KT nang song va muc tieu giao due ngay nay

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••mmatm _Da>f^Ifi>c

LY LUAN DAY VA HOC

KT nang song va muc tieu giao due ngay nay

LE HAI YEN Trung tam Nghifin cdu va Phat trien TU hoc

I. KHAI NIEM VE KY N A N G SONG

Ky nang song la Khai niem mdi xual hien Irong nhQng nam g i n day, nen nhieu khai niem chUa dUdc dinh hinh ro ret

- Theo WHO (to chdc Y le the giPi):

+ KNS ia cac kha nang de cd hanh vi thich dng (adap- tive) va lich cpc positive)

+ KNS giup cae ea nhan cd the dng xd hteu qua trudc cac nhu cau va thach thdc cua cuoc sdng hang ngay

- Theo UNICEF (to chde Nhi ddng The gtdi):

+ KNS la each tiep can giup thay dd'i hanh vi mdi. Cach tiep can nay luu y den sp can bang ve tiep thu kie'n thdc, hinh thanh Ihai do va phal trien kT nang ,

+ Cach tiep can nay nhan manh viec luyen tap thudng xuyen, lap di lap Igi de cung co .

- Theo UNESCO (to chdc G i l o due, Khoa hpc va Van hoa cua Lien hifip quoc ):

+ KNS la nang Ipc ca nhan de thUc hien day du cac chdc nang va Iham gia v i o cuoc sdng hang ngay .

+ KNS bao gdm mol loat eac kT nang eu the, can thiet cho cupe song hang ngay cua con ngUpi.

Nhuvay, ban chal cua ky nang sdng la kT nangtu quan ban than va kT nang xa hpi can thiet de ca nhan tp lpc Irong cupc sdng, hpc Igp dng XL/ va lam viec hieu qua

Not each khae, Ky nang sdng la kha nang lam ehu ban than cua mpi ngudi, kha nang dng xd phu hdp vdi nhQng ngUdi khlc va vdi xa hoi, kha nang Png phd tich cUc trudc cac tinh hudng cua cuoc song.

* Chu y: Mpt Ky nang sdng cd the cd nhOng ten gpi khac nhau, vi dy:

- KN hpp tac con gpi la KN lam viec nhdm . - KN kiem soat cam xuc con goi la kT nang xP li cam xuc, ky nang lam chu cam xuc, KN quan li cam xuc. KN lam chu cam xuc, ky nang quan ly cam x u c .

- Ky nang thUOng Iuong con gpi la ky nang dam phan, kT nang thUOng thuye't..

- Cac KNS thudng khong tach rPi ma co mdi Mfin quan chgt che vdi nhau

1 KNS khdng phai tp nhien cd dupc ma phai dupc

hinh thanh trong qua trinh hpc tap, ITnh hpi va ren luyen trong cudc sdng. Qua trinh hinh thanh KNS d i l n ra ca trong va ngoai nha trudng

2. KNS vPa mang linh ca nhan vda mang tinh xa hot, KNS mang linh ca nhan vi do la kha nang dac thu cua mPi ca nhan. KNS mang tinh xa hpi vi no phu thuoc vao cac giai doan phat trien Ijch sif xa hoi, ehiu anh hddng ciia truyen thdng va van hoa ciia gia dinh, cong dong dan lpc 3. KNS la mot thanh td rat quan trong Irong muc tifiu giao due ciia nha trUdng hien dai

Ky ning sdng cd lien quan rat mat thiii vdi Tri tue xuc cam -EO va li mdt trong cac tieu chi va thanh to quan trong cua Chi so tong hffp (ve chit tffffng giao due va ngudn nhan Iffc) ma cac to chde qudc te dung de danh gia chat Iddng giao due

" Phan loai Ky nang sdng:

- Nhdm cic KN nhin bie'l vi song vdi chinh minh' IU nhan thPc, xac dinh gia tri Png phd vdi cang Ihang, tim kiem su hd trp, tu trong, IU lin . ..,

- Nhdm cae ky nang nhan bie't va sdng vdi ngddi khac:

gtao tie'p cd hieu qua, giat quyet mau Ihuan, thUdng lUdng, Id choi, b i y td sp cam Ihong, hdp lac ....

- Nhdm cac KN ra quyet dinh mdi each cd hieu qui: tim kie'm va xd li thong lin, IU duy phe phan tuduy sang lao, ra quyet dmh, giai q u y l t van de

' Tam quan trpng cda giao dpc Ky nang sdng cho hoc sinh.

- KNS gdp phan thuc day su phat trien ca nhan, xa hpi - Giao dye KNS la yeu cau cap thiet ddi vdi Ihe hfi tre dac bifit trong bdi canh hpi nhap qudc te va nen kinh te Ihj Irudng

- Giao dpc ky nang sdng IhUc hien yeu cau doi mdi giao dye pho thong

- G i l o due KNS cho h oc smh Irong cac IrUdng pt\6 thdng la xu the chung cua nhieu nudc phat trien tren the gidi .

- Nhieu nha khoa hpc the gidi cho rang- De Ihanh dal trong cudc s i n g thi cac ky nang mem (ky nang lu duy, ky nang song) c h i l m tdi 75%, k9 nang cdng {kien thdc) chl

DiyinWc so

9-2012 chilm 25%

- De chuin bi dao tgo nguon nhan Ipc co chit luong cao - cho mfit xa hfii cong nghifip va phat triln (dao tao Dgi hoc hay gilo due nghS nghifip .) muon c6 chat luong thl phai duoc chuan bi cac ky nSng song mdi ngay Id bac pho thdng

II. KHAI NIEM KY NANG MEM VA KY NANG CUfNG Cac khai mem nay mdi xual hien trong nhu'ng nam gan day

Ky nang "mem" (soft skills) la thuat ngQ dung de chl cac ky nang quan trgng trong cuoc sdng con ngUPi nhu Ky nSng sdng, giao liep, lanh dao, lam viee theo nhom, ky nang quan h thdi gian, thu gian, vupt qua khung hoang, sang lao va ddi mdi . la nhCfng thd thudng khong dddc hpc Irong nha IrUPng khong hen quan den kien Ihdc chuyen mon, nhieu khi phu Ihudc chu yeu vao ca linh moi ngUdi, nhUng eo the ren luyen va phat tnen dddc neu dddc chu y trong noi dung chUPng trinh va qua tnnh giao due Cac Ky nang "mem' quyel dmh minh la ai, lam viec the nao. Qng xp ra sao, la Ihudc do hieu qua trong cong viec

KJ nang "cdng" (hard skills} d nghTa trai ngUOc thudng xuat hien tren ban ly lich Kha nang hoc van, trinh do chuyen mon Ban thudng nghT ring ngudi ta se ral an lupng vdi hang loat cac bing cap chdng ch! vdi vt tri va dilm so cao NhUng chi nhung dieu dd Ihoi co the khong dil de giup bgn thang tien trong cong viec. Bdi ben canh do bgn con can co ca cac ky nang ' mem' Vi Ihuc te cho thay nguPi thanh dgt chf co 15% la do nhCJng kien IhUc chuyen mon, 85% con lai dupc quye't dinh bPi nhiKng ky nang mem hp duoc trang bi Chia khoa dan de'n Ihanh cong thyc sp la bgn phai biel k i t hpp ca hai ky nang nay III. N H O N G 001 HOI CUA NGUON NHAN Ll/C TRONG THE Kl XXI

' Ngan hang The gipi goi the ki XXI la k( nguyen cua kinh te dya vao kTnang- Skills Based Economy (http//

www librarything com).

Ning Iffc cua con ngUdi dUffc danh gla tren ci ba khia cgnh: Kien thUc. Ky ning vi Thai dg. Nhieu nhi khoa hoc the giai eho rang De thanh dal trong cudc sdng thi cac ki ning mem ehiem ldi 75%. ky nang cdng (kien thdc) chi chiem 25% (htlp //www sottskillsinstitution eom/faq htm)

Cau hPi dat ra la 'Ky nang nao la can Ihiel cho moi con ngUdi de thanh cong Irong cong viec va cuoc song'"

Mucin xae dmh dUdc muc lifiu giao dye thi dieu quan trpng nhat la can hinh dung dupe nhOfng doi hoi cua thUc ticn doi vdi con ngu'di - (nguon nhan IUc) trong giai doan tdi (vi dy 10-20 nam sau) sfi nhu t h l nao"?

Vl dy. D i n nam 2020-2030, nuPc ta se la nudc cong nghifip phat tnen, vay luc ay ngu6n nhlin lpc cua nude ta

<Joi hPi cac kien IhUc va ky nSng gi'' TP nhQng dPi hoi cua thyc liln, Chung la hinh dung ra nhung kien thPc va ky nkng. thai dfi cua con ngUdi c i n co de c6 the song v^ lam vific trong Ihyc lien l y , dSc biet la can nhQng kien thUe gi'' C i n nhu'ng ky nang tri tufi va tu duy gi'' Can nhij'ng pham chit nhfin cich gi"? C i n nhQng ky nang song g'P...

The ki 21 la the ky cua cong ngh^ Ihong tin va truyen thong, ky nguyen cua sp hpi nhgp toan cau.

day thach IhUc va thay dil tdng gid... Vi the c6 the hinh

dung cic kynang cda thi k^ 21 bao gdm cac tuduy nang dgng va sing tgo kha nang lien kit vi giii quyel van de, de xuat cic y tudng dge dao, cic ki ning giao tiep, tam vigc trong mot trudng da quic gla, cac ky ning sdng thuc tiin vi tien tiin, sddgng thanh thao vitinh, ngoai ngff... Cicky nang ve giai quyit van de hoic cic ky ning cg the ve vl tinh, truyen thong, eong nghg, giao tiip,... se quan trgng khong kem gi cic ky nang co bin li dgc, viet, lam toan...

De mmh chdng cho cac nhan dmh tren, chung ta thP tim hieu Ch! so nguon nhan luc cua mdt sd nudc cong nghiep hien nay {nhung noi sfi la tuong lai gan cua chung ta, nhQng noi nhieu ngddi dang gPi con em minh de'n du hpc) xem ch! sd nguon nhan luc tai do ra sao''

* Chi so nguon nhan lUc (Indicators of human re- sources) Cac nU6c phdt trien xac dinh ngudn nhan lpc can cac kT nang gi''

Do chmh la cac lieu chi tuyen chpn nhan su cua cac nha san xua't kmh doanh va cung chinh la myc lieu giao due ma cac nha trudngcan theo dudi

Bp Lao dpng My (The U S. Department of Labor) cung Hiep Hpi dao lao va phat tnen My xac dinh co 13 kT nang cd ban can thiet de thanh cong trong cong viec- bao gdm

Ky nang hoc va lu hoc (learning to learn), Ky nang lang nghe (Listening skills). Ky nang thuyel trinh (Oral commu- nication skills), Ky nang giai quyet van de (Problem solv- ing skills), KTnang tUduy sang tao (Creative thinking skills), KT nang quan li ban Ihan va tu tmfSell esteem) kT nfing dat myc tieu va tao dpng lyc lam vice (Goal setting/ moti- vation skills), KT nang phat tnln ca nhan va sy nghiep (Personal and career development skills), Ki nang giao liep ung xP va tao lap quan he (Interpersonal skills) KJ nang lam yiec ddng doi (Teamwork), KT nang dam phan (Negoliation skills). KT nang td chdc cong viec hieu qua (Organizational effectiveness), KT nfing lanh dao ban than (Leadership skills)

Chinh phu Anh cung co cd quan chuyen trach ve phat tnen kT nang cho ngddi lao dong Co quan chPng nhan chuong trinh va lieu chuan (Quatiticalion and Cur- riculum Authority) cDng dua ra danh sach cac ky nang quan Irong bao gdm Ky nang tmh loan (Application of num- ber), Ky nang gtao tiep (Communication), Ky nang id chuc va nang cao nang luc ca nhan (Improving own learning and perlormancel, Ky nang sis dung cong nghe thong tin va truyen Ihong (Information and communication tech- nology), Ky nang giai quye't van de (Problem solving), Ky nang lam viec vPi con ngddi (Working with others)

Hpi ddng quoc gla giao due Uc (the Australian Na- tional Training Aulhonty - ANTA) Xuat ban cudn sach KT nang hanh nghe cho tuong lai -2002 Cudn sach cho thiy 8 k! nang ma nguPi sd dung lao ddng yeu cau bit bufic phai eo (Nguon htlp//www aeet asn au/textjiles/issues):

KT nSng giao tiep, KT nang lam vific ddng dfii KT nang giai quye'l van de kinang sang lao va mao hiem (Initiative and enterprise skills) KT nang lap ke hogch va id chuc cong vific [Planning and organising skills) Kfnfing qu^n li ban than (Self-management skills) KTnang hoc tfip (Learn- ing skills), KTnfing cong nghfi (Technology skills)

Chlnh phu Singapore: Cye phat tnln lao dfing WDA

10

s o 9-2012

DmjvaHpc

_ / i M C A l HAY

(Workforce Development Agency) da thiet lap he thong cac kT n a n g h a n h nghe gdm 10 kT n a n g (http://

wsq. wda.gov.sg/GenericSkills/):

Ky nang cong sd va tinh loan (Workplace literacy &

numeracy), Ky nang sd dung CNTT va truyen thong (In- formation & communications technology), KT nang GQVD va ra quyet dmh (Problem solving & decision making), KT nang sang lao va mgo hiem (Initiative & enterprise), KT nang giao liep va quan he (Communication & relationship management), KT nang hpc tap suot dPi (Lifelong learn- ing), KT nang tU duy md loan cau (Global mindset). KT nang tU quan li ban than (Sell-management), KTnang td chdc cdng viec (Workplace-related life skills), kTnang an loan lao dong va ve sinh sdc khoe {Health & workplace safety)

Tom lgi, tP eac tU lieu tren chung ta co the Ihay trong the ki XXI vdi sp phat tnen vUdt bac eua KHKT va Cong nghe, cac ky nang mem (Ky nang giai quyel van de, ky nang hoc va tU hpc (dac biet la each hoc, phudng phap hoc), tu duy tich cyc-sang tao, ky nang thich dng, ky nang sis dung cdng nghe thong tin, ky nang Png xP, giao tiep va ngogi ngQ.) chi'nh la cac ky nang va doi hdi cua nguon nhan lUc chat IUpng cao-va do cung chinh la mpt trong cac tieu chl va muc lieu quan trong ma giao due can phai dat dupc

IV. P/IUC TIEU GIAO DUC TRONG CAC NHA TRUdNG HIEN DAI

Chdng ta djnh dffa ra cho xa hgi nhffng miu ngffdi cd nhffng kien thffe, kinang va pham chat gi desong va lam viec trong tuong lai?

Tra Ipi cau hoi tren chinh la xac dinh ro muc lieu giao due,

Viec xac dmh ro muc lieu giao dye la mot dieu rat quan Irong va can thie't vi no dinh hUdng chien lUOc dau tff giao due, xiy dung ndi dung ehuong trinh, ehon loc noi dung, xac dinh va chi phoi toan bo cong tie quan ly, dieu hanh cic bie hoc va loan bd phuong phap day va hgc

Cd the not v i n l i t ' San pham cua giao due la nang lpc va chat lupng nguon nhan luc lUOng lai cua mol dat nuoc Vi dy, neu nhU myc lieu eua nha trddng dat ra la hoc sinh phai dat diem cao va dal dUdc b i n g cap thi ch! can dgy theo kieu dpe ehep, hoc thupc long, hoac cho hpc sinh de'n cac ldp chuyen luyen thi de nhdi that nhieu "tu" n h i m nang eao diem so va tim mpi each de cd ddpc tam b i n g , nhu the la hoan thanh muc lieu dao lao!

Co le viec xac dinh muc lieu sai hoac qua chung chung la nguyen nhan cua mpt nguyen nhan sinh ra cae can benh tram kha cua giac due.

Ngan hang The gtdi goi Ihe k! XXI la ki nguyen cua kinh le dua vao kT nang- Skills Based Economy (hitp://

www.libraryihing.com). Nhteu nha khoa hpc the gidi cho rang De thanh dgt trong cudc song thi cae ky nang mem chilm tpi 75%, ky nang cdng (kien thdc) chi chiem 25%

(http //www softskillsinslitulion,eom/faq.htm) Vfiy, muc tifiu cija bae hoc phd thdng bao gdm nhQng gi?

Cd nhieu each hieu va quan niem v l myc lieu giao dye, theo nhOng tiep cgn giao dye hien dgi, cd the tom tat myc lieu giao dye 6 cac nha trudng phd thdng hifin nay bao gdm: Kien thdc, Ky nang va Thai dp (hay Kiln thdc, Ky nang tri tue, Ky nang song-nhan each)

l . V e kien thu'c:

Chinh la cac npi dung k i l n thdc va kTnang co ban cua cap hoc ndi chung hay ldng mdn hpc noi neng yeu cau hpc sinh phai dat dUpc {lat nhien cac npi dung ehupng trinh nay phai tUdng dUdng vdi cac chuan cua qude le, nhat la cac mon khoa hpc IU nhien)

2. Ve phat trien cac ky nang iff duy khoa hpc: Co dupe cae ham me lim hieu, lim toi, kham pha hifin tUOng, sp vai td dd hinh thanh va phat Inen dddc cac kTnang tU duy cd ban nhal cho hpc sinh thdng qua tal ea cac mon hpc va cap hpe.

* Ky nang Td duy phan tich, suy lugn, tdng hpp, leglc ' Ky nang Phat hien va Giai quye'l van de

* Ky nang tU duy sang lao

' Ky nang hpc va tU hoc hieu qua - cac phUdng phap hoc, ghi nhP, van dyng .

3. Ve phat trien cac kT nang sd'ng: chinh la hinh thanh va phal trien nhan each, dgc dPc, xde cam lanh manh, cac quan mem song, cac kTnang song lien lien cho hoc sinh ...

' Ky nang ianh dao ban than - Chu dpng, IU trpng, tu tin,

* Ky nang dat myc lieu, tao dong IUc, \.6 chPc cPng viec hieu qua

' Cac ky nang Png xd - giao tiep, quan he, lang nghe, dam phan, tnnh bay, thuyet trinh,

* Cac ky nang lam viec nhdm dong doi, biet cam thdng, chia xe

' Phat tnen va nang cao chi sd xuc cam - (EQ: emo- tional quotient) cho hpc sinh

Nang Ipe cua con ngUdi hien nay dUpc danh gia trfin ca ba khia canh; Kie'n thPc, Ky nang va Thai do, vay Muc lieu eua bac hoc phd thong la i-llnh thanh va phat trien dUdc nen t i n g tU duy-tri tue cua con ngUdi trong thdi dai mdi

Nhu vay, Muc dich hay Muc lieu cuoi cung cua giao due khong p h i i la khau hieu chung chung {vda hdng vPa chuyen, "co du tai, ddc", "phat tnen loan dien Iri, ddc, the, mT'..) ma phai ta cai dich cy the, cai dieh ay phat hinh dung dupc, xac dinh, kiem nghiem, danh gia dUOc„

Vi du, nam 2020 nudc ta trd thanh mot nddc cfing nghiep theo hudng hifin dai, vay xa hdi cdng nghifip hoa, hien dai hoa can nhQng m i u ngUdi nhU the nao?

M i u ngupi ay can nhQng loat hinh k i l n thdc gi? Can cac ky nang tu duy va pham chal tri tufi gi? Can eac ky nang song va dao ddc pham chat gi? „.. - Od chinh la chat lupng nguon nhan Ipe trong xa hpi tUdng lai - Dd chlnh /d cac lieu chi tuyen chgn nhin sff cua cic nha sin xuat kinh doanh va cung ehinh la mue liiu giio due mi cic nhi trffdng can iheo duoi

Di^JFJpCE

KIEN THU'C VA KY NANG CO BAN : Dat dirtrc noi dun^ kicn thirc va ky nang CO' ban theo cac chuan mirc quoc te hicn hanh ( doc, vict, tinh toan, nhirngkicn thirc co' ban nhat ciia cac mon hoc pho th6ng,sd'mdira CNTT lir cap tieu hoc...). Trang bj tieng Anh khoa hpc nhir ngon ngir thir hai

CAC KY NANG TU DUY KHOA H O C

* Ky nang Tir duy phan lich, suy luan, tong hop, logic, phan bien ...

* Ky nang I'hat hi.cn va G/q van dc

"^ Ky nang lu' duy kham pha, sang tao

* Ky nang hoc va tir hpe hicu qua - cac phu'O'ng phap hoc, glii nhd', van dung..

NMAN CACH VA CAC K\ NANG SONG:

"*" Ky nang lanh dao ban Ihan Chu dong.

tir trong, tir tin, trung thuc...

^ Ky nang dat muc tieu, tao dong Itrc , to chirc cong vice hieu qua

* Cac ky nang irng xir- giao lii:p , quan langnghc, dam phan, Ihuyet trinh...

*Cac k> nang lam viec nhdm dong dpi, biet cam Ihong, chia \c ...

* l*hat trien chi so xiie cam - {KQ)

THU MOI VIET BAI, TIN, ANH DANG TREN

T ^ C H i DAY V A HOC N G A Y NAY

Tap chi Day va Hoc ngay nay xuft'i ban mdi ihang mfit so. 76 trang, kho 20.5 x 28.5. ruoi in 2 mau. bin 4 mau. gia so thuong I5.000''/ban, Sd Tel va Sd Xuan 20,000d/ban. Tap chi iuon Iuon phan anh nhung vd'n de mdi, hifin dai cua If luan va thuc Hfin v6 phucmg phap day va hoc. vl lu duy quan li giao due. ve con dudng va hinh thiit phat It ifin cong eude khuyen hoc. khuyen lai va xay dung xa hpi hoc tap a Viet N a m -

T a p chi Day va Hoc ngay nay irAn trong kinh mPi cac thiiy c6 giao cac truong Tilu hpc. TI ICS. Ti ilT.

THCN. CD. DII. cac Trung lAm GD'iX. Dpi Khuyen hoc cac cap,... gui bat. tin. anh dang tai iren iiip ehi. de cic ih^y c6 giao trao doi kinh nghiem vdi ddng nghiep trong qua trinh giang day. nghifin cdu. hoc liip... Bai, tin. anh xm gin theo dia chi;

T A P C H i I),\Y \ .\ IIOC NGAY NAY Nha so 1, ngo 29. pho Vonp Thi. quan Tay ilo. Ha Noi Dicn ihiwiTax: 04. 37531012 • DD: 09X3081976 * Email: dvh nn@yahoo.com Xin Iran trong cam an'.

TAP CH! DAY \ .\ IIOC M . \^ N \ \ rONG BIEN TAP (JS.TS. NRu.MuNhuY