In other words, the mere preference for high entrepreneurial activity – the percentage of adults involved in the process of establishing or managing a company – does not necessarily guarantee the creation of a sufficient share of companies that are able to succeed in the medium or long term with a positive impact on the local context. As a result, “the ability of the state to encourage the growth of such firms is probably the most important element in the development of firms” ([14], p. 208).
The entrepreneurial enablers
Because it is based on largely trusted relationships, the ecosystem must also be imbued with the typical optimistic and positive business climate that feeds self-confidence among entrepreneurs [41]. From this last perspective, entrepreneurial enablers have a major responsibility to connect the ecosystem to the technological and innovation dynamics.
Perspectives for digital startups birth and scale ups diffusion 1 The digital technologies
The role of ecosystem
Due to the presence of research centers that disseminate knowledge, universities that train graduates in technical disciplines, and consultants, it is very likely that these specific environments are linked to regional or urban areas. The ecosystem's tendency to concentrate activities is also consistent with the nature of digital companies.
Conclusive remarks
Therefore, the innovative and entrepreneurial critical processes are linked to the entire external environment, which is regarded as a gathering place of individuals, companies, individual talents, institutions and support services [28]. Although, according to empirical evidence, policies aimed solely at promoting corporate birth rates may not be the best solution to many Western countries' employment and growth problems.
Introduction
To date, regulators and competition authorities have generally responded cautiously, eschewing a blanket ban on zero-rating in favor of case-by-case analysis, as explicitly required in the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Rule that subsequently repealed the Open Internet Rule of 2015 [6]. We begin by outlining the general arguments for and against the use of zero-rating.
Zero-rating, net neutrality and competitive harms
Next, we summarize key economic features of the Internet ecosystem in which zero-rating offers are made. To date, no consistent view has emerged among regulators and competition authorities of what constitutes anti-competitive use of zero-rating.
The internet ecosystem and zero-rating
- Complex interactions
- Derived demands
- Complex tariffs
- Heterogeneous end users
Proponents of net neutrality argue that innovation at the 'edge' of the CAP ecosystem unconditionally dominates innovation at the ISP core. Regulators and competition authorities are charged with promoting competition in each of the relevant markets in order to protect the long-term interests of consumers.
Competition: relaxing the assumptions
- Relaxing the constraints: homogeneous products and heterogeneous users In net neutrality discourse, ISPs could strategically zero-rate a selected appli-
- Equalising prices conceals underlying cost and valuation differences Assume now that the two applications are perfectly homogeneous, but one
- Differentiated price and product offers to low-valuers
- Relaxing the constraints: perfect information and no transaction costs Having considered the implications of relaxing the constraints of product (and
- Positive search costs and barriers to entry
The closer the zero-rated application(s) are to the zero-rated one(s) in the end-users' perception, the more likely the non-zero-rated application(s) will fail. Does it currently cost the ISP less to use zero-rated applications than the equivalent use of non-zero-rated applications?
Conclusion
If the answer to this question is 'no', then the party with the most likely reason to use a zero-rating strategy may be a new entrant. BEREC's zero-rating guidelines are another "economy-free zone": Populism is the guiding principle.
Previous study
With the results of big data analysis, we have found that there are two types of features (visual type and auditory type) and they have proved the relationship between these information processing features and learning effects in cooperative learning. Therefore, it is assumed that individual traits such as personality and cognitive style in terms of information processing can help teachers make collective decisions, for example, guidance and training of team members.
System
Model of information processing
In addition, whether participants read letters they silently turn into sound or not, the experiment has been reported to have shown that the former cases are more comprehensible than the latter [7]. For those reasons, it is believed that the spelling like Japanese kanji could cause individual differences in cognitive style related to information processing [10].
Hypothesis
When those words or sentences are unknown to subjects, they can refer to existing concepts constructed by perception of other organs, and then their own new concepts will be reconstructed (f) before decision making for meaning of words or sentences (c) and adjusted by feedback control (g). When you cite sources, the citations must be set in a number format. All the references given in the reference list must be cited in the body of the text.
Methods
- Pilot
- Preliminary experiments
- Practical experiment
- Methods of analysis
Other data, for example, performance results (high-stake ratings) and ratios (low-stake ratings), YGPI decision time, and so on, will be collected. In addition, students' performance results will be practically compared with two types between the first and second semesters.
Results
Results of pilot
And then, whether this criterion of two types is verified or not by comparing the results of decision time between preliminary and practical experiments. The mean decision time for audio-voice presentation was longer than for letters (Figure 4).
Results of preliminary experiment 1. Verifying reproducibility
Comparison of decision time between visual and auditory type presented with audio voice (practical experiment). Since similar results were observed between the first and second experiments, it is assumed that the reproducibility of the measurements, the method of analysis and the criteria are verified.
Results of practical experiment
Discussion
- What has been changed in digital society?
- Toward clarifying information processing
- Effects of changing
- Teaching strategies
We studied about the optimization of the formation of team members (collective decision making) by personality (individual decision making) as teaching strategies [11]. From this point of view, it is suggested that the method of optimizing the formation of team members could have been better with criteria for characteristics of cognitive type in terms of information processing to improve learning effectiveness.
Conclusion
In this case, the learning effect is believed to have been improved by smoothing the interactive communication between team members, compared to the traditional method of team building which had decided based on student number. On the other hand, when the team members were determined by their personality to improve their performance in the hands-on lesson, there were successful or unsuccessful teams.
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Role of the SMEs for nation’s economy and importance of IT strategy to SMEs The SMEs are considered as a major backbone for the national economy especially
The strategic planning of SME performance has been discussed extensively in theory and literature [14-16]. The strategic planning of SMEs performance has been thoroughly discussed in the theory and previous literature [13-16].
Review of literature
His findings suggest that each of the five different approaches has a different probability of success, with the "organizational" approach being the most effective and the "method-driven" approach the least effective. Ward and Peppard [46] emphasized the union of IT and business to improve competitive advantage.
Methodology 1 The instrument
- Instrument validity and instrument reliability
- The sample
As mentioned, most of these studies were conducted in the western worlds and the results may or may not be applicable to this part of the globe. There is another gap within the Southeast Asian perspective and this study could fill the research gap.
Data analysis and results
- Profile of respondents
- Profile of organizations
- Profile of the IT function
- IT strategy basic development methods
From the tabular data, it appears that none of the IT strategy's basic development methods are fully or partially used by the participating SMEs. The results further indicate that none of the basic development methods of the IT strategy are used by the Bruneian SMEs, either in whole or in part, although the SMEs are familiar with these methods.
Discussion
The results (presented in Table 8) show that there are no significant differences between these two industry sectors regarding the use of the three basic IT/IS strategy methods. However, based on the size of the industry sector and organization (Table 8), our findings contrast with the study (ibid) as on these bases the basic methods of IT/IS strategy development remained insignificant.
Lesson learnt
First, the background, definitions and conceptual frameworks for the sharing economy and collaborative consumption will be dealt with. Fourth and finally, the most important conceptual and empirical implications of the research will be addressed and discussed.
Digital sharing as economic behavior
In other words, collaborative consumption is “the act and process of distributing what is ours to others for their use ([14], p. 126)”. It is therefore necessary to insist on the fact that collaborative consumption behavior involves the coordinated acquisition and distribution of products or services for use, some form of compensation (monetary or otherwise) and access, often temporary, over ownership.
Collaborative behavior in economic thought
These two approaches simply put more or less emphasis on the main components of collaborative consumption. From the information systems approach, we are able to understand collaborative consumption as a "peer-to-peer-based activity to access, give or share goods and services, coordinated through community-based online services ([17], p. 2047)." In fact, this new type of exchange and behavior is an economic and technological phenomenon driven by new development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), advances in consumer awareness, and the spread of collaborative online communities that make trade more social, sustainable or fairer [31, 32].
Toward new economic approaches
The basic players in the sharing market are consumers/producers and companies/platforms that coordinate but do not control the sharing exchange [33]. The economic properties of exchange are thus those of shared use (shareability, experiential use and sharing economies).
Motivations of collaborative behavior
Furthermore, the interpretive apparatus that economics will have to develop to address a partial exchange theory must take into account a set of relatively unusual principles. Sharing requires interpretive models that consider a combination of emotional and rational decision-making, individual interest-based as well as prosocial motivations, exchange compensation through a monetary or non-monetary fee, and the set of sharing economies it can generate.
Anticonsumer or antimaterialist motivations, captured through the possibility of nonmonetary exchanges, predict the provision of collaborative platforms
Ideology (better community and greater sustainability) explained provider participation, while practical reasons (need satisfaction, greater value, and convenience) explained user participation.
With the idea of broadening the range of motivations and the diversity of forms and stakeholders of the collaborative behavior, the literature has also analyzed the role of socio-demographic characteristics [25].
Pan-European evidence of collaborative behavior
Among the socio-demographic predictors of the use of sharing platforms in Europe, the analysis performed provides us with a number of results worth noting. The analysis of predictive factors for the delivery of goods and services via sharing platforms (n = 496) in Europe (Table 4) shows a picture that clearly deviates from the use of such platforms.
Discussion: new consumer behavior, new economic approaches
Proposition 1. The success of consolidative strategies (merger or acquisition) is ensured by the degree of similarity and complementarity between the dynamic capabilities of the two merging firms. Bridging Perspectives Together: Business Model Transformation and the Micro-Foundations of Acquisition-Based Dynamic Capabilities.
