky thuat tdng thi, eae nude dang phat trien cd trinh do cdng nghe thap hon nhieu so vdi cac nude phat ttien, vi vay cac rao can ky thuat ddi vdi thuang mai cd tac ddng ldn hgn ddi vdi cac nude dang phat ttien. Mpt sd dieu khoan ttong Hiep dinh WTO cung cap co sd phap ly cho viec thvrc thi bao hp thuong mai tten ca sd cac rao can ky thuat va de ttd thanh cai cd phap ly cho cac nude phat ttien thirc hien bao hd thuang mai. Ngoai ra, cac rao can thuang mai ky thuat hien dang dan xen vdi cae bien phap thuang mai truydn thdng nhu chdng ban pha gia, ddi khang va cac bien phap tvr ve.
Rdo cdn ky thugt ddi v&l thuang mgi se tr& thdnh mdt vdn di quan trgng trong cdc cude ddm phdn thuang mgi dg phuang trong tuang lgi
Trong Hiep dinh WTO, ngoai Hiep dinh TBT va Hiep djnh SPS cdn cd Thda thuan Thanh tra trudc khi giao hang, Thda thuan ve Quy tie Xuat xu, Thda thuan vd cac khia canh lien quan den quyen sd huu tri tue va Hiep dmh
chung vi Thuang mai Dich vu,...
Trong vdng dam phan mdi ciia WTO, cac van dd nhu thuong mai va mdi trudng, thuan lgi hda thuang mai, bao ve sd huu tti tue, thuang mai dich vu va ndng nghiep deu se lien quan den cac rao can ky thuat mdi ddi vdi thuang mai. Cd the dvr doan rang cac rao can thuang mai ky thuat se trd thanh mdt van de quan trgng trong cac cude dam phan WTO trong tuong lai.
2. Tac dpng ciia cac rao can thwomg mai ky thuat doi vdi hang xuat khau ciia Viet Nam va ly do cho nhihig han che lap di lap lai d Viet Nam
u. Tdc dpng cua rdo cdn ky thuat trong thtftfng mgi quoc te den xudt khiu cua Viet Nam
Rao can ky thuat ttong thucmg mai qudc te la eon dao hai luoi ddi vdi cac nude dang phat ttien, dac biet la Viet Nam. Ve ngan h ^ , nd cd hai hon la ed lgi. Ve lau dai, nd cd lgi han hai. Hau nhu tat ca cac rao can ky thuat ttong thuong mai qudc te ddu cd tac ddng tich cvrc va tieu cvrc. Do dd, chiing ta nen thvrc hien cac bien phap de tang cudng anh hudng tich cu-c va ttiet tieu nhttng tac ddng tieu cvrc.
Tdc dgng tich cue:
i) Bdg ve mdi tru&ng sinh thdi vd dot dugc suphdt triin ben vOng
Hien nay, mdt phan dang kg cac rao can ky thuat ttong thuang mai qudc ti rdt than thien vdi mdi truong. Vi du, thud quan xanh yeu cdu thug bd sung ddi vdi
CHAU MY NGAY NAY S 6 08-2019 55 cac san pham nhap khau cd thg gay d
nhilm va thiet hai mdi ttudng, he thdng ghi nhan mdi trudng xanh ygu eau toan bd qua trinh til phat trien, sil dung cho dgn khi tai chg phil hgp vdi ygu cau sinh thai. Mae du cac quy dinh nay se gay ap Ivrc Ign xuat khau cua cac doanh nghigp ttong thdi gian ngan, viec thvrc hien cac bien phap nay chac chan se cho phep cae doanh nghigp trong nude ciing cd khai niem ve phat trign "xanh" khi tien hanh cac hoat dpng ngoai thucmg, chii y den viec bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai va cudi eimg nhan ra sir phat trign bgn vilng ttong qua ttinh xay dvmg kinh tg Viet Nam. Dieu nay la khach quan phu hgp vdi "chign luge phat ttien khoa hgc"
cua chinh phu d giai doan hien tai va cd y nghia tich cvrc nhat dinh.
ii) Thiic ddy tiin bd khoa hgc cdng nghi, hiin thitc hda viic dieu chinh vd tdi uu hda ca cdu cdng nghiep
Vg ban chdt, cac rao can ky thuat ttong thuomg mai la ket qua khach quan cua tign bd khoa hpc va cdng nghe ducmg dai. Do dd, viec ddi mat va pha vd cac rao can ky thuat ddi vdi thuong mai phai dvia vao tign bd cdng nghe trong nude. Khi khoa hgc va cdng nghe cua mgt qudc gia phat ttien, higu qua san xudt cua nd se tang len nhanh chdng va tinh trang phan bd ngudn lire cung se cd xu hudng tdi uu hda. Dac biet, cac tigu chudn ky thuat nghiem ngat, ygu cdu ky thuat chi tilt va nang cdp lign tvic se tao ra mdt ap Ivrc manh me ddi vdi viec thdng quan tran ttu
cac san pham thuong mai ciia cac nude xuat khau, budc hp phai lign tuc phat trien cac san pham mdi va ddi mdi quy ttinh va phuang phap san xuat de hign thvrc hda viec nang cap san pham va thdng qua viec digu chinh co cau san phdm de thue day va hign thvrc hda viec digu chinh va tdi uu hda ca cau cdng nghigp. Hau hgt cac doanh nghigp trong nude da bat dau thvrc hign cac bien phap tucmg ling de eai thien chat lugng ciia chinh hg nham ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat nude ngoai va nang cao kha nang canh tranh qudc te cua cac san pham xuat khau. Theo khao sat cua Bd Cdng thuong, 95,6% doanh nghigp cho bigt hp hy vpng dap ling yeu cau cua cac nude nhap khau bang each cai thien trinh dp cdng nghg va quan ly, va 68,3%
doanh nghiep hy vgng dat dugc chimg nhan tham quygn qudc te hoSe chiing nhan qudc gia nhap khau*.
iii) Chudn hda thi tru&ng nhdp khdu vd ndng cao chdt lugng hdng hda nhdp khdu.
Chinh phu cd the hgc hdi tir cac rao can thucmg mai ky thuat ciia nude ngoai va xay dimg he thdng bao vg thuong mai cua Viet Nam. Thdng qua viec thvrc hien cac bien phap ky thuat, se han che sv xam nhap cua cac mat hang khdng dap ling nhilng tigu chuan ndi dia cd hen quan vao thi trudng Viet Nam, tir dd dieu chinh thi trudng xuat nhap khdu ciia Viet Nam va bao ve quygn va lgi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi tieu dung.
56 SO 08-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY iv) Thiic ddy bdo vi quyen vd lgi ich
cita ngu&i lao dgng, bdo vi sdc khde vd an todn cita ngu&i tiiu diing
Trong nhung nam gan day, chiing nhan tigu chuan SA8000 dugc cac nude phat trien tich circ thiic day va ngay cang chiu svr ehi phdi cua cdng ddng qudc te. Digu tdt cho cac doanh nghigp xuat khau cua Viet Nam la thtrc hien chiing nhan tigu chuan SA8000 se thue day bao vg quyen va lgi ich cua ngudi lao ddng. Nd se giup "Luat lao ddng"
ciia Viet Nam, cac luat va quy dinh lign quan dugc thvrc thi, giiip cai thien kha nSng canh tranh ciia cac san pham Viet Nam.
Tdc dgng tieu circ:
I) Tdng chi phi thuang mgi: Day la tac ddng ldn nhat ddi vdi cac doanh nghigp. Theo Maskus va Wilson: "Van dl d(m gian nhat la chi phi tuan thii cac tigu chuan cd thg cao hom ddi vdi cac cdng ty nude ngoai so vdi cac cdng ty ttong nude, ngam dimg len mpt rao can thuong mai." Cac tac gia phan biet giua chi phi tuan thii "mdt lan" va "djnh ky"'- Rd rang, cac doanh nghiep phai chiu chi phi "mdt lan" thay ddi cdng nghe san xuat de dap iing mot ygu cau ky thuat, lam giam hieu suat, giam tinh kinh te theo quy md. Hg cung phai chju chi phi
"gian tigp", vi dvi nhu chi phi xay dvmg san pham dg dap ling ygu cau dan nhan cua chinh phu nude ngoai. Cae chi phi cung cd the phat sinh tit svr thieu minh bach, cham tri thdi gian, va eae thu tuc danh gia tieu chuan thidu ehinh xac.
ii) Han chi cdc sdn phdm xudt khdu cim Viit Nam
Theo cac khao sat cd lien quan, nam 2017, 71% doanh nghigp xudt khdu cda Viet Nam gap phai nhttng han chi khac nhau ddi vdi cae rao can ky thuat ttong thuong mai qudc t l va 39% san phdm xuat khau bi anh hudng d cac muc do khac nhau. Nam 2017, cac con sd lien quan lan lugt la 66%, 25%. Mdt sd san phdm cua Viet Nam da mdt thi trudng vi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khdng cd bien phap hieu qua de ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat nude ngoai^°.
b) Nhiing ly do chinh khien cdc san phim xuit khiu cda Viet Nam lien tuc bi hgn chi b&i cdc rdo can ky thudt trong thirong mai quoc te Id;
Cac doanh nghiep xudt khdu cua Viet Nam, dac biet la cac doanh nghiep xuat khau vua va nhd, khdng toan dien va chinh xac trong viec ndm bdt cac quy dinh, tieu chuan va quy trinh danh gia ddi vdi cae rao can ky thuat nude ngoai.
Khdng ed he thdng quan ly thdng nhat va phdi hgp dl quan ly vi md cac rao can ky thuat ddi vdi thuang mai.
- He thdng tigu chudn va quy chuan ky thuat ttong nude dang bi tut lai phia sau va nhigu tigu chudn chua phii hgp vdi tigu chudn qudc tl.
3. Cac bien phap doi pho vdi rao can ky fhu?t trong thirong mai quoc te
Ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat trong thuong mai qudc t l khdng chi lien quan dgn nhiiu vdn d l ky thuat.
CHAU M t NGAY NAY S6 08-2019 57 ma cdn ca van dg quan ly hanh chinh.
Ben canh nd lire cua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau, Chinh phu va hiep hpi nganh cdn no Ivrc dg tao ra mdt mdi trudng thuang mai cdng bdng, lanh manh, bin vttng va hudng dan tich circ giup cac cdng ty xuat khau cai thien kha nang ddi phd, ciing nhu vdi cac rao can ky thuat. Ddng thdi, cdn cd svr phdi hgp chat che giua cac ben.
Cdc biin phdp & cap vl mo i) Day nhanh viec xay dvmg va thvrc hien chign luge tigu chudn hda qudc gia va nang eao miic do qudc te hda cac tieu chudn qudc gia cila Viet Nam.
- xay dimg va thvrc hien chien luge tigu chuan hda qudc gia cang sdm cang tdt, day nhanh viec thiet lap mdt he thdng tigu chudn qudc gia, gdm cac nganh cdng nghigp thii nhdt, thii hai va thii ba;
- Chiing ta ngn hgp ly hda cac mau thuin va xung dot giua cae tieu chudn hien cd cang sdm cang tdt, va thigt lap mpt hg thdng tieu chuan hda qudc gia cang sdm cang tdt;
- Nang cao trinh dp qudc td hda cac tigu chudn qudc gia eiia Viet Nam.
ii) Thiit lap ca che canh bao sdm dl cai thien kha nang iing phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat trong thuong mai qudc tl.
Co chi canh bao sdm can dugc tang cudng chii yiu tir ba khia canh sau: Suu tap bd thdng tin canh bao sdm va toan dien; phan tich chuyen sau va nghien ciiu thdng tin canh bao sdm; va thiic day phd biln rpng rai va hieu qua thdng tin canh bao sdm cho doanh nghiep.
iii) cai thien cac co che tham van ky thuat song phuomg va da phuang, sil dung higu qua eg chg giai quygt ttanh chap ciia WTO.
iv) Ddng vai trd quan ttgng hom trong cac td chiic tigu chuan hda qudc te va thiic day svr phat ttiln ciia cac tigu chudn ky thuat vg quyin sd hilu tri tue ddc lap ciia Viet Nam Ign cac tigu chudn qudc te.
Cdc bi$n phap & cip hiep h$i thuang mai
D I ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thu^t trong thuong mai qudc tg, khdng thg danh gia thap vai ttd ciia cac td chile cdng nghigp. Kha nang canh tranh ciia cac doanh nghiep trgn thi tnrdng qudc te khdng ehi phu thugc vao sire manh eua ehinh cac doanh nghigp, ma cdn phvi thugc vao sv phat triln cua cac to chiic trung gian nhu hiep hdi nganh cdng nghigp, xudt nhap khdu cua thi trudng. So vdi cac nude phat ttiln, cac higp hdi nganh cdng nghigp cua Vigt Nam, phdng xuat nhap khdu thuong mai va cac td chiic trung gian khac vdn cdn tuong ddi lac hau, thiiu giao tiip va ddi thoai vdi cac ddi tac thuong mai ldn cua cac td chiic thucmg mai qudc gia. De ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat trong thuomg mai qudc tg, chiing ta phai phat huy ddy du vai trd cua cac hiep hdi cdng nghigp nhu mdt cau ndi, lign tvic cai thign va tang cudng cae chiic nSng hd trg, truygn thdng va dao tao cua chinh phu dl giai quyet cac vdn dg cho doanh nghiep.
i
56 SO 08-2019 CHAU MY NGAYJIAY_
iv) Thue ddy bdo vi quyen vd lgi ich ciia ngu&i lao ddng, bdo ve sice khde vd an tgdn cua ngu&i tiiu diing
Trong nhilng nam gan day, chimg nhan tigu chuan SA8000 dugc cac nude phat trign tich cvrc thiic day va ngay cang chiu svr chi phdi ciia cpng ddng qudc te. Digu tdt cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khdu cua Viet Nam la thvrc hien chttng nhan tieu chuan SA8000 se thiic day bao ve quyen va lgi ich cua ngudi lao ddng. Nd se giup "Luat lao dpng"
cua Viet Nam, cac luat va quy dinh lign quan dugc thvrc thi, giiip cai thien kha nang eanh ttanh eiia cac san pham Viet Nam.
Tdc Upng tieu cifc:
i) Tdng chi phi thuang mgi: Day la tac dpng ldn nhat ddi vdi eae doanh nghigp. Theo Maskus va Wilson: "Van dg don gian nhat la chi phi tuan thu cac tieu chuan cd the cao hon ddi vdi cac cdng ty nude ngoai so vdi cac cdng ty ttong nude, ngam dimg len mdt rao can thuang mai." Cac tac gia phan biet giua chi phi tuan thu "mdt lan" va "dinh ky"^.
Ro rang, cac doanh nghiep phai chiu chi phi "mdt ldn" thay ddi cdng nghe san xuat dg dap ling mdt ygu cau ky thuat, lam giam hieu suat, giam tinh kinh te theo quy md. Hp cung phai chju chi phi
"gian tigp", vi du nhu chi phi xay dimg san phdm dl dap ung ygu cau dan nhan cua chinh phu nude ngoai. Cac chi phi ciing cd the phat sinh tu svr thigu minh bach, cham tte thdi gian, va cac thu tiic danh gia tieu chuan thieu chinh xac.
ii) Hgn chi cdc sdn phdm xudt khdu citg Viit Nam
Theo cac khao sat ed lign quan, nam 2017, 71% doanh nghiep xudt khdu cua Viet Nam gap phai nhung ban che khac nhau ddi vdi cac rao can ky thuat ttong thuong mai qudc t l va 39% san pham xuat khau bi anh hudng d cac muc dp khac nhau. Nam 2017, cac con sd lign quan lan lugt la 66%, 25%. Mpt sd san phdm ciia Vigt Nam da mat thi trudng vi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khdng cd bign phap hieu qua dg ddi phd vdi cae rao can ky thuat nude ngoai
b) Nhirng ly do chinh khien cdc san phdm xuit khiu cua Viet Nam liin tfic bi hgn chi bdi cdc rdo cdn ky thuat trong Ihirang mai quoc te Id:
- Cac doanh nghiep xuat khau cua Viet Nam, dac biet la cac doanh nghigp xuat khau vtta va nhd, khdng toan dien va ehinh xac trong viec nam bat cac quy dinh, tigu chuan va quy trinh danh gia ddi vdi cac rao can ky thuat nude ngoai.
- Khdng cd he thong quan ly thdng nhat va phdi hgp dl quan ly vi md cac rao can ky thuat ddi vdi thuong mai.
- Hg thdng tieu chuan va quy chuan ky thuat ttong nude dang bi tut lai phia sau va nhieu tigu chudn chua phu hgp vdi tigu chuan qudc tl.
3. Cac bien phap doi pho voi rao can ky thuat trong thu'ong mai quoc te
Ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat trong thuang mai qudc t l khdng chi lign quan den nhigu van dg ky thuat,
CHAU M t NGAY NAY S6 08-2019 57 ma cdn ca van de quan ly hanh chinh.
Bgn canh nd Ivrc eua cac doanh nghiep xuat khdu, Chinh phu va hiep hdi nganh can nd lire dg tao ra mdt mdi tmdng thuomg mai cdng bang, lanh manh, bin vttng va hudng dan tich circ giiip cac cdng ty xuat khau cai thign kha nang ddi phd, cung nhu vdi cae rao can ky thuat. Ddng thdi, can cd sir phdi hgp chat che gitta cac ben.
Cdc bien phdp 6 cap vtmS i) Ddy nhanh vige xay dvmg va thvrc hign chien luge tigu chuan hda qudc gia va nang cao mttc dp qudc te hda cac tieu chudn qudc gia ciia Viet Nam.
- xay dvmg va thirc hign chign luge tigu chuan hda qudc gia cang sdm cang tdt, ddy nhanh viec thigt lap mpt hg thdng tigu chudn qudc gia, gdm cac nganh cdng nghiep thtt nhat, thu hai va thtt ba;
- Chiing ta nen hgp ly hda cac mau thuin va xung dot gitta cac tieu chuan hien cd cang sdm cang tdt, va thiet lap mpt he thdng tigu chudn hda qudc gia cang sdm cang tdt;
- Nang cao ttinh dp qudc tg hda cac tigu chuan qudc gia eiia Vigt Nam.
ii) Thiit lap ca chi canh bao sdm dg cai thien kha nang ttng phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat trong thucmg mai qudc te.
Co chi canh bao sdm can dugc tang cucmg chu yiu ttt ba khia canh sau: Suu tap bd thdng tin canh bao sdm va toan dien; phan tich chuygn sau va nghign cuu thdng tin canh bao sdm; va thiic day phd biln rpng rai va hi?u qua thdng tin canh bao sdm cho doanh nghiep.
iii) Cai thien cac ca chg tham van ky thuat song phuang va da phuang, stt dvmg higu quaco chg giai quygt ttanh chdp cua WTO.
iv) Ddng vai trd quan ttgng hom ttong cac td ehttc tieu chudn hda qudc tg va thue ddy svr phat trign cua cac tieu chuan ky thuat ve quygn sd httu tri tue ddc lap ciia Vigt Nam len cae tigu chuan qudc tg.
Cdc bien phdp & cdp hiep hpi ihirtmg mgi
De ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat ttong thuong mai qudc tg, khdng thi danh gia thap vai trd cua cac td chuc cdng nghigp. Kha nang canh ttanh cua cac doanh nghiep tren thi trudng qudc te khdng chi phu thude vao sue manh cua chinh cac doanh nghigp, ma cdn phy thugc vao svr phat trien cua cae td chuc trung gian nhu hiep hdi nganh cdng nghigp, xuat nhap khau cua thi truomg. So vdi cac nude phat ttien, cac hiep hdi nganh cdng nghigp ciia Viet Nam, phdng xuat nhap khdu thucmg mai va cac td chuc trung gian khac van cdn tuong ddi lac hau, thieu giao tigp va ddi thoai vdi cac ddi tac thuang mai ldn cua cac td chuc thuong mai qudc gia. D I ddi phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat ttong thuang mai qudc tl, chung ta phai phat huy ddy dii vai ttd cua cac hiep hdi cdng nghigp nhu mdt cdu ndi, lign tuc cai thign va tang cudng cac cK hd ttg, ttuyln thdng va chinh phii dl giai quyit cac v | doanh nghiep.
58 CHAU MY NGAY NAY - Thidt lap mdt ngn tang giao tigp va
ddi thoai higp hdi - doanh nghigp va tap trung vao cac rao can ky thuat ma cac doanh nghiep thudng xuyen gap phai.
Td ehttc thanh lap cac lign minh chign luge dl bao ve hieu qua lgi ich cua cac nha xudt khdu ttong nganh nay.
- Tang cudng nghign ettu muc tigu vg cac rao can ky thuat ttong timg linh vvre va td chuc xay dvmg va thvrc hign cac tigu chudn nganh.
Cdc bi$n phdp 6 cip vi md cm doanh nghidp
- Doanh nghidp can coi ttgng viec xu ly cac rao can ky thuat trong thuang mai qudc tl, thu thap thdng tin tu nhiiu ngudn khac nhau va chu y din cac tieu chudn qudc tg ciia nganh va svr nang dpng ciia tidu chudn san xuat ciia cac doanh nghiep tign tiin trong nganh.
- Tich cvrc dang ky rapt hg thdng chiing nhan qudc tg nhu chiing nhan he thdng chat lugng ISO 9000 va chiing nhan hg thdng quan ly mdi trudng ISO14000 dl xin giay phep tham nhap thi trudng qudc te.
- Nang cao ttinh dp ky thuat va ttinh dp quan ly ciia rigng minh va di theo con dudng chign thang bang chat lugng va phat triln thuong mai bang khoa hpc va cdng nghe. Doanh nghigp can chtt y nang cao muc do bag vg mdi trudng san xuat.
- Cac doanh nghigp quy md ldn va doanh nghigp cd cdng nghe tign tign cd dieu kign tich cvrc tham gia nghign ciiu va xay dvmg cac tieu chuan qudc tg,
thue day tich hgp cac cdng nghe tien tiin vdi quyin sd httu tri tue dpc lap vao cac tieu chuan qudc te va phan dau dat dugc vi tri tieh cvrc ttong canh ttanh qudc tg de xay dvmg cac tigu chudn ky thuat nham tang them sue sdng cho viec quang ba cac san phdm va cdng nghe Viet Nam ra thi trudng qudc tg.
- Cac doanh nghigp ngn phoi hgp cung nhau ttng phd vdi cac rao can ky thuat ttong thucmg mai qudc tg, phat huy day du lgi thg tai nguygn tdng thg va ttanh tdn thdt ldn ttong qua trinh do tinh thiiu lign kgt gitta cac doanh nghigp; Phan dau dat dugc lgi ich toi da ttong ngoai thuong. Chinh phu va doanh nghigp Viet Nam cdn thtta nhto mdi trudng canh tranh qudc te ma hg gap phai sau khi gia nhap WTO. Vi vay, can nang cao y thue phdng ngtta, cai thign quan ly, nang cao chat lugng san pham nham loai bd cac rao can ky thuat ddi vdi thuong mai qudc tl sau khi gia nhap WTO •
Chu thich:
1. Textiles and clothing legislation, https://ec.europa. eu/growth/sectors/fashion/
textiles-clothing/legis Iation_en 2. Roliert E. Liglithi2Er, 2019 National Trade
Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Bairiere, OfHce of the United States Trade Representative, hdpsi/Aistr.gov/sites^default/fi les/2D19_National_Trade_Estiniate_Report.pdf 3. Robert E. Lighthizer, 2019 National Trade
Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, OfTice of the United States Trade Representative, htlps://ustr.gov/sites/de&ult/fil es /2019_National_Trade_Estimate_Report.pdf
CHAU M ? NGAY NAY 59 4. FDA (2017), Seafood HACCP and the FDA
Food Safety Modernization Act: Guidance for Industry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, https://www.fda.gov/
media /106733/download
5. FAO, Summary of status of countries in implementing GMP/ HACCP, http://www.
fao.org/fileadmin/templates/rap/files/meetin gs/2014/140623-haccp-summary.pdf 6. Xuat khau sang EU phai tuan thu quy dinh
quan ly hoa chit (REACH), 21/5/2008, https://wviTv.vra.com.vn/tin-tuc/Xuat-lchau- sang-EU-phai-tuan-thu-quy-dinh-quan-ly-rh oa-chat-REACH.695 .html
7. The Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemical Residues in Foods (Enforcement on May 29, 2006), https://www.ffcr.or.jp/en/zanryu/the-japane se-positive/the-japanese-positive-list-system -for-agricultural-chemical-residues-in-foods- enforcement-on-may-29-.htm 1
8. Bien phap phong ve thuang mai: cong cu hieu qua giam ap lyc hang nhap khau, 02/06/2016, https://moit.gov.vn/tin-chi-tiet/- /chi-tiet/bien-phap-phong-ve-thuong-mai- cong-cu-hieu-qua-giam-ap-luc-hang-nhap- khau-107138-22.html
9. Maskus, Keith E., Tsunehiro Otsuki, and John S. Wilson (2001), An Empirical Framework for Analyzing Technical Regulations and Trade, In Quantifying the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: Can it be Done?, Keith E. Maskus and John S.
Wilson, Eds. Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press.
10.Le Quoc Bao (2018), Ban \k hang rao ky thuat trong thuang m^i va mpt so cong viec de han che anh huang tieu cue ciia hang rao ky thu?it, http://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai- viet/ban-ve-hang-rao-ky-thuat-trong-thuong- mai-va-mot-so-cong-viec-de-han-che-anh- huong-tieu-cuc-cua-hang-rao-ky-thuat- 52099.htm
