Hiep dinh thirong mai tu- do Viet Nam - EU:
Tac dong den doanh nghiep nho va vira Viet Nam
Nguyin Tuan Viet', Ngo Van Vu^
Dai Truyen hinh Viet Nam.
Email: tuanvietvtv@gmail.com
^ Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa h^i Vi6t Nam.
Email: ngovu68@gmail.com
Nhan ngay 2 thang 7 nam 2019. Chip nhan dang ngay 10 thang 8 n3m 2019.
Tom tat: Viet Nam va Lien minh Chau Au (EU) da chinh thtrc ky k6t Hiep dinh Thuong mai tir do Viet Nam-Lien minh Chau Au (EVPTA) vao ngay 30-6-2019. Viec ky kk EVFTA se ma ra cho Viet Nam con dircmg mai dk hgi nhap va phat trign. Tuy nhien, EVFTA la hiep djnh thuoTig mai tu- do the he mai, yeu cau cao nen se dat ra vo van thach thuc ddi vai Viet Nam, tii thi chg chinh sach, cho den phat trien ben viing, moi truang, lao dpng, sa hiJu tri tue, cgng dong doanh nghiep (DN), dac biet la cac doanh nghiep nho va vua (DNNW).
Tw khoa: Hiep dinh thuang mai tu do, Viet Nam-Lien minh Chau Au, doanh nghi$p nho va viia.
Phan loai nganh: Kinh te hoc
Abstract: Vietnam and the European Union officially inked the Vietnam-EU Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) on 30 June 2019. The signing will usher in a new pathway for the country's integration and development. However, the EVFTA is a new-generation free frade agreement, which is highly demanding and will, therefore, pose a lot of challenges for Vietnam, ranging from institutional ones and those on policies to those regarding sustainable development, environmental protection, labour, intellectual property, and the business community, especially small and medium enterprises.
Keywords: Free trade agreement, Vietnam - the European Union, small and medium enterprises.
Subject classification: Economics
1. Mo- aau
Hiep dinh EVFTA la hiep dinh thuang mai tu do (FTA) the he moi, duoc coi la mgt trong nhirng hiep dinh thuong mai toan dien va tham vong nhat ma EU timg ky ket voi mot quoc gia dang phat trien. Sau Singapore, day la hiep dinh thu hai EU ky ket trong khu vyc ASEAN va dugc ky vpng se tang cucmg moi quan he song phuong giira Viet Nam va EU.
Hiep dinh EVFTA tao dihu kien cho Viet Nam noi chung, cong dong DN, doanh nhan noi rieng van hoi moi de hoi nhap va phat triin. Doanh nghiep Viet Nam, nhat la cac DNNVV se co ca hoi tiep can mot thi truang tiem nang voi dan so hon 500 trieu nguai va tong san pham quoc noi (GDP) len tai 15.000 ty USD (chiSm 22% GDP toan cau). 0 chieu ngugc lai, cac doanh nghiep xuat khau tir EU cung co nhieu co hgi hon di dl dang tham nhap thi trucmg Viet Nam, dong thai nhanh chong tiep can thi trucmg Chau A. Bai viet neu nhirng noi dung ca ban cua EVFTA; phan tich, danh gia nhihig tac dpng ciia EVFTA den cac DNNVV Viet Nam trong boi canh thuc thi Hiep dinh nay.
2. Nhu-ng noi dung cff ban ciia EVFTA Hiep dinh gom 17 Chucmg, 2 Nghi dinh thu va mpt so bien ban ghi nho. Cac ITnh vuc cam ket chinh trong EVFTA [7] bao gom:
2.1. Thuang mgi hdng hda
Thie nhdt, cam ket mo ciia thi truang hang hoa cua EU. EU cam ket xoa bo thue quan ngay khi EVFTA co hieu luc doi voi hang
hoa cua Viet Nam thupc 85,6% s6 dong thuk trong biiu thui, tuong duong 70,3%
kim ngach xu^t kh^u cua Viet Nam vao EU.
Sau 7 nam ki tir khi EVFTA co hieu lire, EU cam kit xoa bo thui nhap khau doi vdi 99,2% s6 dong thui trong biiu thui, (chiem 99,7% kun ngach xudt kh4u cua Viet Nam vao EU). D6i voi 0,3%. kim ngach xuit khdu con lai (bao gom: mpt so san pham gao, ngo ngot, toi, n4m, ducmg va cac san phSm chiia ham lugng duong cao, tinh bpt sin, ca ngir dong hop), EU cam ket ma cua cho Viet Nam theo han ngach thui quan (TRQs) voi thui nhap khiu trong han ngach la 0%.
Thie hai, cam ket mo cua thi truang hang hoa cua Viet Nam. Ngay sau khi EVFTA co hieu lire, Viet Nam cam ket xoa bo thue quan cho hang hoa cua EU thupc 48,5% so dong thue trong bieu thue, (chiem 64,5%
kim ngach xuat khau cua EU sang Viet Nam). Sau 7 nam ke tir khi EVFTA co hieu luc, Viet Nam cam ket xoa bo 91,8% so dong thue trong bieu thue, (chiem 97,1%
kim ngach xuat khau cua EU sang Viet Nam). Sau 10 nam ke tir khi EVFTA c6 hieu lire, Viet Nam cam ket se xoa bo khoang 98,3%o so dong thue trong bleu thue, chiem 99,8% kim ngach xuat khau cua EU sang Viet Nam.
Doi voi khoang 1,7% so dong thue con lai cua EU, Viet Nam cam ket danh han ngach thue quan nhu cam ket ciia To chiic Thucmg mai The gioi (WTO), hoac ap dung 16 trinh xoa bo dac biet (nhu thuoc la, xang dau, bia, linh kien 6 to, xe may).
Thie ba, cam ket ve thue xuat khau. Viet Nam va EU cam ket khong ap dung bSt ky loai thue, phi xuat khau nao trir cac truong hpp dugc bao luu ro (theo ket qua cam kit thi chi CO Viet Nam co bao luu vi vdn di
Ngo Van Vii nay, EU khong c6 bao luu nao). Theo
nguyen tac nay, trir cac trucmg hgp co bao luu (cua Viet Nam), Viet Nam va EU se khong ap dung loai thui, phi nao rieng d6i vol hang xuk khdu ma khong ap dung cho hang tieu thu npi dia, khong ap dung miic thue, phi d6i voi hang xuat khau cao hon muc ap dung cho hang tieu thu npi dia. Bao luu cua Viet Nam vi cac thue xuat khau dugc neu trong Phu luc 2d Chuong 2 EVFTA, ap dung doi voi hang hoa xuat khau tir Viet Nam sang EU voi cac npi dung chii yeu: (1) Viet Nam duy tri danh thue xuat khau doi voi 57 dong thue, gom cac san pham nhu cat, da phien, da granit, mpt so loai quang va tinh quang, dau tho, than da, than coc, vang... Trong so nay, cac dong thue Men nay dang co mirc thue xuat khau cao se dupc dua ve miic 20% trong thoi gian toi da la 5 nam (rieng quang manggan se dugc giam ve 10%); cac san pham con lai duy tri miic thue xuat khau hien hanh; (2) Voi toan bp cac san pham khac, Viet Nam cam ket se xoa bo thue xuat khau theo lp trinh toi da la 15 nam.
Thie tu, cam ket ve hang rao phi thue.
D6i voi hang rao ky thuat trong thuang mai (TBT): (1) Hai ben thoa thuan tang cucmg thuc hien cac quy tac cua Hiep dinh ve cac rao can ky thuat doi voi thuong mai ciia WTO (Hiep dinh TBT), trong do Viet Nam cam ket tang cuong sii dung cac tieu chuan qu6c ti trong ban hanh cac quy dinh ve TBT cua minh; (2) Hiep dinh co 01 Phu luc rieng quy dinh ve cac hang rao phi thue doi voi ITnh vuc oto, trong do Viet Nam cam kit cong nhan toan bg chiing nhan phu hgp vi ky thuat doi voi oto ciia EU theo cac nguyen tSc cua Hiep dinh UNECE 1958 (he thdng tieu chuan Lien Hgp Quoc) sau 5
nam ke tir khi EVFTA co hieu luc; (3) Vi$t Nam cam ket chap nhan nhan "San xuat tai EU" (Made in EU) cho cac san pham phi nong san (trit dugc pham) dong thofi vSn chap nhan nhan xuat xii cu the o mgt nuac EU.
Cac bien phap ve sinh an toan thuc phdm va kiem dinh dpng thuc vat (SPS): Viet Nam va EU dat dugc thoa thuan ve mgt so nguyen tac ve SPS nham tao dieu kien cho hoat dgng thuang mai doi vcd cac san pham d6ng vat, thuc vat. Dac biet, doi voi hang hoa xuat nhap khau voi Viet Nam, chu the quan ly phia EU la co quan co tham quyen cua timg nuac thanh vien EU cu the (noi xuat kh§u, nhap khau hang hoa Viet Nam) chu khong phai, la ca quan chung cap lien minh cua BU. Uy ban Chau Au chi chiu trach nhiem ve phoi hgp chung, kiem tra/thanh tra he thong kiem soat va he thong phap luat lien quan cua cac nuoc thanh vien nham bao dam viec dp dung thong nhat cac tieu chuin, quy chuan ky thuat trong toan thi truong EU.
Cac bien phap phi thue quan khac. Hiep dinh cilng bao gom cac cam k6t theo hudng giam hot hang rao thue quan khac (vi du cam ket ve cap phep xuat khau/nhap khau, thu tuc hai quan...) nham tao dieu kien cho hoat dgng xuit nhap khau giiia hai ben.
Thti ndm, Phu luc ve dugc pham. Hiep dinh CO mpt Phu luc rieng vi dugc pham (san phim xuit khau quan trpng ciia EU, chiim 9% tdng nhap khau tit EU va Viet Nam) trong do: (1) Hai ben cam kit vi mot s6 bien phap nham tao thuan lgi cho thuong mai dugc phim giiia EU va Viet Nam; (2) Viet Nam cam kit cho phep cac doanh
nghiep dau tu nuoc ngoai dugc nhap khiu dupc pham nhung khong dupc tham gia ban buon hay ban le dugc pham, va chi dugc ban lai cho doanh nghiep dugc cap phep quyen phan phoi (ban buon) dupc pham 6 Viet Nam; (3) Viet Nam co cac cam ket ve viec cho phep nha thau EU tham gia cac goi thau dugc pham, voi mot so bao luu rieng.
2.2. Thuang mai dich vu vd ddu tu Cam kit ciia Viet Nam vd EU trong EVFTA ve thucmg mai dich vu va dau tu huong toi viec tao ra mpt moi trudng dau tu cdi md, thuan lpi cho hoat dpng cua cac doanh nghiep hai ben, trong do: (1) Cam ket ciia EU cho Viet Nam cao hon cam ket ciia EU trong WTO va tucmg duong vdi muc cao nhat ciia EU trong cac FTA gan day ciia EU; (2) Cam ket ciia Viet Nam cho EU cao hon cam ket ciia Viet Nam trong WTO va it nhat la ngang bang vdi miic md cua cao nhat ma Viet Nam cho cac doi tac khac trong cac dam phan FTA Men tai ciia Viet Nam (bao g6m ca CPTPP).
2.3. Mua sdm ciia Chinh phii
Hiep dinh EVFTA bao gom cac nguyen tac ve mua sam cua Chinh phu (dau thau cong) tuong duang vdi quy dinh ctia Hiep dinh mua sam ciia CMnh phu cua WTO (GPA).
Vdi mgt so nghia vu nhu dau thau qua mang, thiet lap cong thong tin dien tu de dang tai thong tin diu thau, Viet Nam se thuc Men theo lp trinh; EU ciing cam ket danh hfi trg ky thuat cho Viet Nam dk thuc
thi cac nghia vu nay. Viet Nam bao luu co thdi han quyin danh rieng mgt ty le nhat dinh gia tri cac goi thau cho nha thau, hang hoa, dich vu va lao dpng trong nudc.
2.4. Sa hieu tri tui
vin di sd hiru tri tue trong EVFTA gom cac cam ket ve ban quyen, phat minh, sang chi, cam kit li6n quan tdi dugc pham va chi din dia ly... vdi miic bao hg cao hon so vdi WTO; tuy nhien cac miic nay ve co ban phii hgp vdi quy dinh cua phap luat Men hanh cua Viet Nam.
Ve cM dan dia ly, Viet Nam cam ket bao hp 169 cM dan dia ly cua EU va EU se bao hp 39 cM dan dja ly ciia Viet Nam. Cac chi dan dia ly cua Viet Nam deu lien quan tdi nong san, thuc pham. D^y la dieu kien de mpt so chiing loai nong san noi bat cua Viet Nam tiep can va khang dinh thuang hieu ciia minh tai thi trudng EU.
Vg dugc pham, Viet Nam cam ket tang cudng bao hp dpc quyen dQ Ueu cho cac san pham dugc pham ciia EU, va neu co quan c6 tham quyen cham tre trong viec cap phep luu hanh dugc pham thi thdi han bao hp sang che co tiie dugc keo dai them nhung khong qua 2 nam.
2.5. Doanh nghiep nhd nu&c va trg cdp Ve doanh nghiep nha nudc (DNNN), hai ben thong nhat ve cac nguyen tic dii vdi cac DNNN; cac nguyen tac nay, ciing vdi cac nguyen tac ve trg cap, hudng tdi viec bao dam moi trudng canh tranh binh ding giira cac DNNN va doanh nghiep dan
Ngo Van Vii doanh kM cac DNNN tham gia vao cac hoat
dpng thuong mai. Ddi vdi cac khoan tro cip trong nudc se co cac quy tic ve minh bach va CO thu tuc tham vin.
2.6. Thuang mgi va Phat triin ben vihig EVFTA bao gom mgt chuong kha toan dien ve thuong mai va phat trien ben virng, vdi nhiing npi dung quan trpng: (1) Cam kit thuc thi Meu qua cac tieu chuan co ban cua To chuc Lao dpng Quoc te (ILO), cac Cong udc cua ILO (khdng chi cac Cdng udc co ban), cac Hiep dinh Da phuong vi Mdi trudng ma radi ben da ky ket/gia nhap; (2) Cam ket gia nhap/ky ket cac Cdng udc co ban ciia ILO ma mdi ben chua tham gia; (3) Cam ket se khdng vi muc tieu thu hiit thuong mai va dau tu ma giam bdt cac yeu cau hoac phuong hai tdi viec thuc thi hieu qua cac luSt ve mdi trudng va lao dgng trong nudc; (4) Thuc day trach nhiem xa hgi cua doanh nghiep (CSR), co dan chieu tdi cac thdng le qudc te ve van de nay; (5) Mpt dieu khoan ve bien doi khi hau va cac cam ket bao tdn va quan ly ben viing da dang sinh hpc (bao gdra ddng thuc vat hoang da), rung (bao gdm khai thac gd bat hgp phap), va danh bat ca; (6) Cac co che tang cudng su tham gia cua xa hgi dan su vao viec thuc thi Chucmg nay, ca tir gdc dp ngi dia (tham van cac nhdm tu van ndi dia) va song phuong (cac dien dan song phuong); (7) Cac dieu khoan tang cudng minh bach va trach nhiem giai trinh.
2.7. Ca chi gidi quyet tranh chdp EVFTA tMdt lap mdt co che giai quyit cac tranh chip co the phat sinh giiia Viet Nara
va EU trong viec dien giai va thuc tM cac cam ket ciia Hiep dinh. Co che nay ap dung ddi vdi hau het cac Chuong cua Hiep dinh va dugc danh gia trong mot so raat la nhanh va Meu qua hon ca che giai quyet tranh chap trong WTO. Co che nay dugc thiit ki vdi tinh chat la phuong thiic giai quyit tranh chap cudi ciing, khi cac ben khdng giai quyet dugc traiih chap bang cac hinh thirc khac. Co che nay bao gdra cac quy trinh va thdi han cd dinh de giai quyet tranh chap, theo do hai ben trudc tien phai thara van, neu tham van khdng dat dugc ket qua tM ragt trong hai ben cd the yeu cau thiet lap mpt ban hgi tham bao gdra cac chuyen gia phap ly ddc lap. EVFTA ciing du li6u mdt CO che khac mem deo hon: co che trung gian, de xir ly cac van de lien quan tdi cac bien phap c6 anh hudng tieu cue den dau tu va thuong mai song phuang.
Tir nhirng ndi dung dugc neu tren day cho thay, EVFTA la mdt trong nhiing FTA the he mdi, vdi pham vi cam ket rdng va miic do cam ket cao. Viet Nam thara gia EVFTA dugc du kien cd nhieu lgi ich tu viec tang trudng xuat khau cung nhu qua trinh da dang hoa thj trudng va mat hang xuat Idiau. Theo cac tinh toan ciia cac nha nghien ciiu, neu Hiep dinh EVFTA dupc thuc Men ngay co the se gop phan lam tdng san phira qudc dan (GDP) tang them d mite binh quan tir 2,18% din 3,25% cho giai doan tu nam 2019 din 2023; 4,57% din 5,30% cho giai doan nam 2024 din 2028 va tit 7,07% din 7,72% cho giai doan nam 2029 din 2033. Vi pMa EU, theo nghien ciru cua Uy ban Chau Au (EC), EVFTA se lam tang thu nhap qudc dan cua EU trong dai han vdi raiic tang c6 the len tdi 29,5 ty Euro. Ngoai ra, du kien xuit khiu cua BU sang Viet Nam co the tang trung binh
khoang 29% [8]. Dac biet, EVFTA mang lai nMeu lgi ich cho ca DN hai ben va ca ngudi tieu dung. Ngudi dan Viet Nam se co CO hgi tiep c£tn vdi cac san phim chit lugng cao, gia ca canh tranh tu EU. Cac san phim ciia Viet Nam ciing se cd sir bao hd vao thi trudng EU.
Hien nay, cdng ddng DN ciia Viet Nam, phan ldn la DNNVV, vdi sd lugng len tdi hon 97%. Han chi cd hiiu ciia cac DNNVV la nang lyc quan tri cdn kem, trinh dd cdng nghe yeu; quy md DN nho ke ca vi tin dung, ngudn tyc, dgi ngii nhan lyc...; cdng tac xay dung thuong hieu, ciing nhu kha nang tiep can vdi cac thi trudng mdi la rat kho khan. Khi EVFTA di vao thuc thi, co hgi va lgi the mang din cho DNNVV Viet Nara dugc nhin thay ro rang. Tuy nhien, con rat nhieu khd khan, thach thiic ma DNNVV Viet Nam phai ddi mat do la: ap lyc canh tranh dang den mdt each cu thi cho timg nganh hang va tiing san pham cua timg DN, timg ngudi san xuit trong nudc, va chac ehan, DNNVV se phai ddi mat vdi nhieu tranh chap thuong mai, diu tu.
Do vay, de tan dung tdt co hdi tir EVFTA, vin di dat ra la DNNVV cin tap trung tim hieu, tiep can va nim bit mdt each toan dien ndi dung hiep dinh. Ben canh do, cac DNNVV phai chu dgng tiip can nhftng chuang trinh cua Chinh phu di phdi hgp thuc thi tdt Mep dinh nay.
3. Tac dgng tCr EVFTA doi vdi doanh nghiep nho va vira Vi6t Nam
3.1. Tdc dpng tich ciec
Thu nhdi, ve xuat khau. Men tai EU la mdt trong nhimg thi trudng xuat khau ldn nhat
cua Viet Nam, tuy nhien thi phan hang hoa cua Viet Nam tai khu vyc nay cdn rat khiem tdn, bdi nang luc canh trarih cua hang Viet Nam cdn ban che (nguyen nhan lam cho gia ca san phim hang hoa xuat khau cao la do nguyen lieu chu yeu dugc nhap khau; quy md nha xudng, co sd vat chat cua DN kha nho khdng dap ung dupc don hang BU). Sau kM EVFTA di vao thuc IM, hang hoa dupc xda bd tdi tren 99% thue quan, cac DNNVV se cd nMeu co hdi tang kha nang canh tranh ve gia cua hang hoa khi xuat khau vao EU. Cac nganh du kiin se dugc hudng lgi nhieu nhit la nhiing nganh hang xuat khau chu lyc ciia Viet Nam ma Men EU vin dang duy tri thui quan cao nhu det may^, giay dep va hang ndng san. Thi trudng EU chiem ty trgng rit ldn trong tdng kim ngach xuit khiu giay dep Viet Nam va ludn d miic hon 30%.
EVFTA md ra co hdi rit ldn cho DNNVV Viet Nam tham gia thi trudng rdng ldn nay va tao san choi binh ding giiia DN Viet Nam va DN cua EU. Viec DNNVV Viet Nam phai canh tranh vdi DN ciia EU ngay tren thi trudng trong nudc la diim tich cue, bdi cac DNNVV Viet Nam vugt qua dugc thach thiic nay se cd su trudng thanh hon, cai thien nang lyc canh tranh cua minh.
Thu hai, ve nhap khiu, cac DN Viet Nam ciing se dugc lgi tir ngudn hang hda, nguyen lieu nhap khau vdi chit lugng tdt va dn dinh vdi miic gia hgp Iy hem tir EU. Cac DNNVV se cd co hpi dugc tiep can vdi ngudn may mdc, tMet bi, cdng nghe/ky thuat cao tir cac nudc EU, qua do di nang cao nang suit va cai tMen chit lugng san pham cua rainh. Dac biet, nganh da giay, cac DN se nhap dugc cdng nghe giay dep tdt tir cac nudc cd nen san xuit giay dep
Ngo Van Vii phat triin nhu Diic, Italia. Ddng thdi, nhap
khau dugc nguyen phu lieu phuc vu cho san xuat san pham giay dep d phan khiic hang trung va cao cap. Trong nganh ndng nghi$p, cac DNNVV cd the tiep can may mdc thiet bi phuc vu cho ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao, ndng ngMep hihi co, ndng nghiep quy md ldn de giiip DN cat giam chi phi trong san xuat, tit do gia tang siic canh tranh san pham hang hda.
r/iif ba, ve mdi trudng kinh doanh, vdi viec thuc tM cac cam ket trong EVFTA vi cac van de the che, cMnh sach phap luat sau dudng bien gidi, mdi trudng kinh doanh va chinh sach, phap luat Viet Nam se cd nhirng thay ddi, cai thien theo hudng minh bach hon, thuan lpi va phu hgp hon vdi thdng le qudc te. Dieu nay tao ra site ep tdt de Viet Nam cai tMen mdi trudng kinh doanh va the che kinh te theo hudng thi trudng, tdn trpng canh tranh va quyen tu do canh tranh, bao hg hgp ly tai san cita cac DNNVV.
3.2. Tdc dpng tieu cue
Ciing nhu cac FTA the hd mdi khac, EVFTA se cd nhiing tac ddng tieu cue khdng nhd, ddi hdi cac DNNVV Viet Nam phai vugt qua de bien nd trd thanh nhiing CO hdi cho phat trien.
Thu nhdt, cac yeu cau ve quy tac xuat xu, thuong hieu ma EVFTA dua ra cd the khd dap ling. Thdng thudng hang hda mudn duoc hudng uu dai thue quan theo EVFTA thi nguyen lieu phai dap img dupc mdt ty le vi ham lugng ndi khdi nhat dinh (nguyen lieu cd xuat xir tai EU va/hoac Viet Nam).
Day la mdt thach thiic ldn ddi vdi cac DNNVV Viet Nam bdi ngudn nguyen lieu cho san xuat hang xuat khau Men nay chu yeu dugc tihap khau tir Tnmg Qudc hoac ASBAN^
Trong ngatih ndng ngMep, cac DNNVV Viet Nam raudn hudng uu dai thui kM vao EU thi phai tuan thit cac quy dinh nghiem ngat cua timg nudc ve truy xuat ngudn gdc, sd hihi tri tue, an toan thye phara, rainh bach hda thdng tin ve lao ddng. Vi vay, cac DNNVV Viet Nam can dac biet luu y vin de nay.
Bdn canh do, ve van de thuong Meu, cac DNNVV cita Viet Nam, dac biet la cac DN nganh da giay va may mac hau het lam gia cdng nen san pham xuat khau chua mang thuang Meu cua DN Viet Nam. Day la diem nghen ma DNNVV Viet Nam dang gap phai hien nay.
Thie hai, cac rao can nhu TBT, SPS va yeu cau cita khach hang trong khdi EU la ragt thi trudng kho tinh. Cac ySu cau bat bupc ve ve sinh an toan thuc pham, dan nhan, mdi trudng... cua EU rat khat khe va khdng de dap iing. Dao luat Kiera soat hda chat tdn du tren san pham (REACH ) dang la khd khan nhat ddi vdi DN xuat khau vao EU, nhat la cac DN trong nganh thiiy san cdn chiu nMeu rao can ky thuat^ (tieu chuan chit luong, quy tic xuat xir). Hien nay cM cd mpt sd DN Idn dat dugc tieu chuan nay.
Vi vay, trong thdi gian tdi, di tiip can dugc EVFTA thi hang hda cita Viet Nam ciing phai hoan tMen rit nMeu ve chat lugng de cd thi vugt qua dugc cac rao can nay. Cac DNNVV Viet Nara phai ludn ludn cap nhat
nhijng yeu ciu radi va thuc Men nghiem ngat cac tieu chuin niu khdng don hang xuat khiu vao EU sg bi loai.
Thii ba, nguy co ve cac bien phap phdng ve thuong raai. Thdng thudng kM rao can thue quan khdng cdn la cdng cu hiiu MSu di bao ve niia, DN d thi trudng nhap khiu cd xu hudng sir dung nMeu hon cac bien phap chdng ban pha gia, chdng trg cip hay tu ve de bao ve nganh san xuat ndi dia. EU la mdt trong nhirng thi trudng cd "truyen thdng"
su dung cac cdng cu nay.
Thie tu. site ep canh tranh tir hang hda va dich vu ciia EU. Thuc hien cam ket md ciia thi trudng Viet Nam cho hang hoa, dich vu tir EU ddng nghTa vdi viec DNNVV Viet Nam se phai canh tranh kho khan hem ngay tai thi trudng ndi dia. Theo BVFTA, trong ndng nghiep, Viet Nam se cit giam 24%) ndng san nhap khau ve 0% ngay nam diu va cat giam 99% sau 10 nam. Nhu vay cac DN nganh hang gia cam, ehan nudi va san pham tir sua se chiu ap luc canh tranh khdc liet. Dieu nay ddi hdi cac DNNVV Viet Nam phai nang cao nang suat vat nudi, giam gia thanh san pham ehan nudi va dam bao cac san pham ehan nudi an toan djch benh, an toan thuc pham. Dong thdi, cac DN td chirc nganh ehan nudi theo chuoi lien ket khep kin.
Tren thuc te, day la mdt thach thiic rat ldn, bdi cac doanh nghiep BU cd lgi thd hem han cac DNNVV Viet Nam ve nang luc canh tranh, kinh nghiem thi trudng ciing nhu kha nang tan dung cac FTA. Tuy nhien, cam ket md cira ctia Viet Nam la cd Id trinh, dac biet ddi vdi nhting nhdm san pham nhay cam, do dd EVFTA ciing la
CO hdi, sue ep hgp ly de cac DNNVV Viet Nam diiu chinh, thay doi phuong thiic kinh doanh va nang cao nang lyc canh tranh cua minh.
4. Ket Iu3n
EVFTA se cdn phai trai qua tien trinh xem xet va phe chuan cua Qudc hdi Viet Nam va Qudc hdi cua cac nudc thanh vidn EU vao cudi nam 2019. Do do, Viet Nam phai tiep tuc nd luc sua ddi, bd sung cac Mat va thye Men nhirng cdng viec lien quan de dat dugc ket qua cudi cimg la dua EVFTA vao thye tM. Cd the tin tudng ring, vdi sir vao cudc cua ca he thdng chinh tri, dac biet la cM dao rat nhat quan, kip thdi cita Dang, Nha nudc va Thii tudng Chinh phu ciing nhu su vao cudc cua cac bd, nganh trong thdi gian qua, BVFTA se nhanh chdng di den dich cudi ciing va cdng ddng DN, dac biet la cac DNNVV Viet Nam se dat dugc Meu qua thye su ma EVFTA raang lai, gdp phan quan trpng vao qua trinh hgi nhap di phat trien nhanh va ben viing dat nudc.
D|t may dugc cho \k nginh duac huimg Igi nhiiu nhat khi Hiep djnh co hi$u luc, boi le tieu chuAn xu^t xu, chung ta chi can xudt xii ttr v^i, chii khong phai tu sgi nhu cam kk CPTPP, tham chi Hi?p dinh c6n cho phep c^ng gop xuit xii. EU d6ng y chap nhan cho ViSt Nam cgng ggp xudt xu (tuc Ik EU da ky HiSp dinh FTA vdi HSn Quoc). Nhu vay Vi6t Nam c6 quy^n nhSp vai tu H ^ Qu6c vk \km ra san 10
Ngd Van VQ pham may m3c hoan chinh tai Vift Nam, sau do
b^n sang EU vSn dugc huang tru dai di v^o thi tmong n^y.
* Di dugc huong loi ich hip dan tii EVFTA nen kha n^ng gian Ijin thuong mai v^ lam gia quy tSc xuat xii o mgt s6 DNNVV Viet Nam hoan toan co thi xay ra. Dieu nay khong chi gay t6n hai d6n mgt DN lam sai, ma con ton hai din ca cgng ding DN (tmong hgp rapt DN lim gia quy tSc xuit xii, thi EU co the dp dat gian ISn thuang mai cho ca ngSnh co DN sai pham).
' REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) la mgt quy dinh mai trong EU ve h6a chat va sii dung an toan hoa chat, dugc ban hanh ngay 01/06/2007. Muc dich ciia quy dinh nay nham d ^ bao an toan siic kh6e cho con nguoi va moi truang bang each ap dung cac phuang ph^p danh gia dO nguy hai ciia cac chit ma khong 4nh huong den luu thong h6a chit trong thi tmong EU. Trong danh muc bat bugc khai bao bao gim tat ca cac san pham thuge nganh cong nghiep. Hen quan den hang tieu dimg nhu hoa chit, nhugm, in, vai sgi, may mac, giiy dep, do choi, do dien tii, vat dung trong nha, do go, my pham, chat lieu tao huong tham trong nen, son... REACH la Quy dinh phap Iu§t ciia EU dp dung trong tat ca 28 qu6c gia thu^c EU. Khi ap dung luat nay thi viec xuat khau vao cac quoc gia nay ciing phai tuan thii REACH y nhu cac nudc thu^c EU.
* Thtrc tiln qud trinh nganh thiiy san Viet Nam no luc khac phuc de thoat khoi "the vang" ciia Uy ban Chau Au trong nam 2017 vd ndm 2018 cho thay, ngucri tieu diing Chau Au khong chi quan tam toi viec con ca c6 ngon hay khong, md ho quan tam den viec la con ca co dugc ddnh bit hgp phap hay khong, tau ca co duoc giam sdt diing quy trinh hay kh6ng.
Nhin nhan van de ndy cho thay cac DNNVV Vi6t Nam se phai doi mat voi cu6c canh tranh khoe liet.
doi hoi moi DN phdi nhanh chong thay ddi vd tuan thu diing quy dinh vi khai thac thiiy sdn theo yfu ciu ciia EU dat ra.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Trin Tuin Anh (2019), "EVFTA nang tim hgi nhap ciia Viet Nam", Bao Nhdn Ddn, s6 ra ngiy 1/7.
[2] Hodng Ha (2019), "EVFTA: Mo r^ng thi tmcmg xuat khau, giam thu ngdn sdch". Tap chi Tdi chinh doanh nghiip, so 7.
[3] Bach Hu? (2019), "Doanh nghiep d6n ca hgi tir EVFTA", Thai bdo Kinh li Vi4i Nam, s6 ra ngdy 1/7.
[4] Nguyin Huyin (2019), "CPTPP vi EVFTA c(J hich cho nganh thuy sdn". Thai bdo Kinh ti VietNam, so rangiy 18/7.
[5] Vu Khue (2019), "EVFTA giiip nginh da giiy tang tnrdng trd lai". Thai bdo Kinh ti Viet Nam, so ra ngay 24/7.
[6] Chuang Phugng (2019), "EVFTA md ra ca hfii ldn vd dem lai nhilu Igi ich tich cue", Thdi bdo Kinh ti Viet Nam, so ra ngiy 1/7.
[7] Tmng tam WTO vi hgi nhap (2019), Tom luac Hiep dinh Thicang mgi tic do Viet Nam - Liin minh Chdu Au (EVFTA), Phong Thuang mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI), Hd Ngi.
[8] http://nangluongsachvietnam.vn/d6/vi- VN/news2/Hiep-dinh-EVFTA-va-EVIPA-Co- hoi-cho-doanh-nghiep-nho-va-vua-0-163- 3974, truy cap ngay 3-7-2019
[9] "TPP: Ca hgi vd thdch thiic d6i vdi Viet Nam", http://www.dsi.mpi.gov.vn/32/473.htira, truy cap ngay 15-7-2019.
[10] "TPP: Ca hgi va thdch thiic doi vdi doanh nghiep vira vi nho", http://viemamnet.vn, tmy cap ngiy 22-7-2019.
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