TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRUQfNG B ^ HQC H 6 N G PlTC - SO 41.2018
LUAN BAN VE KHA NANG LAM THU LINH VA TINH [/A LAM THULINHCVA NGlTcn THANH HOA
Ho^ng Thi M a i '
TOM TAT
Thanh Hda la viing ddt da sdn sinh ra nhieu vi anh hiing, thu linh cua ddn tpc. Da cd nhiiu y kiin tranh luan, tham chi tranh cdi ve khd ndng lam thu linh cua ngitdi Thanh Hda.
Di CO cdu trd lai tuang doi thuyet phuc, duac nhieu nguoi chap nhan; tren ca sd cdc tru&c tdc lich su. vdn hoa; qua quan sdt, khdo sdt vd phong vdn, bdi viet nay dat ra vd trd Idi 2 cdu hdi chinh: 1} Ngudi Thanh Hoa co khd ndng lam thd iTnh khong?; 2) Ngudi Thanh Hoa cd tinh "ua lam thu linh " khong? Vi sao? Nhimg gid tri cdn phdt huy vd nhimg he luy/phi gid tri cdn khdc phuc tir ddc trung tdm li. tinh cdch cua ngudi thu linh?
Tir khda: Thd linh, lanh dao, bdo thu. tu ton, cao nggo, ngudi Thanh Hoa.
l . D A T V A N D E
Bat eii d dau va khi nao, neu cd tir mpt nhdm ngudi trd len tdn tai va hoat ddng mang tinh tap the thi deu xuat hien thu ITnh. Thu linh la mpt trong nhiing npi dung nghien cuu quan trpng cua nhieu nganh khoa hpc nhu Chinh tri hoc, Dan toe hpc, Tam ly hpc, Tam ly hpc xa hdi, Xa hdi hpc, Triet hpc,... Tuy theo quy md va tinh chat cua td chiie ma ngudi ta phan loai thii ITnh thanh thu linh chinh tri, thu ITnh dang phai, thu ITnh doan thi, thu linh phong trao, thu ITnh giai cap, thii ITnh dan tpc, thu ITnh bang nhdm,...
Trong sudt chieu dai lich su dan tdc, ngudi Thanh Hda timg bao phen dam nhan vi tri thu ITnh dan tdc. Mpt so nha nghien ciiu lich sir - van hda Viet Nam khang dinh: nguoi Thanh Hda ua lam thu ITnh; mot sd khac vira khang dinh vira hoai nghi ve kha nang lam thu ITnh ciia ngudi Thanh Hda. Da cd nhung tranh luan, tham chi tranh cai, bat ddng xung quanh vin de nay. De co cau tra Idi tuang ddi thuyet phuc, dugc nhieu chSp nhan can phai cd nhirng nghien ciiu cong phu, khach quan hon.
Tren ca sd cac trudc tac lich su, van hoa; qua quan sat, khao sat va phdng van, bai vilt nay dat ra va tra idl 2 cau hdi chinh: I) Ngudi Thanh Hda cd kha nang lam thii ITnh khong?; 2) Ngudi Thanh Hda cd tinh "thieh lam dSu ITnh", "ua lam thii ITnh" khdng? Vi sao? Nhiing gia b:i cSn phat huy va nhiing he luy/phi gia tri cSn tranh tir dac trung tam li, tinh each ciia ngudi thu ITnh?
2. N O I DUNG
2.1. Khai niem thii ITnh va vai tro cua thu linh
"Thu ITnh", trong ti8ng Anh (Leader, Chief) cd nghTa la ngudi diing dSu, ngudi cSm dau; la thanh vien cd uy tin nhSt cua mot dan tpc, mpt td chuc hoac mpt nhdm, ma su anh
Phd Hi^u trudng Trudng Dai hoc Hdng Dire
T ^ P CHI KHOA HQC TRlTdNG PAI HQC HONG DLTC - SO 41.2018
hudng cua hp cho phep hp dong vai trd chu yeu trong cac hoat ddng cua dan tpc, qudc gia, td chiic hoac nhdm dd. Theo Tir dien tieng Viet, thu ITnh nghTa la "ngudi diing dSu lanh dao mpt tap doan ngudi tuang ddi ldn" [15; tr.959].
Cac nganh khoa hpc, tiiy gde dp tiep can khac nhau deu cd nhiing dinh nghTa khdc nhau ve thu ITnh va vai trd, chiic nang, pham chat ciia thu ITnh. Nha tri8t hpc, nha ly luan eua chu nghia thuc dung (pragmatism) ngudi My J. Diuy cho rang, trong qua trinh phdt trien cua xa hdi, chi mot sd it ngudi biet dugc ho mudn gi va din dam ddng theo minh.
Mpt nha triet hoc ngudi My khac, Sidny Huk, cung rat de cao vai trd cua thu ITnh. Theo ong, lich su nhan loai la su sang tao ciia nhiing con ngudi vT dai, "chi ed nhiing thu ITnh mdi cd the anh hudng den su phat trien ciia nhan loai". Ong khang dinh, con ngudi trong quan chung khdng bao gid thoat khdi sy phu thupc, liic dau hp phu thudc vao bd m?, sau dd phu thudc vao thay co giao, hoac ai dd nua ddng vai trd nhat dinh, ai do tra Idi dugc cac cau hdi cua hp. Vi vay, dam ddng can thii ITnh, di tim thu ITnh, ngudi se ddng vai trd trong cudc ddi hp nhu ngudi cha trong gia dinh trudc day [14].
Mpt sd nha sir hpc thi ehiing minh thii linh nhu "nhiing cd nhan loan than kinh", minh chung cua hp la cac nhan vat lich su nhu Napoleon, Lincon, Robespier, Ruzeven, Hitle, Stalin... Theo dd, nha triSt hpc PhSn tdm hpc Freud khdng dinh, nhiing ngudi binh thudng khdng cd kha nang sdng tao, nhimg ngudi sang tao la nhiing ngudi cd rdi loan tdm ly,... [14].
Chii nghTa the che (institutism) quan niem, thii linh la mpt cau true ea ban cua nhdm ma SLt tdn tai va chiic nang cua nd dugc quy dinh bdi nhu cau khach quan ciia td chirc trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Nhu cau hanh dpng tap the, nhiing muc dich tap th6 dat ra nhu cdu ve thii ITnh, dac biet trong cac td chiic chinh tri [14].
Nhu vay, thu ITnh la mdt van de cd each tiep can rat da dang, khd cd the cd mpt dinh nghTa thdng nhat. Tuy nhien, cd the khai quat thanh 2 each dinh nghTa sau day: 1) Thu ITnh la nguoi cd dnh hudng den ngudi khdc: dnh hudng thudng xuyen; anh hudng den toan bp nhdm, td chuc, cpng ddng; la ngudi tien phong (thu ITnh chinh tri); 2) Cac dinh nghia khac xuat phdt tu quan niem xa hpi la mot cau tnic phiic tap nhieu thii bac, thanh phan, trong dd, thu ITnh la vi tri lanh dao, vi tri dinh hudng, td chiic cac hanh ddng tap the ciia mpt bp phdn hoac toan the cdng ddng. O bai viet ndy, ehiing tdi de cap den khai niem "thii ITnh"
theo nghTa rpng, vira la thu ITnh chinh tri, vira la thu ITnh mpt tap the, nhdm.
Ve vai trd cua thu ITnh, noi nhu nhd triet hpc phucmg Tay De Golle, de ton tai vd phdt trien, con ngudi khdng the khdng cd cdc thii ITnh, cung nhu khdng the khdng cd thiic dn, thiic uong. Chii nghTa Mdc Le-nin ciing danh gid rdt cao vai trd cua ca nhan lanh ty trong sy phat trien cua lich sir, bdi lanh tu la nhimg cd nhan im tii diic ket dugc tri tue, nhu cdu, khat vpng cua tap the dS dinh hudng va ddn dat tap the di theo xu hudng cua lich sir. Thii ITnh la ngudi diing dau, la thanh vien cd uy tin nhat ciia cdng ddng, dan tpc, td chiic. Vi vay, thu ITnh phai la ngudi chi huy, ngudi lanh dao cd khd nang dS xudng dudng Idi, chiin luge, ke hoach hoat dpng phdn dnh Igi ich ca ban cua cpng ddng, to chiic hoac nhdm; ddn dat, dinh hudng, to chiic cac hoat dpng cua cpng ddng, td chuc, nhdm nhdm dat dugc Igi ich co ban do. Thu ITnh ddng vai trd chinh yeu trong tdt cd cac boat dong cua cpng ddng,
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC TRlTONG B ^ l HQC HONG DlTC - SO 41.2018
dan tdc, td chiic hoac nhdm; la y^u td quyet dinh sy thdnh - bai, su tdn tai va phat trien ciia cdng ddng dd [14].
De trd thanh thii ITnh tdt, mpt ngudi phai hpi du nhieu td chat nhu: cd tam nhin chign luac; gidi chuyen mon; manh me va quyet doan; cd ban ITnh, can dam, dam doi mat vdi nhirng khd khan, thach thitc dk dat dugc muc tieu chung; la chd dya tin cay cua cac thanh vien; ham hpc hdi va sang tao; biet ddn ddt va giiip do ngudi khdc, cd kha nang chi huy, dugc mpi ngudi tin nhi8m vd suy tdn.
2.2. Ngirdi Thanh Hda c6 kha nang lam thu Iinh
Dd la nhan xet cua khdng it nha nghien ciiu lich sir - van hda va nhieu nha quan sat khdc. Trong cdc nhdn xet do, khdng thS khdng de cap den nhdn xet ciia H. Le Breton, mot hpc gid ngudi Phdp. Trong cudn An TTnh cd lue (Le vieux An Tinh, 1936), Le Breton viet:
"Vdo nhirng phut gid thir thach, ddi vdi nude An Nam, Thanh Hoa con han cd Hd Npi; day Id mot thdnh dudng bdo ton mpi ky vong cua ddn tpc; tir mien ddt da duac chpn dy da xudt hien nhimg anh hung limg lay vd tdi ba nhdt cua lich su" [3]. Khdng phai ngdu nhien ma vien hpc gia ngudi Phap nay ddnh gid nhu vay. Ong da dua vao cii lieu vd nhan ehiing lich sii dk khdng dinh vai trd "thii ITnh" cua nhieu anh hung xudt chung xii Thanh trong viec ddn dat, bao ton va khdng dinh chii quyen qudc gia cua dan tdc Viet Nam.
0 Viet Nam, khi ndi ve vi tri dia - chinh tri, dia - van hda ciia vung dat xii Thanh, hdu nhu khdng cd nha nghien ciiu nao khdng dan Idi nhdn xet cd dong ciia nha sir hpc Phan Huy Chu thay cho nhiing danh gia ve manh dat vd con ngudi noi day mdt thdi: "Ve non sdng tdt tuoi chung due nen sinh ra nhieu bac vuong tudng. khi tinh hoa tu hop lai, ndy ra nhieu vdn nho (...). Bdi vi ddt thieng thi ngudi gidi nen ndy ra nhirng bac phi thudng, vuong khi chung due nen ximg ddng dimg ddu cd nude " [4; tr.47].
Theo ehiing tdi, H. Le Breton va Phan Huy Chu da khdng ndi qud, bdi di6u nay la hien nhien, da dugc lich su tdng ket. Tim ve cdi ngudn dan tdc, ddu an thii linh la ngudi Thanh Hda da in dam tren nhi6u trang sir cua nude nha. Tir lau, Thanh Hod dd dugc menh danh la vimg dat cua cac bac vua, chiia sang nghiep. Theo thdng ke, tii the ki X den the ki XIX cd 14 vuong ttieu phong kien Viet Nam thi da co 7 vuang tridu cd nguon gde tir ngudi Thanh Hda. 0 cap dp thii ITnh dan tdc, n8u tinh tir ddi vua Trung Vuong d^n ddi vua Bao Dai, Viet Nam cd tat cd 97 vi vua, 20 vi chua thi Thanh Hda chiSm 48 vi vua (49,5%) vd ca 20 vi chua Trinh, chiia Nguyen dIu la ngudi Thanh Hda. Day la &\hm rdt ddc biet, co mpt khdng hai cua xii Thanh so vdi ca nude. Trong s6 cac vi thu ITnh dan tpc dd, nhieu ngudi da de lai nhiing ddu dn lich sii khdng thi phai md; nhilu vi dd trd thanh anh himg cihi tinh cua dan tpc, ngudi quylt dinh van menh va chilu hudng, con dudng phdt trien cua dat nude. Dd la Duong Dinh Nghe, ngudi da tao tiln d l cho Ngo Quyen, con r l dng, lam nen chiln thdng Bach Ddng vang dpi nam 938, chdm diit ban mot nghin nam Bde thudc.
Dd Id vua Le Dai Hanh vdi sy nghiep Idy limg "pha Tdng bmh ChiSm", binh dn xa hdi, xdy dung chinh quyln vihig manh, bao ve vung chde nin dpc lap ty chu qudc gia. Dd la Hd Quy Ly trong 7 nam b-i vi ngdn ngiii da thuc hien dugc mot loat nhitag cdi each quan
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T^P CHl KHOA HQC TRlTdNG DAI HQC HONG DLTC - S 6 41.2018
trpng, tao bao ve hanh chinh, kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, giao dye - thi cu. Dd la Le Lgi, nguoi anh hiing do vdi da ddy binh khdi nghTa kit thiic 10 nam do hp bao tan cua giac Minh, gianh lai dpc lap cho ddn tdc. Dd la vua Le Thanh Tong, "vi hoang de vT dai nhdt", ngudi dd md mang bd coi va tao nen mdt thdi ky huy hoang, thinh tri nhat trong lich sir che dp phong kien Viet Nam. Dd la chua Nguyen Hoang, ngudi da "mang guam di md cdi" va cimg vdi cac chiia Nguyin lam cho Ddng Trong hung thinh, gdp phan quyet dinh vao viec thdng nhat bd coi va dinh hinh cuong vuc qudc gia Viet Nam hinh chir S nhu ngay nay. Va trong 88 nam k l tir ngay thanh lap Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam d i n nay, Ddng da trdi qua 12 lan dai hpi dai bieu toan qudc vdi 11 ddng chi Tdng Bi thu, trong dd Thanh Hda la que huang cua vi Tdng Bi thu thii 9 Le Kha Phieu. Dd la d cap dp thii ITnh dan tpc.
O cap dp thii ITnh/lanh dao cac td chirc, ca quan, dodn the, ngudi Thanh Hda cung gdp mat vdi mdt ddi qudn ddng ddo. Dieu nay cho thay, trudc khi nhan xet ngudi Thanh Hda "ua lam thii ITnh" cdn phdi khdng dinh, ngudi Thanh Hoa co ndng lue Idm thu linh.
Ndng lire do khdng phdi nhdt thdi md cd can nguyen, coi ngudn sdu xa cua nd. Neu nhiing td chat can ban cua m^t ngudi thu ITnh la cd tdm nhin chien luge, manh me vd quyet doan, cd khd nang chi huy, cd bdn ITnh, can dam va dam ddi mat vdi nhftng kho khdn, thdch thirc de dat dugc muc tieu chung, thi nhiing pham chdt dd dIu hpi tu d nhiing ngudi anh hiing hdo kiet xir Thanh. Da cd y kien li giai rang, ngudi Thanh Hda ndi trdi ve thu ITnh qudn sy Id do Thanh Hda Id mien trdn, trai, mien son cudc (mach cudng) nen tinh khi con ngudi tdo ton, lieu ITnh. Ve diem ndy, chung tdi tdn thanh y kien cua Tran Ngpc Them (2016) khi cho rang, each li giai dd "sai 1dm todn diSn", bdi Nghe An, Hd TTnh hay Viet Bac, Tay Bac... cung la vung tran, trai, bien viln vd son cudc nhung tai sao khdng cd nhiing thii ITnh nhu vay. Xuat phdt tu goc dp dia - van hda de li gidi tinh cdch vung mien la hgp li nhung ehiing tdi cho rdng, tir gde do nay ciing cdn cd cdch nhin nhan da chieu va bien ehiing han. Chung tdi tdn thdnh vdi cdch li gidi cua Trdn Nggc Them (ngudi Phii Thp) khi cho rang, vdi vj tri trung gian, chuyen tiSp cua vung ddt xii Thanh, con ngudi Thanh Hoa da tich hop ditpfc hai phdm chdt gid tri quan trong cua cu ddn ba mien de tao nen nhutig pham chat can cd ciia mpt bac thu ITnh. Dd la tinh bdn linh, quyet dodn, dung manh cua ngudi mien Trung vd mien Nam (ma ngudi mien Bac vdi chdt am tinh dam dac, ua nhd nhe, chimg myc, hay can nhac thiet hon rat thieu pham chdt nay) vd su lanh loi, khdn ngoan, da muu tuc tri cua ngudi mien Bde [11; tr.24]. Nha nghien ciiu Tran Thi An (ngudi Nghe An) cung cd kien giai rat sau sac ve vi tri dimg giita cua chu the ngudi ndi cum tir
"vdo Nam, ra Bde". Theo ba, "Philippe Papin cd ly khi ndi rang, ngudi Viet sir dung thanh ngii "ra Bac, vao Nam" nhu mdt mac dinh, dieu nay the hien vi tri diing giiia cua ngudi ndi (toi nhdn m^nh, H.T.M.) vdi mpt ben la ddt rpng, bang phdng (Bde) va mpt ben la chdn hiem dia xa xdi, mu mit (Nam). Vi tri diing giiia nay, xet tu khdng gian dia ly va thdi gian lich sii, phan ndo gdn vdi sy chuyen cu cua ngudi Thanh Hda, Nghe TTnh ma sy lan tda tinh ban sac ciia hp tdi cdc vimg mien khdc ciia ca nude Id mpt thuc te khong thi phu nhdn" [1; tr.87, 88]. Theo ehiing toi, tuy khdng phai la tat ca, nhimg vi tri diing giiia ndy it nhieu deu liSn quan tdi nhimg ngudi con xudt chung xii Thanh da bao phen cdng limg
TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRlTCBNG P^I HQC H 6 N G PtTC - S6 41.2018
ganh nang, giang tay lilu minh d l "bdo tdn mpi ky vpng cua ddn tdc". Ve diem nay, mpt nhd tha ngudi Nam Dinh (nha tha Trdn Manh Hdo) da thdu cam sdu sdc khi vilt nen bai tha Thanh Hda, ttong dd cd nhihig cau tha xiic dpng nhu:
Niu Le Loi khong khdi binh duoi giac Ten nude Nam dd bien khoi dia cdu Niu Thanh Hoa khong Nguyen Hodng md ddt
Td Quoe minh sao tai duac Cd Mau ?
Truyin thong lich su - vdn hda cua mot vimg dat cd nhieu bac anh hung Md Ddt va Giii Nude dd tao ra, bun diic nen mdt mdi trudng tu tudng, mot khdng gian vdn hda xii Thanh luon luu truyin vd thdi thiic khat vpng vuon tdi vi tri thu ITnh, ddu ITnh, vi tri cd
"uy", cd "tdm dnh hudng" ciia nhiing the he ngudi Thanh Hda sau nay.
2.3. NguM Thanh Hoa tea idm thu linh
"Ddn Thanh Hda thudng cd tu tudng hudng thuong, dau ITnh" - Ddy cung la nhdn xet ciia khong it nha nghien ciiu vdn hda vd nhieu nha quan sat khdc ve ngudi Thanh Hda. Khat vpng vuon tdi vi tri thu linh d l khdng dinh bdn thdn va gdp phdn thiic day xa hpi phdt triln Id mpt khat vpng chan chinh. Tuy nhien, nhu da ndi, khi mot thu ITnh thay vi la mpt ngudi dan ddt, dinh hudng, hd trg va thiic day cpng ddng tien len phia tnidc lai biln thdnh mdt ngudi thing tri ddc tai, qua d l eao minh, bupc mpi ngudi phdi phuc tung thi he qud Id se bi cdng ddng quay lung, tham chi phe truat. Rdt tiee Id, niem tu hao ve nhiing thii ITnh dan tdc ngudi Thanh Hda da phdn ndo bi bidn the thanh "cay the". Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi viet: "... Nghe An... rdt kinh cdn viec thd thdn, tuc ngif noi: "Thanh the, Nghe thdn" [9]. H. Le Breton ciing viet.- "An Tinh co cdu phuong ngon rdt noi tieng
"Thanh cdy thi, Nghe cay thdn" [3]. Nguyin Thu Hien noi: The xii Thanh, thdn xii Nghe, nude Hung Thai, ma Cao Lang deu rdt ddng sg" [13; tr.209]. Cdi su "cdy the" dy cung de lgi nhimg ddu dn khd ro net trong lich sir: Sau khi ddnh tan giac Minh. nha Le bdt tay vdo xdy dung vuang trieu mdi. Cdc vi khai qudc cong thdn, tuang linh von la lue luong ndng col trong khdi nghia Lam Son deu duac giao nhiing trpng trdeh lan, con chdu hp ciing duac hudng nhieu dn Ipc cua trieu dinh, "Nhimg chuc vu chu chdt trong trieu deu do cdc nhdn vat ngudi Thanh Hoa ndm giii" [7; tr.653]. Nha Dan tpc hpc Lam Bd Nam (ngudi Thanh Hda) nhdn dinh: "Ro rdng la truyen thong lich sic vdn hda xir Thanh da gdp phdn hun due nen mot phdn tinh cdch ngudi xu Thanh, vdi nhieu net ddng quy nhu nghTa khi, cao dieu nhung ben canh do, su nghia khi cao dieu ndy lai cpng them su cdy the bien thdnh tu cao tu dai. anh hung nhdt khodnh, trung thdnh vdi nhirng gi von cd, lam ngudi ta so, trd thdnh sd dodn trong su hoa hap " [6].
Til "cay thi", ddn dd, tinh "ua lam thii ITnh" da hinh thanh nen nhiing net tinh each phi gia tri nhu tu tdn thai qua, tham chi tu cao, hr dai, cao ngao va dd ki. Nhd nghien ciiu vdn hda Ngo Dire Thinh (ngudi Nam Dinh) ban khoan vl he qua cua tinh it khi "chiu"
nhau ciia ngudi Thanh Hda: "Khong ro cd phai Xii Thanh la vua viing ddt "dia linh nhdn kiet", viing ddt cua nhimg "quan vuang" nen con ngudi Xir Thanh ludn cd tam ly "hudng
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TAP Cffl KHOA HOC TRU'CRVG DAI HOC H 6 N G DlTC - SO 41.2018
thugng", mudn thanh "dau ITnh", cii hai ngudi trd len la hp it khi "chiu" nhau, do vay d ngudi Xii Thanh tinh cd kit dia phuong co phdn giam thilu han ngudi Xir Nghe" [12; tr.224]. Phdn img cua nhieu ngudi Thanh Hda khi nghe nhdn xet nay la khdng dl dang ddng tinh, tham chi nha nghien cuu Hoang Tuan Pho (ngudi Thanh Hda) da trao ddi lai het siic gay gat trong mpt bai bao cd tieu de ciing het siic gay gdt [10], Tuy nhien, d mot miic dd nhat dinh, theo ehiing tdi, y kien ciia GS. Ngd Diic Thinh khdng phai khong cd co sd.
Caeh cat nghia moi quan he giiia tinh ua lam thii linh vdi net lieu ITnh, quyet liet, bdo thu cua ngudi Thanh Hda cung dugc nha nghien ciiu vdn hda Trdn Le Bdo (ngudi Ha Npi) de cap tdi: "Vung dat nhieu thien tai khdc nghiet cimg vdi lich sii phat tich nhieu bac de vuang d xii Thanh (...) da kich thieh tinh each ca nhdn, tu tudng ua lam thu linh vd trung thanh vdi nhiing gi vdn cd ciia con ngudi nai day. Tir hodn canh xuat than ngheo khd den qua trinh trd thanh chita ciia Trinh Kiem la mot minh chimg sinh dpng cho nhung net tinh each vua ua lam thu ITnh, lai lieu ITnh, quyet liet cua ngudi Thanh Hda" [2].
Nhd nghien ciiu lich sir Ha Manh Khoa (ngudi Thanh Hda) vira phe phan vira Idy vi du ve tinh ty cao, ty dai, thich "the hien" cua ngudi Thanh Hda: Trudc so ddng la ngudi tinh khdc, mdt so ngudi Thanh Hda ludn ty hao que huang minh la dat cua vua chiia, nhieu danh nhan kiet xudt, anh hiing "cdi the", la "nude Viet Nam thu nhd", mot vimg dat "bien bac, rimg vdng",... roi di den ket tuan la cdc vimg khac trong nude khdng thi so sanh dugc vdi Thanh Hda, tham chi chi nhu mot "Ndng Cdng cua xii Thanh"... Ngudi dia phuong khdc khdng phii nhan dieu do, nhung trong tham tdm hp, sy ne trpng suy giam; su e ngai, de chimg tdng len [5]. Tat nhien, so ndy khdng nhieu nhung su lan tda va hieu ling cua nd thi rdt manh bdi nd cham den the dien, long tu ai cua eon ngudi. Dilu ndy kha chi li khi ehiing ta nhd den bdi ho ddn gian hien dai (theo dieu hd Sdng Ma) ma Idi ca ciing dugc ngudi Thanh Hoa (cd le vdy) bien tau thdnh lien khiic ty gieu va ehl gilu cd nhiing "ngudi ban" xung quanh:
Ai ve la ve Thanh Hod, do ta do hudy Lfdc ma ldn cua ngudi Thanh Hod, dd ta do hudy La rau md to bdng Id sen, dy do ta la do hudy ... Ai ve Id ve Nghe An, do ta do hudy lfdc mo ldn cua ngudi Nghe An, do ta do hudy La ddo nhieu ao de thd cd go, dy do ta Id do hudy
... Aive lave Thu do, do ta do hudy lfdc ma ldn cua ngudi Thd do, dd ta do hudy Ld gdi Thu do lay chong Thanh Hoa, dy do ta la do hudy.
Ty gieu minh Id thang than, cimg gieu "ban" va gieu minh la vui, nhung gilu "ban"
md de cao minh la rat d l cham din the dien va Idng ty di ciia "ban". V l dilm nay, nha nghien ciiu van hda Tran Thi An khdng dinh, phuong ngii hay tinh cue bp khdng phai la nguyen nhan khien mot sd ngudi cd dinh kien vdi ngudi Thanh Hda ma la do "tinh cao ngao dugc hinh thanh bdi Idng ty ton thdi qua ciia nhung ngudi sinh ra va ldn len trong nhiing mach nguon dia linh nguon cdi" [1; tr.92]. Vi vdy, chimg toi cung tan thdnh vdi suy
T ^ P CHJ KHOA HQC TRl/CfNG D,A1 HQC HONG DlTC - SO 41.2018
luan ciia nha sir hgc Ha Manh Khoa va cho rdng, neu tu ton Id mpt net tam li cua ngudi cd tai nang thi ty cao, tu dai lai Id net tinh cdeh ciia nhung ngudi thieu ty tin, phien dien, tham chi thiln can. Han nua, tir su tu tdn thai qud, ty cao tu dai ddn den vi pham quy tdc, ki luat ciing la mdt he qua tdt ylu. Trong hpi thdo ve ngudi Thanh Hda tai Hpc vien Cdng nhdn Cdng doan (2015) do nhdm nghien cihi Mai Thi Hdng Hdi (Tnidng D^i hpc Hdng Diic) chii tri, mot cdn bd chia se: "An tuong cd khda chung toi hoi hpc dai hpc la nam 1990, mai nhdp hpc duoc mpt tudn, co mot nhdn vdt ngitdi Thanh Hoa da noi tieng den tan bdy gid (...). Hoi do dky tuc xd dudi Thudng Tin. trudng co quy dinh la lOhSO phdi ddng ciia di ngu. Hdm do co mpt nhom ngudi Thanh Hda khong biet nen to chuc sinh nhdt. The la bdo ve den bdt. xii ly. Anh thu linh hien ngang tuyen bo luon toi la ngudi tinh ndy. tinh kia. Toi khdng bao gid quy gdi de ndi chuyen trudc cdc anh. Anh dy di bo dpi ve.
The Id cd nhom dy hoan hd ldn dt anh bdo ve kia. Chuyen do thdnh ky niem vd cu moi ldn hpp lap Id chung toi nhac mdi. Bdy gid anh dy cdng lam khd to, lam d vien kiem sdt trong tinh Bd Ria - Vung Tau. Tdi vdn gap vd mdi ldn ggp lai treu (...). Thudng thi nhu vdy se phdi xin la chdng em sdp xong rdi, xong Id chung em se ddng ciia ngay. Tinh khdc ngudi ta se ddi xii nhu the. Nhung md anh dy tuyen bd ludn nhu the, muon xii ly gi thi xir. Cuoi cung dung la trudng thua that. Nhimg minh noi d cdch xu xu dung khdng? Ro rdng neu la ngudi tinh khdc thi ngudi ta se thdy la ngudi ta sai vd ndi Id thdi chung em vi pham.
chung em xin loi, chung em se tdt dien ngay, ldn sau chung em se khong Idm dm T trudng niia. Ddy anh dy tttyen bo mpt cdu nhu the va trd thdnh noi tieng luon ".
Khao sat ciia chung toi (2017) ddi vdi gan 1.000 ngudi trong vd ngoai tinh Thanh Hda qua cau hdi "Theo Ong/Bd, ngudi Thanh Hod hien co nhiing diem yeu noi bat ndo sau day? ", ket qud nhu sau: 56,6% ngudi thira nhan "ua Idm lanh dao, thu linh" va 43,5% thira nhan "cao ngao, ty tdn thai qud" Id nhung net Rdt ndi bat, Ndi bat vd Khd ndi bat cua ngudi Thanh Hda so vdi ngudi ddn cdc tinh, thdnh khdc. Chiing toi cho rdng, kit qua khdo sdt nay kha khdch quan, bdi vi nhu da phan tich d tren, tinh "ua lam lanh dao, thu ITnh" vd net cao ngao, hr tdn ddi khi thai qua khdng phdi la dac tinh chung cua tdt cd mpi ngudi Thanh Hda ma chi cd d mdt bp phan. Nhung vi da la dilm ylu, ddc biet lai la net tinh each tieu cue se cd hieu ling lan tda rdt nhanh. Vi vay, theo chiing toi, nhan xet ciia cac nha nghien cuu, quan sat va con sd khao sat k l b-en viia giiip chiing ta binh tTnh, cdn trpng va hr tin rdng, phdn ldn ngudi ddn Thanh Hda khdng cd nhung dilm ylu ndi trpi han ngudi ddn ca nude, nhung ciing vira la Idi canh bdo, thdi thiic chiing ta tim kilm cac giai phdp phii hgp de han ehl nhiing bilu hien tiSu eye tuy chi cd d mpt bp phdn nhd nhung lai cd siic dnh hudng kha ldn ndy.
3. KET LUAN
Khat vpng vucm tdi vi tri thii ITnh d l khdng dinh ban than va gdp phan ddn ddt, thiic day cpng ddng tiln vl phia truac la khat vpng cua nhung con ngudi cd hod! bao lan d khdp mpi noi tren thi gidi. Ljch sir va tao hda da ban cho vung ddt Xii Thanh nhimg dac dilm dpc dao, dd chpn nai day 1dm ddt td sinh ra nhilu bac anh hung dan tdc. Khdng gian lich
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRlTONG DAI HQC HONG DUC - SO 41.2018
sir - van hda dd dd luu truyen vd thdi thiic khat vpng vuon tdi vi tri thii ITnh, vi tri cd "uy".
cd "tam dnh hudng" ciia nhimg thi he ngudi Thanh Hda sau ndy. Tat nhien, trong khi tam li, tinh each con ngudi luon bien ddng ma ranh gidi giiia cdc net tinh each lai rdt tuong ddi, vi vay, nhiing diem tich eye - do tdc dpng nhieu chieu - rat dl chuyen hda thdnh tieu cue va ngugc lai. De hdi nhdp va phdt triln, ngudi Thanh Hda vua phai phat huy tdi da tiem ndng sdng tao cua mdi cd nhdn, xiing dang vdi vung ddt dia linh nhan kiet, vira phdi thang thdn nhin nhan vd khdc phuc nhiing bilu hien chua hay, chua dep de nhan dugc su yeu men vd tdn trpng nhieu ban cua ngudi ddn trong nude vd qudc te.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
[I] Tran Thi An (2016), Bdn sdc xie Thanh - nhin tit coi nguon vdn hoa truyen thong.
Tap chi Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam, so 4 (101).
[2] Tran Le Bao (2015), Tdng cudng nguon Ittc vdn hoa nhu sire manh mem van hoa tinh Thanh trong thdi dai hpi nhdp qudc te. In trong Ki yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc Xay dung hinh dnh tot dep cua Thanh Hda vd ngudi Thanh Hda trong long ban be trong nude va qudc te, Thanh Hda thdng 7/2015.
[3] Hippolyte Le Breton (2005), An Tinh cS lue, Nxb. Nghe An, TP. Vinh.
[4] Phan Huy Chii (2007), Lich trieu hien chuang loai chi, tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi.
[5] Ha Manh Khoa (2015), Khiem ton, sdng tao la phdt huy the manh. In trong Kl yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc Xay dung hinh dnh tdt dep ciia Thanh Hda va ngudi Thanh Hda trong long ban be trong nude va quoe te, Thanh Hda thang 7/2015.
[6] Lam Bd Nam (2015), Ddtvd ngudi xu Thanh - Tiep can dia vdn hoa. In trong Ki yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc Xay dung hinh dnh tdt dep cua Thanh Hoa va ngudi Thanh Hoa trong long ban be trong nude va quoe te, Thanh Hda thang 7/2015.
[7] Nhieu tac gia (2000), Bia chi Thanh Hoa, t^p 1, Nxb. Van hda Thong tin, Ha Npi.
[8] Nhieu tac gia (2015), Dia chi Thanh Hoa, tap 4, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Npi.
[9] Quoe su quan trieu Nguyen (1960), Dai Nam nhdt thong chi. tgp thuong, Trdn Tuan Khai phien dich, Nha Van hda, Bp Qudc gia Giao due xuat ban, Sai Gdn.
[10] Hoang Tuan Pho (2014), Ngudi Thanh Hoa dudi "niia" con mdt ciia gido su vdn hoa Ngo Dice Thinh, http://tuancongthuphong.blogspot.com/2014/04/nguoi-thanh- hoa- duoi-nua-con-mat.html.
[II] Trdn Ngpc Them (2016), Gidi phdu tinh cdch ngudi Thanh Hoa, In trong Ki yeu Hpi thao khoa hoc Giai phap phat huy gia tri truyen thdng cua con ngudi Thanh Hda dap ling yeu cau cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hpi nhap qudc tl, Thanh Hda thang 4/2016.
[12] Ngo Dire Thinh (2003), Vdn hoa viing vd phdn vung vdn hoa d Viet Nam, Nxb. Tre, TP.H6 Chi Minh.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRlfOTNG DAI HQC HONG PtfC - S 6 41.2018
[13] Nguyin Trai (1969), Du dia chi, hi trong Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Nxb. Klioa iloc Xa lioi, Ha Noi.
[14] Vien Ciiinli tri lipc. Hoc vien Chi'nli tri Qu6c gia H6 Clli Minh (2004), Tdp bdi gidng Chinh tri hoc, Nxb. Ly luan Chinli tri. Ha Noi.
[15] Vien Ngon ngu hpc (2002), Tie dien tieng Viet, Nxb. Da Nang, Tnmg tam Tir dien hpc. Ha Npi - Da Nang.
D I S C U S S I O N O N C A P A C I T Y T O B E L E A D E R A N D LEADERSHIP PREFERENCE O F T H A N H H O A P E O P L E
Hoang Thi Mai ABSTRACT
Thanh Hoa Province is the birthplace of many heroes, leaders of the nation. There have been many arguments about the leadership of Thanh Hoa people. For a relatively convincing and acceptable answer, on the basis of cultural and historical contexts, observations, surveys and interviews, this article addresses two main questions: 1) Do Thanh Hoa people have the ability to be leaders? 2) Do Thanh Hoa people have leadership preference? Why? What values should be promoted and what are the demerits that should be avoided from the psychological characteristics of a leader?
Keywords: Head, leader, conservative, self-respected, arrogant, Thanh Hoa people.
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