Ki NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN ClKU CON NGUdl (THANG 9/1999)
MOT SO YEU TO TAG DONG DEN CHAT LUONG NGUON NHAN LlTC CUA CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY^
VTJONG XUAN TINH' VUONG NGQC THI"
r«" khoa: yiu tS tdc dgng, chdt lugng nguon nhdn luc, dan tgc thieu so, Vi§t Nam.
Ngay nhdn bdi: 17/6/2019; ngay gui phan bi$n: 18/6/2019; ngay duyet ddng bdi:
15/8/2019 Mo^dau
Trong su phat tri^n ciia qu6c gia, viing, dia phuong hay cpng dong, ngudn nhan lyc (NNL) cd vi tri rit quan trpng. Vdi 53 dan tgc thilu so (DTTS) d Viet Nam, tuy chi chidm khoang hon 14 % dan sd, nhung hlu h^t lai sinh sdng d mi^n niii va viing biSn gidi - noi ed vi tri chiin luge vh ehinh tri, qu6e phong - an ninh; trir ngudi Hoa, con lai phan Idn dSu trong tinh trang kem phat tri6n. De giam bdt su chenh leeh ve ddi song giiia DTTS vdi dan tpc da s6, giiia mi8n niii va dong bing thi viee phat trien NNL d cac tgc ngudi thiiu s6 ed vai tro dot pha. Bdi vay, ngay 15/6/2016, Chinh phu da co Nghi quylt s6 52/NQ-CP \h "D4y manh ngu6n nhan lye eae dan toe thilu s6 giai doan 2016 - 2020, dinh hudng din nam 2030"; Nghi quylt nay thuge 16 hinh thuc hien Quylt dinh s6 1216/QD-TTg ngay 22/7/2011 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu vl phe duyet Quy ho^ch phat triln nhan lyc Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020. Tuy nhien den nay, vlin ed nhieu quan dilm khac nhau ve NNL dya tren eo sd tiep can ve kinh te hgc, ehinh tri, kinh te lao dgng, kinh tl phat triln hay dan so hgc (Luong Dinh Hai, 2018). Song tuu trung, nhiing quan diem ay thugc hai khuynh hudng ehinh. Khuynh hudng thii nhat, coi NNL nhu v6n eon ngudi, tiic la tat ca nhiing gi thuge ve eon ngudi cua mot egng dong cu dan (Pham Minh Hae, 2001; Trin Xuan Chx, Mai Qu6c Chanh, 2009). Khuynh hudng thii hai, eoi NNL ehi la bp phan cu dan thupc lyc lugng lao dgng (Chuong trinh phat trien Lien hpp qude (UNDP), 1998; Begg va Dombush, 2008).
Khoang hai thap nien vira qua, cd nhieu to chiic, ca nhan da nghien ciiu ve NNL cua cac DTTS d Viet Nam. Cac nghien ciiu nay nhan dien ve thye trang NNL, trong do chii
* P G S . T S . ; Vien D a n toe HQC, Vien H i n ISm K h o a hgc xS h p i Vi?t N a m .
" T h S . ; Vi$n D a n toe hoe, V i e n H a n iam K h o a hpc xS hpi Viet N a m .
' Bai viSt d y a tren k€t qua nghien ciiu cua lE)^ tai cap N h a nuac: "NhQng van dS H luan v a thirc tiln ve p h ^ triln con ngucri viing dan tpc thieu so d i p ling yeu cau cong n ^ i ^ p hda, hi^n dai hda", m a s3: C T D T . 4 4 . 1 8 / 1 6 - 2 0 , d o Vi?n N g h i e n ciju c o n n g u a i c h u tri, T S . N g u y e n Dinh Tuan idm ehii n h i ? m .
CO NghiSn ciiu Con ngudls^4{103} 2019
Kl NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VllN NGHIEN CQU CON NGUAl (THANG 9/1909)
VuangXudn Ttnh va VuangNgoc Thi
yeu neu len nhihig yeu kem va sir bat cap (Dang Canh Khanh, 2005; Ngan hang phat tri6n chau A (ADB), 2007; Vu Dinh Hoe, 2007; D 8 Huyln Trang, 2019); xem xet vS chinh sach cua Viet Nam doi voi viec phat trien NNL a viing DTTS (Nguyin D ^ g Thanh, 2012; Trin Van Trung, 2015); v^ dh xu4t giai phap phat trien NNL do (Nguyen Dang Thao, 2009; Trin Thi Hanh va cpng su, 2010). Thuc ra, viSc phan chia npi dung nhu vay co y nghia tuong d6i, vi hhu nhu nghien ciru nao ciing de cgp cac khia canh da neu, chi khac nhau a viec di sau theo ITnh vuc nhat dinh nh4m giai quyet muc tieu nghien cmi. Trong cong trinh cua nhirng tac gia hay to chirc neu tren, dang luu y la nghien cuu cua Trdn Thi Hanh va cpng su (2010), voi viec xem xet thuc trang NNL cua c^c DTTS va d^ xuat giai phap phat trien NNL vung dan tpc va mign niii. Nghien cuu nay trong khudn kh6 Du an cua Uy ban Dan tgc ve "Tang cuong nang luc cho Uy ban Dan tpc xay dung, thuc hien va giam sat chinh sach dan tpc" do UNDP tai tro; qua do giiip Uy ban Dan tpc d^ xudt voi Chinh phu ra Nghi quyet so 52/NQ-CP ve "Day manh ngudn nhan luc cac dan tpc thiSu s6 giai doan 2016 - 2020, dinh huong den nam 2030".
Han che co ban cua nhieu nghien ciru neu tren la do xuat phat tii quan diem coi NNL nhu v6n con nguoi, su phat triln NNL la phat trien toan dien vl con nguoi, nen kho xac dinh ylu t6 trpng tam, din den kien nghi, giai phap bi trimg lap voi chinh sach phat trien chung cac viing dan tpc va miln nui. Mat khac, khi nghien cihi va dl xuat kiln nghj, giai phap, hlu hit cac tac gia diu bo qua vai tro cua cpng d6ng, cua cac tl chile ngoai nha nuac doi vai phat trien NNL noi day.
Tuy npi ham NNL trong Nghi quylt s6 52/NQ-CP cua Chinh phii thupc khuynh huong coi do nhu v6n con nguoi, tiic la tAt ca nhung gi thupc vl con ngucri cua mot cpng dong cu dan, song 6 bai vilt nay, chiing toi van gioi han NNL la luc luong lao dpng dl dl thao luan vl mot s6 ylu t6 tac dpng din chit luong NNL cua cac DTTS. Nham gop phin xay dung can cii khoa hpc cho phat triln NNL do, chiing toi chi tap trung vao vin de tri luc ma chua dl cap toi thi luc va tam W , dong thoi tim hilu mot s5 yeu tl tac dpng den chat luong NNL, cu thi la nhimg ylu tl tac dpng din chit lugng cua dgi ngu lao dpng. Trong nhimg ylu tl tac dpng din NNL, chung toi cung chi tap trung phan tich ve dieu kien tu nhien, giao due - dao tao, thi truong va van hoa tpc nguoi.
1. Doi net ve thirc trang nguon nhan lire cOa cac dan toe thieu so
Do quan dilm va each tilp can khac nhau nen viec nhan dien NNL o Viet Nam noi chung va cac DTTS noi rieng con thilu thing nhit va kho dua ra si lieu chinh xac. Tuy nhien co thi thiy, NNL cua cac DTTS a Viet Nam thucmg dugc nhin nhan tir hai goc do: lao dgng nong nghiep va lao dgng phi nong nghiep; lao dgng trong bp may nha nuac va ngoai bp may nha nuac. Hai goc nhin nay khong nhilu khac biet, bai co chang chi do chii trgng dii tugng cin quan tam cua cac nghien curu.
' Trong Quyet dinh so 52/QD-CP cua Chinh phu chi di cjp d6n thi luc vi tri I(rc cua NNL; song cung c6 nghien cilu nhu cua Iran Thj Hanh va cong su (2010), D6 Huyen Trang (2019) con de cap ca tam luc.
Ngfiien cuu Con ngudl sS4(103} 2019 5 9
Kl NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN CUU CON NGUUl (THANG 9/1999)
Mgt SO yiu to tdc dgng...
Vi lao dgng nong nghiep vd phi nong nghiep. Den nay, mot so thong tin va nghien eiiu eho biet. lao dong nong nghiep va gian don van chiem phan Idn lyc lugng lao dong ciia cac DTTS. Nam 2015, ti le lao dong nay cua viing DTTS la 81.41% (Bieh Nguyen, 2018). Tuy theo timg tinh, ti le ay co sy khac biet. Chang han tai tinh Son La, vao nam 2015, nguon lao dpng nong nghiep - chu yeu la DTTS chiem 73,7 % (Do Huyen Trang, 2018). Lao dong phi nong nghiep duge xac dinh la nhiing ngudi lam viec trong co quan hanh chinh nha nude, trong eac nha may, xi nghiep.
Ve lao dgng trong hg may nhd nude vd ngoai bo may nhd mcoc. Den nam 2016, ca nude CO khoang 64.560 can bo cong chiic la ngudi DTTS. dat ti le 12.2% trong tong so can bg cong chiic: trong do, d ca quan trung uoiig co gan 6.900 ngudi, chiem tl le 5%; d eac tinh, thanh pho true thupc trung uong co 57.660 ngudi, chiem ti le 14,83% (Truong Minh Due, Truong Phiic Nguyen, 2018). Nhu vay, neu so vdi dan so ciia cac tpc ngudi thieu so la 13,4 trieu ngudi (Bieh Nguyen, 2018) thi so lugng lao dgng nay la rat it 6i, chi chiem khoang 0,5%; edn neu udc lugng de so vdi so lao dpng chung ciia cac DTTS thi cung ehua den 1 %.
Danh gia ve chat lugng NNL dudi goc dp tri lire, hau nhu den nay eac thong tin va nghien euu ehi nhan manh tieu ehi dugc dao tao va chua qua dao tao. Tieu chi "dupe dao tao" vdi ham nghTa, luc lugng lao dpng eo bang cap, ke tir tren dai hpc, dai hpe, trung cap, so cap, eong nhan kT thuat, hay ket hgp bang cap vdi vi the xa hgi. Cac dao tao mang tinh truyen nghe d cpng dong dan cu va eae nhom lao dpng hoac nhirng Idp tap huan kT thuat eiia dy an hau nhu chua thay de cap. Bao cao cua Uy ban Dan tpc (2017, tr. 35, 38) cho biet, chi co 6,2% lao dpng DTTS co viee lam da qua dao tao, va lao dpng nam dugc dao tao nhieu han lao dpng nir. Miic dp chenh lech ve ti le do giua eae dan tpc rat Idn: co 11/52 dan tpc vdi ti le dudi 2%, trong khi dan tgc Pu Peo co h le eao nhat la 16% thi dan toe Brau co ti le thap nhat (0,7%). Truong Minh Due, Truong Phiie Nguyen (2018) qua tong hgp tai lieu da xae dinh, trong dpi ngu can bg cong chiic ngudi DTTS lam viec tir cap trung uong den cap co sd, co 6,94%i trong so do giii cac chirc vu tir cap huyen trd len. Cac tae gia eung danh gia, ti le can bg eong ehire ngudi DTTS so vdi dan so eon thap, khong chi ehenh leeh so vdi dan tpc Kinh ma eon ngay ca giiia cac DTTS. Chang han tai tinh Cao Bang, dan tpc Tay chiem 40,9% dan so, dan tgc Nimg chilm 31,08%, dan toe Mong chi^m 10,13%, dan tpc Dao (10,08%)), dan tgc Lo Lo (0,47%), song dpi ngu can bp cong chiic cua hai dan tpc Tay va Niing chiem tren 86,6%, con dan tpc Dao (0,5%), dan toe Mong (0,4%) va dan tgc Ld Lo thi chi co 1 ngudi. Su chenh lech con the hien d vj tri cong tac. Can bp dan tpc Kinh va cac tpc ngudi CO dan so dong thudng giii nhiing vi tri lanh dao chii chot hay quan li kinh te, con can bp cua eae dan tpc eo dan so it thudng chi lam eong tae mat tran, doan the.
Caeh nhan dien va danh gia NNL cua eac DTTS neu tren ro rang eon nhilu bSt cap.
Hau nhu nhan dien va danh gia do chi d be mat - tire can eii vao tieu ehi qua dao tao va khong qua dao tao ma it eo nghien ciiu ve hieu qua lao dgng. Trong tinh trang dao tao
5Q NghiSn ciiu Con ngudl sd4(103) 2019
Kl NIEM 20 NAM THANH L&P Vl|N NGHIEN CUlU CON NGU&I (THANG 9/1999)
VuansXudn Tinh va VuongNggc Thi
hien nay, bang cap ehua the phan anh day du chat lugng cua NNL. Song, viee danh gia bang phuong phap dinh lugng vdi mau Idn ve hieu qua lao dgng la dilu khd thye hi?n va ehi ed the lam dugc thdng qua cac nghien ciiu trudng hgp. Mat khac, eae tri thiie dia phucmg, tri thiic tgc ngudi duge trao truyen d egng ddng hay nhdm xa hgi cd vai hd khdng nhd, nhu trong hoat dgng nong nghiep, lam nghiep, nghe thu cong thi lai chua dugc xem xet. Tae dgng eua tap huan kT thuat d nhieu chuong trinh, dy an cung chua dua vao khung phan tich, danh gia. Vai trd dao tao hay ty dao tao cua nhung td ehiic kinh te ngoai nha nude cung chua dugc chii y. Nhu vay, nlu khdng thay ddi nhan thiie ve ngudn luc con ngudi, cu thi la ngudn lyc lao dpng, se dan din sy khilm khuylt vl chinh sach ddi vdi ITnh vye nay.
2. Mot s6 ylu to tac d9ng din chdt lu-rnig nguon nhan lyc dan toe thiiu so 2.1. Bieu ki^n tit nhien vd nguon nhdn luc
Dae diem va chat lugng cua NNL chiu anh hudng nhdt dinh eiia dilu kien ty nhien.
Cac DTTS d Viet Nam hau het song d mien niii, noi co nhiing dieu kien thuan Igi song eiing gay nen nhieu kho khan va thaeh thiic.
Yeu to thuan lgi ciia dieu kien tu nhien la do dia hinh bi chia cat nen da tao ra su da dang sinh thai. Sy da dang ay tao nen nhieu loai dgng, thye vat phong phii. Thanh ngir
"Rimg vang, bien bae" chinh la phan anh dieu kien nay. Song trong moi trudng do, cac tpc ngudi thieu so da tieh luy duge nhieu tri thiic, kinh nghiem ve trong trot, ehan nuoi va khai thac tai nguyen de lam ra nhiing san pham co gia tri (chiing tdi se trinh bay ro hon d phan van hoa vdi NNL). Hau nhu dja phuong nao tai mien niii eiing c6 dac san eua nong nghiep hay ty nhien. Nhiing dac san ay tir lau ddi, song c6 khi mdi dugc phat hien trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hgi. Chang han, tam giac mach von la loai cay danh cho chan nudi, khi doi kem, cac dan tgc d vimg eao nui da ciia tinh Ha Giang (Mong, Dao, Nimg, B6 Y, Pu Peo) mdi diing hat de lay bot thay ngii elc, song nhiing nam gm day, cay nay trd thanh dac san bdi hoa dep, hap dan khach du lich. Tir do, ngudi dan phat triln viec chi biln hat tam giac mach thanh banh va rugu ban cho du khach. Nhu vay, tir mot loai luong thuc xep sau cay san, tam giac mach trd thanh cay c6 gia tri kinh tl do gSn vdi du lich. Vao miia cay nd hoa, nhieu chuyin du lich d cac dja phuong trong nude l4y ten "Du Hch Ha Giang miia hoa tam giac mach". Su phat trien eua du lich co lien quan din cac dieh vu di kem da tao ra nhilu viee lam va thu nhap cho ngudi dan, nhu trdng tam giac maeh, ban ve tham quan tam giac mach, lam banh, chi bien rugu tam giac maeh dl ban va nhieu dich vy khae.
Ben canh nhiing thuan lgi, dilu kien tu nhien cung tac dgng heu eye den dae diem va chit lugng NNL cua cac DTTS. Da dang vl dia hinh tao nen su chia cat manh, anh hudng din giao thong. Trude khi thuc hien Chuong trinh 135, giao thong d mien nui Viet Nam la sy can trd Idn vdi phat triln. Nhilu xa khong co dudng 6 to, viee di lai giiia eae lang trong xa, hay tir xa din huyen chi b^ng ngya hoac di bp. Co noi d mien nui, Ijeh su phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi gSn vdi ki tich lam dudng, nhu eon dudng Hanh phiic
NghiSn ciiu Con ngudl s^ 4(103) 2019
Kl NIEM 20 NAM THANH U P VIEN NGHIEN Cl)U CON NGUSi (THANG 9/1999)
Mgt sdyiu to tdc dgng...
duge md tai viing eao niii da ciia tinh Ha Giang vao thEip nien 50 va 60 (Chau Anh, 2018). Den nay, mac du giao thong d mien niii da phat trien, tat ca eac xa deu co dudng 6 to, tham chi nhieu lang 6 to ciing tdi dugc, song do dia hinh hilm trd, thdi tilt khae nghiet, eiing tinh trang sat Id vao miia mua bao nen ehi phi de lam dudng mdi hay duy tu, bao duong xki ton kem. Dia hinh ehia cat tao nen khoang each Idn giiia eae diem dan eu va tir dilm dan cu din cac trung tam, anh hudng den viee tiep can dich vy cua ngudi dan. Chang han, khoang each trung binh den ehg eiia hp gia dinh eae DTTS la 9,1 km, cd toe ngudi nhu 0-du, khoang each do tdi 70 km, edn dSn tde Ro-mam la 58 km.
Khoang each trung binh den trudng la 17,6 km, con vdi eae dan tgc 0-du, Ro-mam, khoang each do la 70 km va 60 km. Dia hinh chia cat ciing anh hudng Idn den viec dien khi hoa. Mae dii trong nhilu thap nien qua, viee xay dyng "dien, dudng, trudng, tram"
la uu tien hang dau cho phat trien viing DTTS va mien niii, song ti le sd hg DTTS diing dien ludi mdi dugc 93%, thap hon 5% so vdi binh quan cua ea nude. Dac biet, co nhimg tpc ngudi nhu Mang, La Hii, Lo Lo d viing mien niii phia Bac, so hg dugc dung di?n ludi van dudi 50%) (Uy ban Dan tpc, 2017, tr. 43). Sy chia cat ve dia hinh edn tao nen
"viing lorn" thong tin, khien noi do kho bat song truyen hinh cua tinh va huyen, bdi loai truyen hinh nay khong dugc phat song ve tinh nhu Dai truyen hinh trung uong. Dieu do khien ngudi dan dia phuong gap kho Idian trong tiep nhan thong tin ciia chinh dia phuong minh (Vuong Xuan Tinh (chu bien), 2014, tr. 153 - 154).
2.2. Gido due, dao tao vd nguon nhan luc
Trong eae ylu td tac dgng den ehat lugng NNL cua cac DTTS, giao due va dao X^o dugc eho la quan trpng nhat. Vai tro cua giao dye va dao tao khong ehi la thude do ve chat lugng doi vdi lye lugng lao dpng eo viec lam nhu da trinh bay d phan thue trang, ma con la co sd tao nen lyc lugng nay. De phan tieh he thong giao due va dao tao d viing dan tgc va mien niii, can nhin nhan, danh gia ca ITnh vye giao due chung va ITnh vuc giao due chuyen biet. Hai ITnh vye giao due do co diem thong nhat la deu tuan theo mpt chuong trinh eua Bg Giao due va dao tao. Diem khac biet eiia hai ITnh vye nay lien quan din viee to ehiic trudng, Idp; den che dp cho giao vien, hpc sinh; viee hgc, su dung ngon ngir DTTS trong giang day va npi dung mgt so bai hgc de thieh hgp vdi dieu kien eua dia phuong.
He thong giao due d viing dan tgc va mien niii ciing giong nhirng noi khae trong ca nude, vdi 4 cap: mam non, tieu hge, pho thong eo sd va phd thdng trung hgc deu theo chuong trinh chung. Tiiy dieu kien ma d thon, ban hay khu dan cu cd Idp hge mam non, d xa CO trudng tieu hpe va trudng phd thong eo sd, d huyen va tinh co trudng pho thong trung hge. Con nhin nhan dudi goc do giao due chuyen biet danh cho viing dan tgc va mien niii cho thay, ve loai hinh trudng (cap tieu hge, pho thong co sd, pho thdng trung hgc): eo trudng ban trii, npi trii va du bi dai hpc; ve loai hinh lop: tiiy boi eanh timg dia phuong ma co "Idp ghep" hoac "Idp nho". Gan vdi cac loai hinh trudng neu tren, cd che dp uu tien tuong thieh eho giao vien va hpc sinh.
^2 Nghien ciiu Con ngudi s6 4(103) 2019
Kl NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN ClUU CON NGUdi (THANG 9/1999)
VuonzXudn Tinh vd VuongNggc Thi
Trudng phi thdng dan tpc ndi tni la loai hinh trudng xuat hien tii khoang thap nien 60, rat phd biln d viing dan toe va miln niii hien nay. Loai hinh trudng do khae phue duge khd khan cua vimg nay, nhlt la trong dilu kien dia hinh chia cat va tinh trang ddi - ngheo. 6 eae huyen miln nui, thudng co trudng noi tni cap pho thdng eo sd; cdn d tinh, eo trudng npi trii d p phi thong trung hpc. Ngoai ra, cdn co nhihig hudng phd thong dan tdc npi tni do trung uong quan li ho^c lien kit vdi cac bp, nganh d trung uong, nhu Trudng Phd thong viing eao Viet B4C tai tinh Thai Nguyen, trudng Pho thong dan tgc npi trii Tay Nguyen d tinh DSk Lak. Hge sinh vao hpc d trudng dan toe noi tni duge tuyen ehgn tir eae trudng cua dia phuong va duge Nha nude bao cap toan bg, vdi hge bong 12 thang/nam (bang 80% miie luong toi thieu); ngoai ra, Nha nude edn trg cap tien hge tap, tien d, tien chu:a benh, tien tau xe ve tham gia dinh va quan ao, chan man (Vuong Xuan Tinh (ehu bien), 2018, h. 207 - 208). Theo Doan Tiln Lgc (2018), ca nude c6 308 trudng pho thong dan tpc npi tni d 50 tinh, thanh pho, trong do co 54 trudng cap tinh va 260 trudng cap huyen.
Trudng phd thong dan tdc ban tni, liic d4u chi la mo hinh ban tni dan nuoi d tinh Ha Giang, tiie do phu huyiih hpe sinh, giao vien, can bp va nhan dan dia phuong ddng gop vat chit, cong siie de hpc sinh co the d lai trudng hpe tap, eudi tuan mdi trd ve gia dinh.
Sau d6, mo hinh nay duge nhan rgng ra nhieu noi tai cac viing dan tpc va mien niii.
Trudng ban tni thudng chi danh cho cap tieu hgc hay pho thong ea sd va duge thanh lap d xa hay cum xa. Day la hinh thirc xa hgi hoa giao due, the hien xu hudng phi tap trung hoa he thing trudng ndi tni viing cao (Nguyen Thanh Tung, 2019, tr. 58 - 67). D6n nay, Nha nude da elp hgc bdng eho hge sinh loai hinh trudng nay 9 thang/nam, vdi miic bang 40% ciia bac luong tdi thilu. Ben canh do, nhieu to ehiic xa hgi, doan the, doanh nghiep, td ehiic qude tl va ca nhan eiing ung hg trong xay dung trudng ban tni, nhu eung cap lucmg thuc, quin ao, dl diing hgc tap eho hgc sinh (Vuong Xuan Tinh (chii bien), 2018, tr. 208).
He thing trudng du bj dai hgc cung c6 vai tro quan trpng doi vdi giao due viing dan tgc va miln niii. Nhiing hgc sinh thi trugt hay chua thi vao dai hgc se dugc tuyen vao trudng nay. Din nay, ea nude co 4 trudng du bj dai hpc d ea ba miln Bac, Trung, Nam;
ngoai ra, Hgc vien Dan tpc eiing eo ehiic nang dao tao hpc sinh du bi dai hpc. Quy mo dao tao hge sinh du bi dai hge ciia nhiing co sd nay la khoang tren 2.000 hpe sinh/nam (Doan Tiln Lpe, 2018).
Viee cu tuyin vao hgc d cac trudng dai hgc cung la dac thii ciia he thong dao tao cho vung dan tpc va miln nui. Ngudi di hpc theo chi dp nay phai cam ket sau khi hpc xong se vl lam viee cho dia phuong noi cu di hgc. Din nam 2015, ca nude ed 25 trudng dpi hge, cao ding dugc giao nhiem vu dao tao hoc sinh eir tuyIn, trong do khu vuc phia Bac cd 18 tnidng, phia Nam co 7 trudng. M6i nam eo khoang 2.500 sinh vien DTTS iuqc vao hpc d eae trudng dai hgc, cao dSng theo ehi do eir tuyIn (Vuong Xuan Tinh (ehu bien), 2018, tr. 209).
NghiSn ciiu Con ngudi s6 4(103) 2019 63
Ki NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN CUlU CON NGUdi aHANG 9/1999)
Mgt so yeu to tdc dong..
Cimg vdi he thdng trudng neu tren. nhieu dja phuong cua vung dan tgc va mien niii da tl ehire loai hinh "Idp ghep" va "Idp nho" de khae phue hoan eanh kho khan. "Ldp ghep" thudng d cac dilm trucmg xa trudng ehinh, noi co sd hge sinh it hon so vdi quy dinh tl ehiic mot Idp. Vi thi, phai ghep hai ldp vao m6t phdng hpc, hong buoi hgc, giao vien day ding thdi ea hai Idp d6. Con "ldp nho" la Idp vugt elp hge theo quy djnh.
Chang han, tai dia phuong co dilm trudng thugc cap tieu hpe, do each xa trung t ^ , hpe sinh kho hgc tilp len elp phi thong eo sd nen nha trudng va dia phuong phai to ehiic ldp 6 ngay tai do; va ldp 6 nay dugc ggi la "ldp nho". Nhu vay, "ldp ghep" va "ldp nho"
thudng duge tl ehiic d nhung noi thuge viing eao, viing sau, viing xa vdi dieu kien dac biet kho khan (RTI, 2008). Khi giao thong va trudng pho thong dan toe ban tni phat trien thi se ngay cang han che loai hinh ldp n^y.
Viee day tilng DTTS chi dupe thue hien d d p tilu hge. Din nay da eo hon 30 ngon ngu ciia cac DTTS dugc xay dung ehii vilt, trong do co 7 ngdn ngii dugc dua vao giang d?y nhu mgt mon hpc vdi thdi lugng 4 tiet/tuan, do la ngdn ngii eiia cac dan tpc Kho-me, Cham, E-de, Gia-rai, Ba-na, Mong; si eon lai duge day thu nghiem. Muc dich ciia hpc ngon ngir DTTS la dl hge sinh hgc tap tit hon khi ehua thao tilng pho thong va dl gop phin giir gin ngon ngii me de. Tuy nhien, viee day ngon ngii DTTS dang ngay eang kh6 khan do xen eu ciia eae tgc ngudi gia tang. Nhiing hgc sinh eua mgt trudng tieu hpc vung cao CO khi thupc hang chuc DTTS, vi vay rat kho lya ehgn ngon ngii nao de giang dfiy.
Ben canh day tieng me de cho hpc sinh, theo quy dinh cua Chinh phu, can bp, giao vien lam viee d vimg dan tgc va mien niii eiing dugc hpc tieng DTTS de phue vy cong tac.
Ngoai viee td ehiic he thong trudng ldp nhu da neu, con co nhung chinh sach khac cho giao due d vimg dan tgc va mien niii. Ve giao vien, eo nhieu chinh sach trong tuySn dung dl dap ling khi thilu nhan luc. Den dau nhiing n5m 2000, nhieu dja phuong van chap nhan giao vien ehua dat chuan va khae phue bang each vira day vira tiep tuc boi duong. B% thu hiit giao vien eho viing nay, Nha nude eon co ehinh saeh uu dai ve luong. Giao vien dugc hudng them 70% phu cap luong neu lam viec d trudng noi tni, ban tru va dy bi dai hgc. Den nay, tinh trang thieu giao vien ve co ban da dugc khac phuc. Tu nam 2015, eac xa viing DTTS va mien niii da co 329.228 giao vien, trong do CO 126.102 giao vien ngudi DTTS (Vuong Xuan Tinh (ehu bien), 2018, tr. 205 - 206).
Con vdi hpc sinh DTTS, ngoai che do d trudng noi tni va ban tni nhu da trinh bay, hpc sinh viing dac biet kho khan khong phai dong hgc phi, duge cap phat saeh giao khoa, vd ghi va khong phai dong gop cac khoan kinh phi cho xay dung trudng ldp. Hpc sinh eua 16 DTTS rIt it ngudi dugc hudng miic trg cap nhieu hon so vdi cac hgc sinh khae eiing trudng (Vucmg Xuan Tinh (ehii bien), 2018, tr. 207).
Ben canh he thong giao due d trong nude, neu chi ke tir nam 1986 den nay, con eo nhieu hpc sinh DTTS du hge d nude ngoai bang tai trg hay tu tiic. Mgt so td chiie quoe te nhu Ford Foundation co ehinh saeh uu tien tai trg ve dao tao cho hgc sinh DTTS cua cac nude, trong do co Viet Nam. CJ ngudi Cham theo dao Islam tai tinh An Giang, co
f.A NghiSn ciiu Con ngudf sd4(103) 2019
Ki NI|M 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN ClifU CON NGUOI (THANG 9/1999)
VuomgXudn Tinh va Vucmg Ngoc Thi
lang nhan dugc hang chuc hpc bong cua nuac ngoai cho hoc sinh du hoc o cac nuoc trong khu vuc Dong Nam A va Trung Dong (Vucmg Xuan Tinh, Vu Dinh Mucri (d6ng chubien). 2016, t r l 8 6 - 187).
He thong giao due neu tren da co tac dpng den chat luong NNL cua cac DTTS. Doan Tijn Lgc (2018) cho biit, cac DTTS co 13.000 nguoi co trinh dp dai hpc, tren dai hpc, cao dang; 70.000 nguoi co trinh dp trung hpc chuyen nghiep. Con theo Nguyen H6ng Hai (2018), trong ting s6 48.200 can bp DTTS cip xa, s6 nguoi co trinh dp dai hpc va cap ding la 1,9%, trung hpc ph6 thong va trung hpc co so la 45,7%, Xiiu hpc la 18,7%.
Maq du dat dupe nhung thanh tuu nhu vay nhung giao due va dao tap viing dan tpc va mien niii v5n con nhirng bit cap. Trong b6i canh nSn giao due trpng thanh tich hinh thuc, chat luong giao due 6 vung nay cung bi han che, nen vin con gin 21% s6 nguoi DTTS 6 dp tuoi tir 15 tro len khong the doc, viet va hieu dupe mot cau don gian bing chir ph6 thong (Bieh Nguyen, 2018). Nhieu ngucri dupe dao tao o bac dai hpc, cap ding spng khi ra truofng khong co viec lam, dieu do thi hien su mau thuin giiia qua trinh dao tao vol sir dung NNL sau dao tao cr cac DTTS (Nguyin H6ng Hai, 2018).
2.3. Thi tru&ng va nguon nhan luc
Nhieu noi a viing dan tpc va mien niii, thi truong xuat hien kha mupn. Tai vung Tay Bac va Tay Nguyen, truoc niim 1945 hau nhu rat it cho, phuong thure trao doi chii yeu la vat doi vat. Truyen thong tu cap tu tiic anh huong nang ne den NNL khi buoc vao nen kinh te thi trucmg. Mat khac, thi truong cung tac dpng cii tich cue va tieu cue den viing dan tpc noi chung, den NNL a vung nay npi rieng.
Ke tir nam 1986, khi Viet Nam thuc hien doi moi va chuyen nen kinh te tir quan lieu bap cap sang kinh te thi trucmg da khien NNL ciia nhieu DTTS ngay cang gan voi thi truong hon. San xuat nong nghiep von la hoat dpng sinh ke chii yeu 6 viing dan tpc va mien nui, den nay, ngoai tieu dung con phan nao dap img nhu cau thi truong, nhu viec trong mia ciia nguoi Tho cr tinh Nghe An (Vuong Xuan Tinh, 2006, tr. 42 - 43), trong chu6i cua nguoi Mong 6 tinh Lao Cai (Ly Hanh Son, Tran Thi Mai Lan (dong chu bien), 2017, tr. 286 - 307, 326 - 338), tr6ng tra hoa vang cua nguoi San Chi 6 tinh Quang Ninh (Minh Cuong, 2019), trAng ca phe cua nhiSu dan tpc tai cho 6 Tay Nguyen (Van Lien, 2019), hay nuoi Ion rimg ciia ddng bao Muong a tinh Thanh Hoa (Xuan Anh, 2019).
Kinh tS thi truong con tao nen lu6ng di dan lao dpng 6 vung dan tpc va mien niii - noi ngoai bp phan cu dan o viing cao xua kia du canh du cu, con lai deu dupe coi la co truySn th6ng s6ng khep kin, trir khi thien tai hay loan lac. Bin nay, do dat canh tac han chi, thu nhap tir nong nghiep khong dam bao nen di dan lao dpng xuyen bien gioi va di dan din viing d6ng bing, dp thi gia tang. Tai vimg bien gioi Viet - Trung, dong dao luc luong lao dpng cua cac tpc nguoi nhu Tay, Niing, Mong, Giay, Ha Nhi qua Trung Quoc lam thue, chu yiu trong cac trang trai. Di dan lao dpng xuyen bien gioi tao co hpi tang thu nhap cho nguoi dan, song cung gay nen nhimg he luy, nhu bo hoang rupng dat, bo traeh nhi$m cong tac va kho quan li vi an ninh, trat tu (Ly Hanh Son, Tran Thi Mai Lan
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Ki NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN CUlU CON NGU&I (THANG 9/1999)
Mgt sdyiu to tdc dgng...
(ding chil bien), 2017, tr. 110- 116; Vuong Xuan Tinh, Vii Dinh Mudi, Le Minh Anh, 2015, tr. 7 - 25). Khi din vimg ding bang, do thi, ngoai sd it lye lugng lao dpng cua cac DTTS CO CO hgi lam viee d nha may, xi nghiep, si cdn lai chi lao ddng gian don. Ngudi Kho-me d huyen Tra Cu, tinh Tra Vinh di iam eho eong ty tai thanh phd cd thu nhap tit hon so vdi eanh tae nong nghiep, nhung do hpc van va tay nghe han che, hg chit yeu duge giao nhiing viec gia eong san pham vdi dieu kien ve sinh kem va miie luong thap (Ngo Thi Phuong Lan (ehii bien), 2019, tr. 183 - 195).
Trong qua trinh di dan din vimg ding bing, do thi, eac DTTS e6 xu hudng thich lam viee d nhiing eo sd san xuat ma chu nhan la dong tgc hay dong tdn giao. Khao sat thuc dia eua chiing toi vl ngudi Cham theo dao Islam d tinh An Giang vao nam 2018 cho thiy, tai xa Chau Phong thuge thi xa Tan Chau, eo hang nghin ngudi di lam cho cac cong ty d Tp. H6 Chi Minh. D I vira co viec lam, vira dam bao sinh hoat tdn giao, hg thudng xin viec d nhirng c6ng ty do ngudi Cham Islam hay ngudi nude ngoai theo dao Islam lam ehii.
Trinh bay tren day cho thiy, ngoai mot so tae dgng tieu eye, thi trudng ciing anh hudng tieh eye din kT nang lao dpng eua cac DTTS d Viet Nam. Nhiing kl nang trong canh tac nong nghiep va nganh nghe truyen thong khae dupe nang eao khi san xuat gan vdi thi trudng. Vdi hoat dgng phi nong nghiep, dau lam viec trong nhom nho hay cong ty, ngudi lao dgng vin dugc truyen kT nang de thuc hien theo miie do khac nhau. Qua hinh d6 giiip hg nang cao trinh dp lao dgng, tich liiy kinh nghiem va eo the thieh umg tot hon trong dilu kien mdi. Tuy nhien, dang tiee la ehua co nghien ciiu chuyen sau ve van dl nay dl chi ro hon vai tro ciia thi trudng doi vdi NNL cua eae DTTS.
2.4. Vdn hoa toe ngirM vd nguon nhdn luc
Vdi eae DTTS d Viet Nam hien nay, van hoa tgc ngudi anh hudng Idn den sy phat trien, trong do eo lien quan mat thiet tdi NNL. Anh hudng cua van h6a the hien d ca chieu canh_tich eye va tieu cue: tri thiic tpc ngudi - mgt thanh to quan trpng cua van hoa, vin la co sd chii yeu eho sinh ke trong ndng nghiep, hoat dgng nganh nghe hay khai thac tai nguyen; va mat khae, eac tap quan lau ddi con niu keo sy tri tre hong phat trien cua mot so tgc ngudi.
Trong canh tac nong nghiep, ke ca trong trgt hay chan nuoi, tuy da ap dung tien bg khoa hge kT thuat d mot s6 khau, nhung ve eo ban, vin theo each thiic truyen thong. Tren eanh ding rugng bac thang hay nuong ray noi sudn niii, viee eanh tac kho sir dung may moc ma phai dimg eong eu thii cong. Giong mdi cho nang suat eao, song de kem chat lugng nen eac dia phuong thudng dimg giong truyen thong de phat trien eac loai cay, con dae san. Vimg dan toe va mien niii eo vai tro to Idn trong bao ton da dang sinh hpe, hong dd CO bao ton da dang gen cay trong, vat nuoi. Gia trj cua sy da dang nay khong chi trude mat ma eon cd y nghTa lau dai bdi lien quan den cac giong truyen thong neu tren.
Hoat dpng nganh nghe van co vi tri quan trgng trong ddi song eae DTTS. Dudi tae dgng ciia cong nghiep hoa, co mpt so nganh nghe truyen thong (nhu det vai, may mae,
£/- NghiSn ciiU Con ngudi so 4(103) 2019
Ki NIEM 29 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN CllU CON NGU&I (THANG 9/1999)
VuonsXudn Tmh va VuongNggc Thi
ren) bi mai mpt neu khong gan vdi du lieh hay san xuat hang hoa, song niiieu nghe vSn ton tai va phat trien. Dan lat con duge duy tri d nhieu tpc ngudi de vira dap ling nhu ciu ciia gia dinh, virade ban. Nghe lam thuoc nam eung ngay cang md rgng d nhieu tpc ngudi von CO truyen thong lam thuoe, nhu vdi eae dan tpc Mudng, Nung, Dao, Mong, Cham.
Nhiing tri thiic khai thac tai nguyen nhu khai thac rimg, khai thac md, sir dyng nguIn nude, danh bat thiiy san van eo gia tri ve sinh ke va dap ling nhu ciu eiia eon ngudi.
Sd hiiu tri thiic neu tren la thupc ve cpng dong eua eae tpc ngudi, trong do mli gidi va Ilia tuoi co nang lye hay vai tro rieng. Chang han, thudng vdi gidi nu, dae biet phu nu eao tuoi eo von tri thiie tot ve giong trong nong nghiep, ve nghe det may, chi biln thuc pham, khai thac rau rimg va cay thuoc. Con nam gidi thudng eo tri thiie phong phii ve lam dat, khai thac gd, xay eat nha eira, san ban hay danh bat thuy san. Nhiing hi thiie nay dugc trao truyen trong gia dinh va egng ddng, chii yeu bang each vira lam vira hpc, va la tai san chung. Sy tiep thu tri thiie eua moi ngudi la mot qua trinh, va cang phat triln khi hg trd thanh ngudi lao dgng (Vuong Xuan Tinh, Trin Hing Hanh (ding ehii bien), 2012; Nguyen Ngpe Thanh (chu bien), 2016).
Viec kem phat trien ciia mot so tgc ngudi cung duge giai thich tir nguyen nhan van hoa, hay la sy tac dpng cua van hoa den NNL. Trong 53 DTTS ciia Viet Nam, miie dp phat trien giiia eac dan tpc rat khae nhau. Co toe ngudi vdi tinh trang doi ngheo trim trpng, nhu dan tpc La Hii (Ta Hiiu Due, Ta Thi Tam, 2018, tr. 537 - 620), nhung co tpc ngudi nhu ngudi Tay, nen kinh tl lai phat triln hon (Nguyin Thi Thanh Binh, 2016, tr.
19 - 120). Thye te dd thudng dupe li giai do khac biet dieu kien sdng: nhiing tpc ngudi d vLing eao, noi dia hinh hiem hd, giao thong kho khan, phan Idn eanh tae nuong ray thudng cd ti le ddi ngheo eao hon cu dan viing thap. Tuy nhien, nghien eiiu trudng hgp eiia Vuong Xuan Tinh, Tran Hdng Hanh (2009, tr. 123 - 129) lai eho thay mgt tinh huong khac va phan tieh sau hon tae dgng cua van hoa. Do la hai ban ciia ngudi Kho- mii va ngudi Thai tai dinh eu gan nhau d huyen Ky Son, tinh Nghe An, deu eanh tac nuong ray va vdi co hgi tiep can dich vy nhu nhau, song ban ngudi Thai ed 80% so hg dii luong thye, edn ban ngudi Kho-mii lai c6 80% so hg thieu lucmg thue. Xem xet nguyen nhan ciia tinh trang nay, cac tac gia cho rang chu yeu do truyen thong van hoa.
Theo do, nep sdng canh tac nuong riy, dya vao khai thac tu nhien, sii dung tieng pho thong kem ciia ngudi Kho-mii khiln hp kho thoat ngheo. Con ngudi Thai truoc day sing tai viing thip, vdn lam rupng nude tir lau ddi, gioi tham canh va sii dung tieng pho thong tit, dl thich ling vdi kinh tl thj trudng nen hp co thu nhap eao hon.
Ket lu|n
Trong sy phat hiln eua eac DTTS d Viet Nam hien nay, nang eao chit lugng NNL ed y nghia dot pha. Do phin Idn song d miln nui.va vung bien gidi, eae DTTS gap nhilu khd khan, thach thiic vl dilu kien tu nhien, vl co hpi tilp can thi trudng va eae djch vu xa hgi nen chii ylu duy hi nIn kinh tl ty d p tu tiie, vdi ti le ddi ngheo eao. Bdi vay, chit lugng NNL eua hg bi ban ehi, phan Idn ehi do egng dong tu dao tao kT nang
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Ki NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN ClKU CON NGU&I (THANG 9/1999) Mgt so yeu to tdc dgng...
theo loi truyen day kinh nghiem. De thuc hien xoa doi giam ngheo, ehuyen tit nen kinh te nong nghiep ty cung tu cap sang kinh te thi trudng, can nang cao chat lugng NNL cua cac DTTS, vdi trpng tam la chat lugng dpi ngu lao dgng.
Yeu to tac dpng den viec nang eao chat lugng do trude het la giao due. He thdng giao due ehuyen biet cho viing dan tdc va mien niii trong nhieu thap nien qua, nhat la he thong cac trudng pho thdng dan tpc npi tni, ban tni va dy bi dai hpc da gop phan Idn cho viec xay dyng NNL tai viing nay. Tuy nhien, he thong ay chii yeu dap ling nguIn can bp ciia nha nude nen ve ehien luge, can tao dyng tot hon eo sd giao due chung de mgi ngudi dan deu co co hdi nang cao dan tri. Tir do, cac DTTS co nhieu dieu kien hoat dpng trong kinh te thi trudng vdi nhieu thanh phan va ehinh nen kinh te ay se gop phan dao tao NNL cho hg. Mat khac, de phat trien NNL, can chii trgng sy tae dpng eua van h6a tgc ngudi, bdi yeu to nay van anh hudng den kT nang lao dpng truyen thong va sy hinh thanh kT nang lao dpng mdi.
Tai li^u tham khao
1. Xuan Anh. 2019. 'Thu han 200 trieu dong moi nam nhd chan nuoi Ign rimg", (http://www.bienphong.com.vn/thu-hon-200-trieu-dong-moi-nam-nho-chan-nuoi-lon-mng/), truy cap ngay 16/6/2019.
2. ADB. 2007. Indigenoua Peoples/Ethme Minorities and Poverty Reduction Viet Nam.
ADB, Manila: Report.
3. Chau Anh. 2018. "Huyen thoai ve con dudng "Hanh phuc" a Ha Giang",
(https://baomoi.eom/huyen-thoai-ve-con-duong-hanh-phuc-o-ha-giang/c/25858713.epi), truy cap ngay 16/6/2019.
4. Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh. 2016. "Dan toe Tay". in trong, Vuong Xuan Tinh (chu bien).
Cdc dan tdc d Viet Nam. Tap 4, Quyen 2. Nhdm ngdn ngu Tdy - Thdi Kadai. Ha Ngi:
Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia.
5. Begg, D., Fischer, S. & Dombush, R. 2008. Ly thuyet kinh li hoc. Ha Noi: Nxb. Thing ke.
6. Minh Cuong. 2019. "Trong tra hoa vang thu mli nam tiln ti d Quang Ninh", (https://bizlive.vn/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/trong-tra-hoa-vang-thu-tien-ty-moi-nam-o-quang- ninh-349i0 96.html), truy cap ngay 15/6/2019.
7. Trln Xuan Clu, Mai QuIc Chanh. 2009. Kinh te ngudn nhdn lire. Ha Noi: Nxb. Dai hpc Kinh te quoc dan.
8. TnroTig Minh Due, Tnrong Phiic Nguyen. 2018. "Xay dimg doi ngu can bg, cong chirc ngudi dan toe thilu so - Giai phap quan trpng bao dam quyln binh ding dan tpc d Viet Nam".
Tap chi Li ludn chinh tri, (http://lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/index.php/thuc-tien/item/2567-xay- dung-doi-ngii-can-bo-cong-chuc-nguoi-dan-toc-thieu-so-giai-phap-quan-trong-bao-dam- quyen-binh-dang-dan-toc-o-viet-nam.html), tmy cap ngay 12/6/2019.
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Ki NIEM 20 N A M THANH LAP ViEN NGHIEN Clltl CON NGU&I (THANG 9/1999) VuansXudn Tinh vd Vuong Ngoc Thi
9. Ta Hini Due, Ta Thi Tam. 2018. "Dan tpc La Hii". In trong, Vucmg Xuan Tinh (chu bien).
Cdc dan tdc a Viet Nam. Tap 4. Quyen 1. Nhdm ngdn ngir Mong - Dao vd Tgng - Mien.
Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh trj quIc gia.
10. Phgrn Minh Hac. 2001. Nghien cuu con ngudi vd ngudn nhdn luc di vdo cong nghiep hda, hien dgi hda. Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh tri quIc gia.
11. Lucmg Dinh Hai. 2018. "Quan ni?m vinguin nhan lire trong boi canh each mang khoa hgc - cong nghe hien nay". Tap chi Nghien cuu Con nguai., s i 2.
12. Nguyen Hong Hai. 2018. "Mpt so van dl dgt ra doi vdi dao tao nguon nhan l^rc dan tgc thilu so d viing Tay B5c hien nay", (http://tcnn.vn/news/detail/394 8 5/Mot_so_van_de_dat_radoi_voi_dao_tao_nguon_nhan_luc_dan_toc_th i e u s o o v u n g_Tay_Bac_hien_nayall.html), truy cap ngay 12/6/2019.
13. Tran Thj Hanh va cpng sir. 2010. "Nghien ciiu thuc trang nguon nhan lyc viing dan tgc thieu so va de xult cac giai phap phat triln nguon nhan lire viing dan tpc va mien nui".
Du an VIE02/0D1 - SEDEMA & EMPCD: Bao cao.
14. Vu Dinh Hoe. 2007. "Nhan dien nhimg rao can niu keo sir phat trien ciia nguIn nhan lire dan toe thilu s i cac tinh miln nui phia BSc nude ta hien nay". Tap chi Gido due li lugn, so 1 va2.
15. Dang Canh Khanh. 2005. Ngudn nhdn luc tre cdc dan tgc thieu sd: Nhung phan tichxd hdi hoc. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Thanh nien.
16. Ngo Thi Phucmg Lan (chu bien). 2019. Sinh ki vd bien ddi van hoa cua ngudi Khmer d huyin Trd Cu, tinh Trd Vinh. Tp. H6 Chi Minh: Nxb. Dai hgc quoc gia Tp. H I Chi Minh.
17. Van Lien. 2019. "Mo hinh tai canh cay ca phe cho dong bao dan tgc thieu sod Lam Dong", (http://www.bienphong.com.vn/mo-hinh-tai-canh-cay-ca-phe-cho-dong-bao-dan-toc- thieu-so-o-lam-dong/), truy cap ngay 15/6/2019.
18. Doan Tien Lgc. 2018. "Chu truong ciia Dang, chinh sach phap luat ciia Nha nude nham nang cao chat lugng dao tao va phat trien nguon nhan luc vimg dong bao cac dan tgc thieu so va mien niii nude ta", (http://daotao-vhttdl.vn/articledetail. Aspx?articleid=649&
sitepageid=627), tmy cap ngay 15/6/2019.
19. Bieh Nguyen. 2018. "Tim giai phap toan dien va lau dai phat trien nguon nhan lyc vimg dan tgc thieu so", (https://baomoi.com/tim-giai-phap-toan-dien-va-la u-dai-phat- trien-nguon-nhan-luc-vung-dan-toc-thieu-so/c/24495749.epi), truy cap ngay 16/6/2019.
20. Ly Hanh Son, TrIn Thi Mai Lan (dong chii bien). 2017. Quan h^ dan tdc xuyen qudc gia d Viet Nam: Nghiin cuu tgi vung miin nui phia Bde. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hpi.
21. Nguyen Nggc Thanh (chii bien). 2016. Tri thirc ddn gian euaddn tdc Dao trong sir dung vd bdo v4 ngudn tdi nguyin thiin nhien. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi
22. NguyenBa.ngThanh.20\2.Phdt triin ngudn nhdn luc d viing ddn tdc thieu sd Viel Nam ddp dng yeu cau edng nghiep hda, hien dgi hoa ddi nude. Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia.
NghiSn ciiU Con ngudl sS 4(103) 2019
Ki NIEM 20 NAM THANH LAP VIEN NGHIEN CUU CON NGU&I aHANG 9/1999) Mgt so yiu to tdc dgng..
23. Nguyen Dang Thao. 2009. "Phat trien nguon nhan lire dan toe thieu so dap limg yeu clu cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vung B5c Trung Bg". Tap chi Gido due ly ludn, so 12.
24. Vuong Xuan Tinh. 2006. "Coping Mechanisms of the Three Ethnic Minority Groups as Responses to the Food Shortage: A Study in the Uplands of Vietnam". Hanoi: Institute of Anthropology, Project Report.
25. Vuong Xuan Tinh, Tran H6ng Hanh. 2009. "Bai hpc va khuyen nghj vl an ninh luong thuc ciia cac dan tgc thieu so a viing cao Viet Nam va Cpng hoa dan chii nhan dan Lao".
Tap chi Ddn tdc hoc, so I va 2.
26. Vuong Xuan Tinh, Tran Hing Hanh (ding chii bien). 2012. Phdt trien ben viing vdn hoa tgc ngudi trong qua trinh hoi nhap 6 vung Ddng Bde. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hpi.
27. Vuong Xuan Tinh (chu bien). 2014. Vdn hda vdi phdt triin ben viing d vitng biin gidi Viel Nam. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi.
28. Vuong Xuan Tinh, Vu Dinh Muai, Le Minh Anh. 2015. "Lang ngudi Tay trong boi canh cong nghiep h6a, hien dai hoa va hgi nh^p (Tong luan)". Tap chi Ddn lgc hgc, so 4 va 5.
29. Vuang Xuan Tinh, Vu Dinh Mudi (ding chii bien). 2016. Quan he ddn tgc xuyen quoc gia:
Nghien ciru tgi vung Nam Bd. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hgi.
30. Vuong Xuan Tinh. 2018. Quan h? tdc ngudi vdi cong ddng qudc gia - ddn tgc d Viet Nam trong bdi canh phdt trien kinh te thi trudng vd hdi nhap qudc te. Ha Ngi:
Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi.
31. Nguyin Thanh Timg. 2019. "Cac Igi ich cua chuong trinh hpc tap npi trii d trudng hgc xa Siing Thai, huyen Yen Minh, tinh Ha Giang". Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc, so 2, tr 58 - 67.
32. D6 Huyin Trang. 2018. "Vai tro ciia nguon nhan lire dan tpc thieu si trong sy phat triln cua xa hgi theo hudng ben vijng d Tay Bac hien nay", (http://fpt.utb,edu.vn/index.
Php/tin-bai-anh/290-vai-tro-cua-nguon-nhan-luc-dan-toc-thieu-so-trong-su-phat-trien- cua-xa-hoi-theo-huong-ben-vung-o-tay-bac-hien-nay), truy c^p ngay 16/6/2019.
33. Do HuyIn Trang. 2019. "Phat trien nguon nhan luc nu cac dan tgc thieu s6 d Tay Bac hi?n nay". Luan an Tien sTTriet hgc. Ha Ngi: Hgc vien Bao chi va tuyen truyen.
34. TrIn Van Trung. 2015. "Chinh sach phat triln nguon nhan lire tre vimg Tay BIC Viet Nam hien nay". Luan an Tien sT Quan li hanh chinh cong. Ha Ngi: Hgc vien Hanh chinh quoc gia.
35. RTI. 2008. "Danh gia xa hgi: Dir an dam bao chat luong giao due Viet Nam (SEQAP"), DFID: Bao cao.
36. UNDP. 1998. Expanding Choices for the Rural Poor Hunman Develpomenl in Viel Nam.
Ha Npi: Nxb. The gidi.
37. Uy ban Dan tgc. 2016. "Ket qua dilu tra thuc trang kinh tl - xa hgi 53 dan tpc thieu si nam 2015", (http://cema.gov.vn/ket-qua-dieu-tra-thuc-trang-kt-xh-53-dan-toc-thieu-so- nam -2015.htm), truy cap ngay 13/6/2019.
38. Uy ban Dan tpc. 2017. "Tong quan thirc trang kinh te - xa hpi cua 53 dan tpc thieu si".
Tieu Du an ho trp giam ngheo (PRPP); Bao cao.
70 NghiSn ciiU Con ngudl sd 4(103) 2019
