MOI LIEN HE GAN BO N H A T TRONG XAC DINH PHAP LUAT AP DUNG DOI VOn QUAN HE DAN SU"
CO YEU TO NlTOfC NGOAI THEO BQ LUAT DAN SlT NAM 2015
Nguyen Thanh Tu Hodng Nggc Bich*"
Tom tat: Mpt trong nhiing diim mdi ciia Bp lugt Ddn su ndm 2015 Id quy dinh sii dung tieu chi "moi lien he gdn bo nhdt" di xdc dinh phdp lugt dp dung doi vdi quan he dan su co yiu to nudc ngodi Bdi viet se phdn tich vdn de ndy tren ca sd kinh nghiem quoc te, quy dinh cua Bp lugt Ddn su 2005 tgi cdc Diiu 664, 672 vd 683; tit do de cap mpt so vdn de lien quan sephdt sinh trong qud trinh trien khai thi hdnh B6 lugt ndy.
Abstract: One of the new points of the Civil Code of 2015 is provisions on the most significant relationship criterion for determining applicable law for foreign-related civil relations. This article analyses that criterion on the basis of international experiences, relevant provisions of the Civil Code of 2015, namely Articles 664, 672 and 683; it then points out relevant issues arising in the process of enforcement of this Code.
1. Hoc thuyet ve mdi lidn he gan bo nhat
1.1. Tong quan
Quan he dan su (QHDS) cd yeu td nude ngoai (YTNN) cd khd nang bi rang huge bdi nhidu he thdng phap luat khdc nhau. Didu nay tao ra tinh trang xung dot phap lugt va cau hdi dat ra la, phap ludt nudc nao phai dugc dp dung de giai quydt QHDS do. Cd nhidu each thiic giai quydt xung dot phap luat khac nhau, nhung each thiic phd bidn nhat la thdng qua quy phgm xung dot, tiic quy pham chi ra mdt he thdng phap luat dugc ap dung de giai quylt QHDS cd YTNN cu the. Hidn nay, phap luat v l lya ehpn phap luat dp dung ddi vdi QHDS cd YTNN (hay rpng hon la phap luat v l tu phap qudc te) cua mdt sd nudc d i u ghi nhdn
d miic dp khac nhau nguyen tac mdi lien he gdn bd nhat (hay mat thilt nhdt)'. Tuy nhien, ehinh each thiic quy dinh khac nhau cua phap luat cac nudc lam phat sinh nghi ngd ve ban chat phap luat cua nudc noi co mdi lidn he gan bd nhdt vdi QHDS c6 YTNN: do la mdt he thudc luat mdi hay la mdt khuynh hudng, hpc thuydt dd xdc dinh hd thupc phap luat dugc ap dung?
Phap luat cua cdc nudc sir dung nhiing thuat ngii khde nhau khi quy dinh nguyen tac "mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt" nhu: mdi lidn he, lien kdt hay rang budc gdn bd/mat thiet;
hogc mdi lien he, lien kdt hay rang budc gan bd han/mat thiet hon (gan bd nhat/mat thiet nhdt). Nhin chung, khai nidm "mdi lidn he
^_TS., Vu Phap luat dan sir - kinh te, B6 Tu phdp.
" Vu Phap luat qu6c t l . Bo Tu phap.
Bai Viet chi phdn anh quan diem cd nhdn cua cac tdc
S.C. Symeonides, "Codification and Flexibility in Private International Law", trong K.B. Brown &
D.V. Snyder (eds.). General Reports of the XVlIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law: Codification and Flexibihty in Private International Law, Springer Science, 2011, tr. 175-187.
42
Mdi LIEN HE GAN BO NHAT...
gdn bd nhat" hay nhflng khai nidm tuong ty cdn "mo hd" vd chua chi ra dugc chfnh xac mdt he thdng phap luat cu thi se dugc dp dyng. Vi vdy, "mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt" ndn dugc hidu la mdt hgc thuylt hoac mgt each tidp cdn han la mdt he thudc phap lugt trong quy phgm xung dot.
Trdn co sd tdp hgp eac nghidn ciiu cua nhieu hpc gia tir cac qudc gia khdc nhau, S.C. Symeonides da phan tich each thiic cdc nha Igp phap giam bdt ti'nh ciing nhdc ciia vide phap didn hda cac quy pham xung dot bdng cac cdng cu khac nhau. Trong dd ed cac yeu td lien kit mang tinh thay thi "mim deo", didn hinh la mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt.
Mdi lidn he nay dugc xac dinh la yiu td lidn kdt khdng phu thupc vao mdt mdi lidn hp dan nhat, ma gdm nhieu ydu td va hoan cdnh duge ddnh gia, can nhac tdng the trong tiing trudng hgp cu thd. Ndi each khdc, qudc gia (hay phap lugt ciia qudc gia) ed mdi lidn hd gan bd nhdt dugc xdc dinh theo timg vu viec tuang iing, sau khi can nhdc tinh tiet timg vu vide chii khdng ed quy dinh chung. Dd ddm bao tfnh dy doan trudc, tranh nhung ke hd trong tu phap qudc td, qudc gia cd mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat edn duge xdc dinh tir trudc, mang tfnh phan logi theo timg nhdm quan he phap lugt lien quan hodc su dung phuong phap suy dodn. Suy doan nay cd thd thay ddi ndu chiing minh dugc phdp luat cua qudc gia khdc cd mdi lidn he gdn bd han. Vide dp dung nguydn tdc mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt ddi hdi tim ra bdng chiing thyc td xdc dinh noi ed nhflng lidn he dang kd nhdt vdi vu vide xay ra^.
Tuy nhidn, vide giai thich, xdc dinh mdi lien he gan bd nhdt nay khdng don gian. Cac van ban luat vd tu phap qudc tl hay xung dpt phdp lugt thudng trao quydn cho thdm phan quydt dinh. Hudng din cua Vien nghidn ciiu phap lugt Hoa Ky: Tdi lieu Didn gidi phap lugt tiui hai (the Second Restatement)^ dd dua ra nhitng tidu chf ehimg dl ddnh gia vl mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt, ddng thdi chi ra mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat trong mdt sd trudng hgp cy thd dd lua chgn phdp lugt dp dyng vdi hgp ddng va bdi thudng thidt hgi ngoai hgp ddng.
1.2. Nguon goc vd dnh hudng Qua Hch sii ciia tu phap qudc te ndi chung va xac dinh phap lugt dp dyng ddi vdi QHDS ed YTNN ndi ridng, nhieu hpc gid khdng dinh tu phap qudc tl da phat tridn trdn CO sd cdc hgc thuydt ve xung dot phdp lugt eiia chau Au"*. Thud ban ddu la nhiing hpc thuydt don le thudng thidn vl lanh thd, noi cu tni hodc qudc tich. Tidp dd, cdc hpc thuydt dugc phdt triin ddy du ban vd dugc nhdm Igi dd tao nen cae tap hgp quy tdc cho tham phdn trong nhung vy viec cd YTNN.
Trong dd, hpc thuyet ve mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat duge eho la bat ngudn tir Hoa Ky, lan truyen ngugc trd Igi chdu Au va anh hudng ddn tu phdp qudc td ciia ede nudc. Hpc thuydt ndy sau do dugc phat tridn tgi nhidu qudc gia khac nhau, mang nhitng ten gpi khde nhau .
Mat khdc, khdng thd phii nhgn dnh hudng ciia cdc hgc thuydt phdp ly eiia chdu
^ L.P. Hiller, "The "Most Significant Relationship"
Test of the Second Restatement of Conflicts and Its Effect Outside the United Slates in the Area of Torts", 12 A'evf York International Law Review 55 (1999); S C. Symeonides, chii thich s6 1.
Xem phdn tich cu the a Muc 2.1 duoi day.
•* W. Tetley, "A Canadian Looks at American Conflict of Law Theory and Practice, Especially in the Light of the American Legal and Social Systems (Corrective vs. Distributive Justice)", 38 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 229 (1999).
' J. Lookofsky & K. Hertz, Transnational Litigation and Commercial Arbitration, Juris Publishing, 2004, tr. 568- 569.
43
NHA Nlf&C VA PHAP LUAT SO 3/2016
Au ddn sy hinh thanh ddy dii hpc thuydt ve mdi Hdn he gdn bd nhat trong tu phap qudc te tai Hoa Ky, ddc bidt la hpc thuydt cua F.C. Savigny - mdt hgc gia ngudi Dire d the ky XIX. Theo dd, quy tde ehpn phap luat dp dung phai lidn kdt vdi lanh thd qudc gia dudi quan he tuong tac giu:a nhung ngudi tir cdc vimg Idnh thd khdc nhau gan vdi phap luat ap dyng khdc nhau; va he thdng chgn phdp ludt dp dyng phdi cd tinh toan cau, mdt vu vide phai dugc giai quydt vdi eimg mdt luat npi dung bat kd dugc xet xii tgi dau.
Phap ludt dp dyng phdi dugc xdc dinh de logi bd hidn tugng lan tranh phdp iuat, tren CO sd nguyen tdc binh dang vd phdp ly gifl:a ngudi nude ngodi vd trong nudc. Nguydn tac lya ehpn phap lugt dp dung la ty nguydn;
tham phdn tham gia vdo qua trinh xac dinh sy lya ehpn ciia ca nhan qua timg tinh hudng phap ly cu thd (can thiep mang tinh xay dyng), dd xdc dinh y chi ciia ede bdn khi khdng cd su lua chgn ro rang^.
Nhu vdy, qud trinh hinh thdnh cua hpc thuydt nay cd dau an ciia qua trinh tuong tac qua Igi giQ:a cdc he thdng phap luat khdc nhau. Trong bdi canh hidn nay, hoc thuylt vl mdi lidn hd gdn bd nhdt ddng vai yd quan trpng tiong cac vdn ban luat vl tu phap qudc td:'
- Ydu td lien kdt chinh hoac trudng hgp loai trir lya chgn lugt dp dyng;
- Gia dinh vd trudng hgp ngoai le trong xung dot phdp luat ddi vdi ITnh vyc hgp ddng, bdi thudng thidt hai ngodi hgp ddng hay ITnh vyc xung dot phap lugt khac;
- Nguydn tdc mang tinh quydt dinh hoac quy tac mac dinh trong mdt sd trudng hgp
cu the, nhu ddi vdi trudng hgp xac dinh phap lugt dilu chinh quan he nhan than cua nguoi cd nhilu qudc tich;
- Quy phgm "quet" nhdm idp chd trdng cho cac trudng hgp khdng dugc quy dinh.
1.3. Hgn chi
Mdt hpc thuydt bao gid ciing chi phat huy dugc tdc dyng trong gidi han phu hgp cua nd. Hpc thuylt vd mdi lidn he gdn bo nhdt trong xdc dinh phdp ludt ap dung ddi vdi QHDS cd YTNN cd ira dilm vl dp mdm ddo, tuy nhidn ciing cd nhugc dilm la tinh thieu chdc chdn, dac biet la khi thilu nhflng giai thfch, hudng ddn kem theo dl xac dinh thd nao la mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt.
Mdc du vay, ngugc Igi vdi nhiing suy doan thdng thudng cho rdng, hgc thuylt vl mdi lien hd gan bd nhat dem Igi quydn tu dinh doat qua Idn cho cdc thdm phdn va khdng de ra bat ky quy tde ndo, nhilu hgc gia ve tu phap qudc td eho rdng hgc thuylt nay dan den kdt qua cd thd dy doan trudc dugc.
Ly do bdi mpt QHDS cd YTNN ro rang chi gdn bd nhat vdi mdt hd thdng phap luat nhdt dinh. Vi vgy, vide xac dinh he thdng phap lugt nhu thd ndo phai ed hudng ddn dl thing nhdt vd kdt qud dd dy doan trudc, tranh vide hpc thuydt ndy bi Igm dung theo each ma toa an hay thdm phan mong mudn^.
2. Kinh nghiem mot so nirdc 2.1. Hoa Ky
Tai lieu Dien giai phdp lugt thii hai (the Second Restatement) da diic kdt cdc tidu chi xdc dinh mdi Hdn he gan bd nhdt nham xac dinh phap lugt ap dung ddi vdi QHDS co YTNN. Theo dd, mdt tda dn, bi rdng budc bdi nhung gidi ban hidn dinh, se tudn theo
S. Peari, "Savigny's Theory of Choice-of-Law as a Principle of Voluntary Submission", 64(1) University of Toronto Law Journal 106(2014).
' S.C. Symeonides, chu thich s6 1, tr. 176.
' S.C. Symeonides, "The Judicial Acceptance of the Second Conflicts Restatement: a Mixed Blessing", 56(4) Maryland Law Review 1248 (1997); S. Peari, chu thich so 6.
44
M&I LIEN H$ CAN BO NHA T..
chi din trong phap luat ciia bang minh vd vdn de chon phap luat ap dung; khi khdng cd chi dan, nhiing yiu td lien quan din vide xdc dinh phdp lugt dp dung bao gdm:
- Nhu cdu ciia hi thong phdp ludt lien bang vd qudc ti: viee lua chgn phap lugt dp dung can nhdm den mdi quan he hai hda hon giiia cac bang vd cac qudc gia dl ho tro quan he thuong mgi giu'a ede chu thi lidn quan;
- Cdc chinh sdch liin quan ciia nai cd toa an: mdi quy tdc cua phap ludt dii dugc xay dyng trdn ca sd thanh vdn hogc khdng thanh vdn diu thilt lap dl dat ddn mot hodc nhidu muc tidu nhat dinh; vi thi khi xdc dinh phdp ludt ap dung cdn can nhdc din nhflng muc tidu nay;
- Cdc chinh sdch liin quan cua cdc bang/quoc gia liin quan khdc va loi ich lien quan cua cdc bang/quoc gia do trong viic quyet dinh vdn de cu thi: tda an can can nhdc khdng chi cae ehinh sach cd lidn quan eua bang/qudc gia minh ma ca ciia nhflng bang/qude gia ed lien quan;
Viic bdo ve cdc nguyen vpng chinh ddng: mdt ngudi cd quyen ky vpng rang ndu hdnh vi eiia hp dugc dilu ehinh theo phdp luat cua mdt qu6c gia thi khdng bi xet lai tai mdt qudc gia khac;
- Cdc chinh sdch ca bdn cua ngdnh lugt cii the lien qugn: trong trudng hgp phap luat ciia cac bang/qudc gia cd lidn quan vd co ban la gidng nhau, ndu cd nhung khac bidt thi phdp lugt cua bang/qudc gia cua nganh ludt cu thd se dugc dp dung;
- Su chac chdn, du dodn trudc duac vd thdng nhdt kit qud: vide lan trdnh phap ludt cdn dugc ngdn ch^; va
- Muc dp de ddng trong xdc dinh vd dp dyng phdp lugt: nguyen tdc ndy ddn ddn he qua phap luat noi cd tda an thudng dugc dp dung, vi vdy khdng ndn qud nhdn manh
nguydn tac nay so vdi nhflng nguyen tdc khdc^
Cac ydu td ndu trdn cd y nghia dgc bi?t quan trgng trong vide thi hidn va gidi thich hpc thuylt vd mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt. Tuy nhidn, Tdi Hdu Didn giai phdp luat thii hai tap hgp nhieu each thiie tidp can khac nhau ma hgc thuydt vl mdi Hdn hp gdn bd nhdt chi la mdt trong sd do. Vi vay, cac tda dn ciia Hoa Ky dp dung cung khac nhau. Tda an mdt sd bang cua My ap dung todn bd Tai lieu Dien giai phap ludt thii hai, mdt sd khac chi ap dung mpt phdn va mdt sd chi ap dyng nguydn tde trung tam la mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt. Nhu tgi bang Texas, nhidu tda dn vdn dp dyng ca nguydn tdc phan tich Igi ich (xdc dinh phap lugt dp dung trong QHDS cd YTNN tren eo sd xac dinh Igi ich cua bang cd Hdn quan) va nguydn tdc mdi lidn hd gdn bd nhat trong ede phdn quylt eiia minh'°.
W.L.M. Reese - mdt trong nhiing ngudi sogn thdo chinh cua Tai Hdu Didn giai phap lugt thii hai - da giai thich: Tai lieu nay dugc xay dyng tren quan didm cua mot noi xet xir trung lap va ehi tim kidm vide dp dyng phap lugt phii hgp nhat. Tuy nhidn, cac nguydn tdc dugc dua ra trong Tai lieu nay phan anh eac ehinh sdch dd dp dung tiiy timg trudng hgp"
Tai lieu Dien gidi phdp ludt thir hai da thay ddi tu duy vdi vdn dd chgn phap luat dp dung eho QHDS cd YTNN so vdi Tdi
The Second Restatement, Sec.6,
http://www.kenllaw.edu/perritt/conflicts/rest6.htmI;
D. Mc Clean, The Conflict of Laws, Sweet&
Maxwell, 2000, tr. 556-559.
'" W. Cutler, "Texas Conflicts L a w The Struggle to Grasp the Most Significant Relationship Test", 65 Baylor Law Review 355 (20\3); W. Tetley, chu thich so 4.
" W.L.M. Reese, "Conflict of Laws and the Restatement Second", 28 Law and Contemporary Problems 694 0963).
45
NHA NVorC VA PHAP LUATSd 3/2016
lieu Didn giai phdp lugt thu nhdt do Giao su J.H. Beale sogn thao (dn dinh m^t QHDS vdi mpt he thudc phap ludt cy thi) bdng nguyen tdc vd mdi lien he gdn bd nhat.
Nguydn nhan la do su da dang va phat tridn cua eac QHDS cd YTNN khiln cho nguyen tdc ciia Tai lieu Didn giai phdp lugt thii nhdt trd nen ciing nhdc, can dugc thay thd bdi mdt each thidt kd chung va mem deo hon.
W.L.M. Reese ciing thira nhgn rdng, nguydn tdc nay qua mo hd dd hudng dan trong nhung trudng hgp ma tinh chdt quan trpng cua mdi lidn he tuong ddi can bdng giu'a hai hay nhilu bang/quoc gia. Tuy nhien, khdng cd mpt nguyen tdc nao chdc chdn rd rang ban nguydn tde ve mdi lidn h$ gdn bd nhat, vi "mpt nguyen tdc rd rang hem gdn nhu chdc chdn dugc ehiing minh la sai khi cd dii thdi gian va cd the thuc sy se ngdn can cac tidn bp mang tfnh chat xay dyng"'^
Gdn day, cd nhidu hgc gid nhdn dinh vd su thanh edng ciia Tai Hdu Didn giai phap luat thii hai chi la budc ddm trong giai doan chuyen ddi de tu phap qudc td Hoa Ky tidp can vdi nhung y tudng hidn dgi han vd dd dd xudt nhflng budc tidn mdi dd sua ddi tai lipundy'''.
2.2. Chau Au
d cap do khu vyc, cac quy dinh trong cdc Nghi dinh Rome I, II va III cua Lien minh chau Au ddu tryc tidp quy dinh vipc dp dung "phap ludt ciia nudc noi ed mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt" trong trudng hgp eac ben yong QHDS cd YTNN lidn quan khdng thdng nhdt lua chgn phdp ludt dp dung'*
" W.L.M. Reese, chu thich so 11, tr. 697.
" S.C. Symeonides, chii thich s6 8, tr. 1283.
'* Nghi dinh (Regulation) s6 593/2008 ciia Nghi vi?n va H91 ding chau Au ngay 17/6/2008 ve phdp luat dp dung ddi vdi nghia vy hgp ddng (Rome I) (Ldi md dau, Dilu 4, Dilu 7 vd Dilu 8); Nghj dinh sd 864/2007 ciia Nghj vi^n va Hoi d i n g chdu Au ngay
Cac nghi dinh nay du khdng quy dinh tidu chi cu thd dl xac dinh "phap ludt ciia nudc noi cd mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt" nhung co dua ra ggi y vl each thiic danh gia "phap lugt cua nudc cd mdi lidn he gan bd ban".
Nghi dinh Rome I khdng dinh trong quan he hgp ddng, ngodi cae ydu to cd lidn quan, can can nhac den mdi lien hp gdn bd ciia hgp ddng nay vdi mdt hoac nhilu hgp ddng khae'^. Nghi dinh Rome II quy dinh mdi Hdn he rd rang gdn bd ban vdi mot quoc gia khac cd the dua trdn mgt quan he ed trudc giiia cac ben, nhu mgt hgp ddng cd lien quan mat thidt ddn bdi thudng thidt hai ngoai hgp dlng'^. Nghi dinh Rome III xac dinh mgt sd he thudc lugt cu thd tren tinh than ciia nguydn tac "mdi lien he gdn bo nhat". Ngodi ra, cae nghi didk nay deu khdng dinh cdc quy tdc cua tu phdp quoc te phai dy dodn trudc dugc d miic dp cao, nhung tda dn cung edn ty quydt trong viec xac dinh phdp ludt gdn bd nhdt vdi tung trudng hgp cu thd,
CJ cap dp qudc gia, nhidu nudc chau Au" ghi nhan nguyen tde nay d miic dp khdc nhau nhu: Bungari quy dinh nguydn tde mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt la nguyen tdc bao triim trong xac dinh phdp ludt dp dung vdi QHDS cd YTNN. Thuy ST quy dinh ddy la didu khodn ngogi Id chung ddi vdi phdp
11/7/2007 v l phdp ludt dp dyng ddi vdi nghia vy ngoai hgfp d i n g (Rome II) (Ldi md &hx, Dilu 4, Dilu 5, Dilu 10, Dilu 11, Dilu 12); Nghj dinh s6 1259/2010 ngay 20/9/2010 thirc thi h^p tdc tdng cudng trong ITiJi vuc phdp lu^t dp dung d i i vdi ly hon va ly thdn (Rome III) (Ldi md ddu, Dieu 14, 15).
" Doan 20 Phdn m d ddu Nghj dinh Rome I.
'* Dilu 4 Nghj dinh Rome II.
" EBGB - Ludt hudng dSn Bp ludt Ddn sy Ddc (cdc Dilu 4, 5, 14, 4 1 , 46 va 46b); Ludt Tir phdp quIc t^
cua Thyy ST (Dilu 1 5 , 2 3 , 4 8 , 117, 163c vd 187); BO ludt Tu phdp qudc t l cua Bulgary (Dilu 2, 41 va 48);
Luat Tu phdp qudc t l ciia Bi (Dieu 3, 17, 62, 84, 87, 93, 99 vd 104).
46
M6ILIENH£GANB6NHAT...
luat dugc xac dinh theo quy djnh eua Lugt Tu phdp qudc tl. Mdt sd qudc gia nhu Diic hoge Bi khdng cd quy dinh ridng khdng dinh
"mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt" Id nguydn tdc bao triim hay didu khoan ngoai Id chung nhung cd nhidu quy dinh sd dyng nguyen tdc nay vdi tu each didu khodn ngogi Id cho nhftng trudng hgp cu thd.
2.3. Nhat Bdn
Lugt quy tdc chung vd phdp luat dp dyng cua Nhat Ban ciing cd mdt sd didu khodn quy dinh vd mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt. Theo dd, trudng hgp duong sy khdng lya ehpn phap lugt dp dyng thi vide xdc lap vd hidu luc cua hanh vi phap ly dugc didu chinh theo phdp luat cua nudc nai ma hanh vi phap ly do cd lidn he gan bd nhdt vao thdi didm phdt sinh hanh vi. Khi chi mgt bdn thuc hien nghia vu dgc tnmg, nai cd quan he mat thiet nhat dugc suy doan Id nai bdn do thudng tni, nghia la phap lugt cua nai tridn khai boat ddng kinh doanh bode noi kinh doanh chfnh vd phap luat tai noi dd quy dinh khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, lien quan ddn bat dgng sdn thi phap lugt eua qudc gia cd bdt ddng sdn dd dugc suy doan la phap lugt ed mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt vdi hanh vi phap ly nay. Ngoai ra, Lugt nay cung xac dinh ngogi Id trong trudng hgp noi cd mdi lien he gdn bd hon, vi du: vide xdc lap va hieu lye cua trai quyen phdt sinh do thyc hien edng vide khdng cd uy quyen hogc do hudng Igi khdng cd cdn cii p h ^ lugt se tuan theo phap luat cua noi ma nhiing quan he nay ro rang gdn bd hon, tiiy tung trudng hgp cu the
v l CO ban, vide xac dinh mdi lien he gdn bd nay cd thd dugc thuc hidn theo nguydn tdc suy dodn ddi vdi mdt sd trudng hgp tuang ddi rd rang, nhu hdnh vi phdp ly
" Di€u 8 vd Dilu 15 Ludt quy tdc chung vk phap ludt ap dyng ciia Nhat Ban.
cd ddi tugng Id bat ddng sdn. Tuy nhidn, tiong nhftng trudng hgp nhu vdy, cac bdn duong su vdn cd thd vidn din phap ludt eiia qudc gia khac ma hp cho la cd mdi Hdn he gdn bd nhdt vdi QHDS cd YTNN cua minh.
2.4. Trung Quoc
Nhilu hoe gia Trung Qudc khdng dinh tam anh hudng cua hpc thuylt mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt ddi vdi tu phdp qudc tl ndi chimg va tu phap qudc td cua Trung Qudc ndi rieng. Tuy nhidn, cac van ban quy phgm phap ludt cua Trung Qudc Igi chua dua ra ngi dung cua hpc thuydt va khdng cung cdp hudng dan dd xdc dinh qudc gia noi cd mdi Hdn he gdn bd nhdt^^.
Hidn nay, Luat vd phap ludt dp dyng ddi vdi QHDS cd YTNN ndm 2010 ciia Trung Qudc da khdng dinh nguydn tdc xdc dinh phap luat dp dung theo mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt tgi cdc Dilu 2, 6, 19, 39 vd 41. Dilu 2 khdng dinh, neu khdng cd quy dinh nao ciia Lugt nay hogc quy dinh ciia cac luat khdc vd vide dp dyng bat ky phap luat nao Hen quan ddn QHDS ed YTNN, phap ludt cua nudc cd mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat vdi QHDS cd YTNN dd se duge ap dung.
Tda an Tdi cao Trung Qudc da ban hdnh Gidi thfch tu phap ngdy 10/12/2012 ve Ludt vd phap luat dp dyng ddi vdi QHDS cd YTNN nam 2010, nhung khdng cd ndi dung vl mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat^**. Ly do cua vide khdng cd hudng ddn vd nguyen tac mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat la vide se lam gidm dp mdm deo cua nguydn tac nay.
" S. Yu, V. Xiao & B. Wang: "The Closest Connection Doctrme in the Conflict of Laws m China", 8(2) Chinese Journal of International Law 423 (2009),
^° J. Rongqing, "China: The Supreme People's Court Clarifies Main Issues on Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations of China", 20/6/2013, wTvw.mondaq.com.
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NHA NU'&C VA PHAP LUATSd 3/2016
3. Bp lugt Dan sy 2015 va quy dmh ve mdi lien hf gan bd nhat
Thugt ngft "mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat" da timg xuat hidn trong Bd lugt Dan su (BLDS) nam 1995 (Dilu 829) vd BLDS ndm 2005 (Didu 760) vd can cii ap dyng phap luat vdi ngudi cd nhidu qudc tich nudc ngodi. Mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt ndy dugc giai thfch trong eac Nghi dinh hudng dan la: "Ndu ngudi do khdng thudng tni tai mdt tiong cae nude ma ngudi dd cd qudc tich, tiu xdc dinh theo phap lugt cua nudc ma ngudi dd cd qudc tich vd cd mdi lien he gdn bo nhdt vd mat nhan than hoac tdi san"; vd "Trong tiudng hgp dp dung phap luat ddi vdi ngudi khdng qudc tich, ngudi nudc ngoai cd hai hay nhidu qudc tich nudc ngodi... hogc ap dung phap lugt ciia nudc cd nhidu hp thdng phap luat khdc nhau... thi duang sy cd nghia vu chiing minh trudc ca quan cd thdm quydn eua Viet Nam vd mdi quan he gdn bo nhdt ciia minh vl quydn vd nghia vy cdng dan vdi he thdng phap ludt cua nudc dugc ydu cdu dp dyng".^' Trong nhihig van bdn nay, mdi lidn hd/quan he gdn bd nhat chi dugc sii dung vdi pham vi hep, khdng cd tinh chat la nguyen tac ap dyng chung hay quy phgm quet vdi da sd cac trudng hgp, chua ddng vai tid la cdng cu
"mem hda" eac quy pham xung dot tiong tu phap qudc td.
Tiep thu kinh nghiem qudc td vd xac dinh phdp ludt dp dyng ddi vdi QHDS cd YTNN, tren ca sd hgc thuyet ve mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat, BLDS ndm 2015 dd thay ddi hd thudc phap luat dp dyng trong nhidu quy pham ximg ddt, dac bidt Id quy phgm trong ITnh vyc hgp ddng. Cu thd, BLDS nam 2015 da bd sung mdt quy dinh ridng mang tinh
nguydn tdc trong xac dinh phap lugt dp dyng ddi vdi QHDS cd YTNN (khoan 3 Didu 664). Theo do, mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt dugc sii dyng lam didu khoan quet cho cdc trudng hgp quy pham xung dot trong didu udc qudc td ma Viet Nam la thanh vidn va lugt Viet Nam: (i) Khdng cd quy dinh vd hp thudc phap lugt ap dung; hodc (ii) Cd quy dinh cho phep cdc ben lua chgn phap ludt dp dyng nhung cdc ben khdng lua ehpn va khdng cd quy phgm xung dot dy lipu tinh budng cae ben khdng lua ehpn.
Bdn cgnh dd, tidu chf mdi lidn hd gdn bd nhat eijng tiep tyc dugc su dung de xac dinh phap luat ap dyng ddi vdi ngudi khdng co qudc tich hay ngudi cd nhidu qudc tich. Cu till, trudng hop ca nhan khdng qudc tich nhung "cd nhieu noi cu tni hoac khdng xdc dinh dugc noi cu tni vao thdi diem phat sinh quan he dan su ed ydu td nudc ngoai thi phdp lugt dp dung la phdp lugt cua nudc nai ngudi 36 cd mdi lien he gdn bd nhdf (khoan 1 Dilu 672); trudng hgp phap ludt dugc din chidu ddn la phap ludt cua mdt trong nhidu nudc ma ca nhdn cd qudc tich va "cd nhilu noi cu tni hogc khdng xac dinh dugc nai cu tni hoge noi cu tni va noi co qudc tich khac nhau vdo thdi diem phat suih quan hd dan sy cd yeu td nudc ngodi thi phdp lugt dp dung Id phdp ludt cua nudc md ngudi do CO quoc tich vd co moi lien he gdn bo nhdf (khoan 2 Dieu 672)^^.
Ddi vdi hgp ddng, ndu cac bdn khdng cd thoa thuan vd phdp ludt dp dung (trir mdt s6 ngoai Id khdng dugc lua chgn phdp lu§t dp dyng) thi phap luat eua nudc cd mdi lidn
" Khodn 1 Dilu 7 Nghj djnh so 60/CP ngdy 6/6/1997; Dilu 5 Nghi djnh s6 138/2006/ND-CP ngdy 15/11/2006.
^^ Tuy nhien, nlu " p h ^ ludt dugc din chilu din Id phdp ludt ciia nudc md cd nhdn cd qudc tjch nhung cd nhdn dd Id nguW cd nhilu qudc tjch, frong d6 cd quIc tjch Vi|t Nam flii phdp ludt ^ dung Id phdp lu$t Vi§t Nam" (so sdnh them vdi Dilu 670 BLDS 2005).
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Mdi LIEN H$ GAN B6 NHAT ..
he gan bd nhat vdi hgp ddng dd dugc ap dung (khodn 1 Dilu 683). Ddng thdi, dd thuan tidn trong xdc dinh phap lugt dp dung ti-ong trudng hgp ndy, BLDS 2015 cung xdc dinh phap lugt cua nudc cd mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat vdi hgp ddng ddi vdi: (i) Hgp ddng mua bdn hang hda (phap luat cua nudc noi ngudi ban cu tni ndu Id cd nhdn hogc noi thanh Idp ndu Id phap nhan); (ii) Hgp ddng dich vu (phdp ludt cua nudc noi ngudi cung cdp dich vy cu tni ndu Id cd nhan hodc noi tiidnh Idp ndu la phdp nhdn); (iii) Hgp ddng chuyen giao quydn su dung hodc chuyin nhugng quydn sd h ^ tri tue (phap luat cua nude noi ngudi nhdn quydn cu tni ndu la ea nhan hogc noi thdnh lap ndu la phdp nhdn);
vd (iv) Hgp ddng lao ddng (phdp ludt cua nudc nai ngudi lao dgng thudng xuyen thyc hidn cdng vide; ndu ngudi lao ddng thudng xuyen thyc hien cdng vide tgi nhidu nudc khac nhau hodc khdng xdc dinh duge nai ngudi lao ddng thudng xuydn thyc hidn cdng vide thi la phdp ludt cua nude noi ngudi sir dyng lao ddng cu tni ddi vdi ea nhan hogc thanh lap ddi vdi phap nhan) (khoan 2 Dilu 683).
Tuy nhidn, ndu chung minh duge phap lugt cua nudc khdc cd mdi lidn he gdn bd hon vdi hgp ddng trong sd 4 trudng hgp trdn, thi phap luat dp dung la phap lugt cua nudc cd mdi lien he gan bd hon dd (khoan 3 Dilu 683).
Cd t h i khang dinh, cdc quy dinh ndu tidn da tiem can dugc vdi eac chuan muc qudc td vd sii dung hgc thuydt mdi lien he gdn bd nhdt trong xac dinh phap lugt dp dung. Tuy nhidn, khdng the phu nhdn trong bdi cdnh Viet Nam bidn nay, cdch tiip can nay cdn mdi ndn se gay khd trong dp dyng timg vu vide cu thd. Vide dua ra tidu chf trong cdc van ban dudi lugt, k l cd vide
"nhap khdu" cac hudng dan da tuong ddi ro
rang trong phap lugt Hoa Ky nhu dd phan tich d trdn, v l n cd thd cdn tuang ddi khd hidu cho cdc thdm phan Viet Nam.
Cac nudc thudng cd mdt giai phdp hieu qua dinh hudng cho vide xac dinh mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt, dd la sii dung an Id - mot thdnh td rat quan trpng trong tu phdp qudc t l ngay ed tgi nhiing nudc cd phap luat thanh vdn nhu Diic, Phap va Nhat Bdn. Tuy nhidn, an Id mdi budc ddu dugc xay dyng, thd nghidm d Viet Nam. Quy dinh trong Ludt Td chiic Tda an nhan dan ndm 2014 (didm c khodn 2 Dilu 22), Bd ludt Td tung Dan su nam 2015 (Dilu 45), Nghi quylt 03/20I5/NQ-HDTP cua Hdi ddng thdm phan ngay 28/10/2015 v l quy trinh lya ehpn, edng b6 vd dp dung an Id^^ edn qua so luge, chua hgp ly, chua cd each tiip can rd rang. Cac quy dinh nhu vgy sd tgo ra rdo can eho vide hinh thanh mdt he thdng an 1|
lam rd each thiie ap dung mdi lidn he gdn bd nhat trong xac dinh phap luat ap dung.
Cdn luu y rdng,tu phdp qudc td ndi chung vd quy dinh ve xac dinh phap luat dp dung trong QHDS cd YTNN ndi ridng chi cd tinh nguydn tdc, bao gdm nhiing quy pham mang tinh gidn tidp. Id ITnh vyc dan xen giiia phdp ludt td tung va ndi dung, phap lugt tiong nude va qudc te. Mdt cdch tidp can mdm deo va mdi me phii hgp vdi xu hudng chung cua thd gidi Id can thiet.
Mdi lidn he gdn bd nhdt la each tidp cdn dang ed sire anh hudng rat Idn trong tu phap qudc td cua ede nude trdn thd gidi. Viet Nam khdng thi ndm ngodi xu hudng chung dd. Mac du gdp nhidu trd ngai, phan ddi
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^ Nghj quylt nay chi co m^t dieu (Dieu 8) quy dinh v l viec dp dyng dn IS trong xet xii. Nhihig noi dung cot loi nhu gid trj ciia an le la bat bu6c hay c6 tinh chat tham khao; ngudi cd tham quySn vien dan, dp dung dn le... diu chua dugc the hi6n rO rdng.
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