VI$T NAM - CAl CACH VA HQl NHAP
Mot so thach thiFC do! vo-i Viet Nam
• •
trong trien khai thiFC hien cac muc tieu phat trien ben vCpng (SDGs)
v o THI MINH LE
Tom tdt: Ndm 2015 ghi lai nhdng ddu dn quan trong khi Viet Nam vua kit thuc giai doqn 15 ndm thuc hien cdc muc Ueu phdt triin thien nien ky vd cdng Id mot ndm quan trong khi Viet Nam ddng thdi hudng ung thuc hien Chuang trinh nghi su 2030 vi .su phdt ben vung cua Lien Hiep Qudc, vdi cam kit dqt dugc 17 muc Ueu phdt triin ben
vieng mdi vdo ndm 2030. Tuy nhien, dieu ddng ndi d ddy Id vdn cdn tdn tqi nhihig thdch thiec ddi vdi Viet Nam trong thuc hien tdm miAC tiiu phdt triin thien nien ky thi chdc chdn rdng se vdn cdn nhieng thdch thiec ndi tiep khi thuc hien 17 muc tieu mdi dugc ddnh gid Id todn diin, bao trum nhung cdng ddy tham vong. Bdi viit dual day se gdp phdn nhqn diin mot sd thdch thuc chinh ddi vdi Viet Nam trong qud trinh trien khai thuc hien cdc muc tiiu phdt trien ben vieng.
Tir khda: Chuang trinh nghi su 2030, Muc tiiu phdt then ben vieng, thdch thiec, Viet Nam, Lien Hiep Qudc.
\. Thyc tien trien khai muc tieu phat trien ben virng ciia Viet Nam
Dau nam 2016 khi cac muc tieu phat trien ben -viing (SDGs) chinh thiic cd hieu lyc, cac qudc gia da bat dau tham gia vao trien khai xay dyng SDGs cua minh. Thanh cdng dugc diic nit tir ket qua thyc bien cac muc tieu thien nien ky (MDGs) dugc coi la CO sd nen tang de cac nudc soi chieu va dya tren thanh cdng dd cac nudc diic nit each thuc ma cac nudc da trien khai va ap dyng de dam bao cac myc tieu toan cau cd the dugc thiic day, dam bao sy tien bd va quan trgng la tao dugc sy anh hudng theo quy md. Doi vdi Viet Nam, viec dam bao cac SDGs ciing dugc dya tren bai hgc tdng quat cd dugc tir viec diic k6t ehang dudng 15 nam thyc hien MDGs, dd la nhd vao
sy nd lyc tdng the cua qudc gia, bao gdm toan bd he tbdng cbinh trj va ngudi dan. Tinh than MDGs da dugc ldng ghep trong cac cam ket qudc te, cac van ban phap luat, cac chinh sach quan trgng, cac ke hoach hanh ddng ciia dat nudc va dya tren cac ke hoach hanh ddng cu the Cbinh phu Viet Nam da bd tri ngan sach phu hgp. Ben canh dd, Cbinh phil Viet Nam ciing tang cudng cdng tac tuyen tmyen, quang ba, ket hgp dao tao kien thiic nham dat dugc cac MDGs va giiip Viet Nam chuan bj san sang cho giai doan chuyen tiep sang Chuang trinh Nghj sy phat trien vi sy phat trien ben vung sau nam 2015 (Bd Ke hoach vaDau tu, 2015).
Qudc gia hda SDGs tqi Viet Nam: Vdi 17 muc tieu SDGs toan cau va 169 muc tieu cu the, Viet Nam da cu the hda SDGs toan cau thanh cac muc
* Vien Kinh te va Chinh trj the gioi
56 Nhirng vin di KINH i t VA CHINH TR! IHt G\6\ So 11(271) 2018
Vo Thi Minh Le Mdt sd thach thu'c ddi vdi Viet Nam...
tieu chung va cac muc tieu phat trien ben -virng ciia Viet Nam (VSDGs) phii hgp vdi dieu kien va un tien phat trien ciia Viet Nam. VSDGs gdm
17 myc tieu chung va 115 muc tieu cu the.
Chii the tham gia vdo thuc hien cdc VSDGs:
Viet Nam keu ggi sy tham gia cua tat ca cac chii the trong xa hgi nham thyc bien cac VSDGs, tii- sy tham gia ciia cac bd, nganh, cac co quan, cdng ddng doanh nghiep, td cbiic doan the xa hdi cho tdi cdng ddng dan cu. So vdi MDGs, qua trinh trien khai VSDGs gan ket them sy tham gia cua cdng ddng doanh nghiep, dac biet la doanh nghiep tu nban, bdi vi doanh nghiep khdng chi la chii the tham gia ddng gdp vat chat tryc tiep de thyc hien cac VSDGs ma nhung cam ket ciia doanh nghiep trong viec thyc hien cac cam ket ddi vdi VSDGs the hien qua cac cam ket ve bao ve mdi tmdng sinh thai, bao ve d nhiem mdi tradng trong qua trinh san xuat, dam bao tieu chi san xuat xanh la mdt trong nhiing yeu td quan trgng ddng gdp vao thyc hien thanh cdng VSDGs.
The che thuc hien SDGs tqi Viet Nam: De thyc bien cac VSDGs, Chfnh phii Viet Nam da cam ket tap tmng mgi ngudn lyc va buy ddng sy tham gia cua tat ca cac bd, nganh, dja phuong, cac td chirc, cdng ddng va ngudi dan de thyc hien thanh cdng chuang trinh nghj sy 2030 vi sy phat trien ben -vung. Cu the, trong ban ''Ki hoqch hdnh ddng qudc gia thuc hien chuang trinh nghi su 2030 vi su phdt trien bin vdng", Thu tudng Cbinh phu da phan cdng cu the trach nhiem cu the ddi vdi cac ben lien quan tir tmng uong den dja phuang trong viec thyc bien cac SDGs.
Cd ba dau mdi cbinh dam trach viec thyc hien va trien khai SDGs bao gdm: i) Hdi ddng qudc gia ve Phat trien ben viing va nang cao nang lyc canh tranh (PTBV va NCNLCT). Hdi ddng cd chirc nang tham muu, tu van giiip Chinh pbii, Thii tudng Chfnh pbii trong cdng tac chi dao, di^u hanh viec thyc hien Ke hoach banh ddng quoc gia va cac SDGs den nam 2030; de xuat cac bien phap, giai phap, ca che nham dam bao phdi hgp cac boat ddng ciia cac bd, nganh, dja
phuong, cac td chuc doan the, cdng ddng doanh nghiep va ngudi dan de trien khai thyc bien cd hieu qua cac miic tieu phat trien ben viing va ke hoach hanh ddng. Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu la co quan dau nao, chu tri phdi hop vdi cac bd, nganh, dja phuong, co quan lien quan trong viec trien khai thyc hien VSDGs. Mdi day ngay
12/10/2018 Bd tm-dng Bd Kd hoach va Dau tu- ciing mdi ban hanh Quyet dinh sd 1511/QD- BKHDT ve viec thanh lap Uy ban chuyen mdn ve phat trien ben viing, cai thien mdi tmdng kinb doanh va nang cao nang lyc canh tranh vdi 22 thanh vien. Day la iiy ban chuyen mdn cua Hdi ddng qudc gia ve PTBV va NCNLCT. Theo dd Uy ban se cd nhiem vii tham muu, tu van cho Chii tjch Hdi ddng qudc gia ve PTBV va NCNLCT ve xay dyng, thyc bien cac chien lugc, chinh sach, cac ke hoach, chuang trinh, nhiem -vu va giai phap de thyc hien cd hieu qua Ke hoach banh ddng qudc gia thyc bien Chuong trinh Nghj sy 2030 vi sy PTBV...; ii) Td cdng tac lien nganh ve VSDGs, cd chiic nang tang cudng sy phdi hgp giiia cac bd, nganh, co quan trong viec trien khai thyc hien ke hoach banh ddng qudc gia va cac VSDGs; iii) Hdi ddng doanh nghiep vi sy phat trien ben "vii-ng, cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec buy ddng sy tham gia tich cyc cua cac doanh nghiep trong viec thyc bien VSDGs.
F r
2. Mot so thach thirc tir bien dong ciia the gidi
- Bien ddng cua kinh te the gidi
Viet Nam hdi nhap sau rdng vao nen kinh te toan cau -vira tao co hdi song ciing gay khdng it thach thuc tren mgi phuong dien kinh te, xa bdi, mdi tmdng va cac van de an ninh phi tmyen tbdng khac ddi vdi nudc ta. He luy tir cac cude khiing hoang tai chinh toan cau, bien ddng gia ca nang lugng, luong thyc... da khien cho tdc do tang tmdng kinh te toan cau cham lai. Ddi vdi mdt sd nen kinh te nhu My, EU, Nhat Ban hay Tmng Qudc, tinh trang tang tmdng kinb te cham lai dan den giam siit nbu cau ve nguyen lieu thd, nhien lieu va tai nguyen va keo theo sy suy giam
Nhirng vin di KINH i t VA C H I N H TR! IHt Giai S6 11(271) 2018 57
Mdt sd thach thCrc ddi vdi Viet Nam... Vo Thi Minh Le
tang tmdng kinh te ciia cac nudc xuat khau san pham nay. Hay mdi day, cude chien thuang mai My - Tmng vdi viec My quyet djnh ap thue 25%
ddi vdi 50 ty USD hang bda nhap khau tir Tmng Qudc va ap thue 10% len quy md hang hda trj gia 200 ty USD da anh hudng ft nhieu den cac qudc gia cd quan he trao ddi thuong mai vdi ca My - Tmng Qudc (Can Van Lyc, 2018). Trong ngan han, thuong mai cua Viet Nam khdng bj anh hu'dng nhieu do hau bet cac nganh, ITnh vyc My ap thue cao vdi Tmng Qudc deu khdng phai la nganh Viet Nam tham gia xuat khau nhieu sang Tmng Qudc. Tuy nhien trong dai ban, neu cang thang van leo thang, tac ddng den thuang mai ciia Viet Nam se la rat ldn. Hang hda du thira cua Tmng Qudc khdng xuat khau dugc vao My se chuyen hudng sang cac thj tm'dng khac, trong dd cd Viet Nam cd vj trf dja ly thuan lgi, cd dudng bien gidi dat lien keo dai vdi Tmng Qudc va la mdt thj tmdng tieu dimg tiem nang vdi ban 90 trieu dan. Tmng Qudc vdi lgi the canh tranh ve gia ca san pham se gay siic ep va xam nhap thj tmdng Viet Nam. Ddng thai, Tmng Qudc ciing se kfch cau trong nudc, giam nhu cau nhap khau, khi dd bai toan ve nhap sieu ddi vdi bang hda Tmng Qudc lai tiep tuc quay trd lai ddi vdi Viet Nam, xda bd mgi nd lyc cua Viet Nam trong can bang tham hut thuong mai vdi Tmng Qudc... Neu cude chien cdn tiep tuc, nii ro va thach thiic se rat ldn va khi dd chae chan se anh budng rat nhieu den cac doanh nghiep san xuat trong nudc ciia Viet Nam va anh hudng tryc tiep din VSDG 8 nham dam bao tang tmdng kinh te ben -virng, toan dien va lien tuc ciia Viet Nam.
Bdt dn vi an ninh chinh tri thi gidi
Khu -vyc chau A - Thai Binh Duong hien van la diem ndng gay nhieu mau thuan, xung dot va tiem an mdt cude chien tiem tang va bat ky mdt qudc gia nao neu mat kiem soat thi chien tranh de dang cd the xay ra. Tmdc nguy co can kiet tai nguyen thien nhien tren dat lien thi biln va dai duong dugc xem la noi cudi cung cd kha nang cung cap luang thyc, thyc pham va ngudn
nguyen nhien lieu cho loai ngudi. Bien Ddng khdng phai la mdt dja cbi ngoai le khi dugc xem la khu vyc giau tai nguyen nhung ciing la dja chi chira dyng nhieu mau thuan lgi ich lien quan den tranh chap chii quyen bien, dao va den gid nhiing mau thuan van cdn dai dang va chua cd hdi ket.
Tranh chap chii quyen lanh thd, lanh hai tren bien Ddng dac biet giiia Tmng Qudc, Dai Loan, Viet Nam, Philippines, Malaysia, Bmnei, Indonesia trong nhiing nam qua chua cd hdi ket do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau. Tir phia Tmng Qudc, trong nhii-ng nam qua, Tmng Qudc da sir dung cac tai nguyen phi quan sy va thuang thuyen dan sy khac nhau de thiic day tuyen bd chu quyen d cac khu vyc tranh chap. Chinh quyen da phuong Hai Nam khuyen khich ngu dan di danh bat xa den tan Tmdng Sa, khoang 1.100 km (670 dam) ve phfa Nam. Thuyen tmdng dugc trg cap nhien lieu va kinh phi cho mdi chuyen di khoang 320 - 480 USD/ngay. Vdi ham ddi tau ca ban 695.555, mdt lyc lugng himg hau, Tmng Qudc cd the huy ddng bat ky liic nao de vay ep va xua dudi cac tau thuyen ciia ddi phuang dang boat ddng ngay tren lanh thd hgp phap ciia hg. Ngoai ddi quan ngu dan hiing manh tren, Tmng Qudc cdn cd hai ddi dan binh hiing hau la binh doan thuang nban va cac ddi quan du ljch cd kha nang "tran ngap lanh thd mdt sd nude" (Nguyen Dinh Luan, 2017). Muc dfch cbinh ciia Tmng Qudc la dan binh bd tran va gay ap lyc len cac nudc cd tranh chap chii quyen lanh hai vdi Tmng Qudc. Tranh chap keo dai, phiic tap, tiem an nguy co khd ludng, de dga hda binh va dn djnh d khu vyc va tai mdi qudc gia. Da cd nhieu tau ca ciia Viet Nam trong liic banh nghe khai thac thuy san d viing bien Hoang Sa da bj tau cua Trung Qudc mgt dudi va nd siing, dieu nay da vi pham nghiem trgng cac nguyen tac cua luat phap qudc te, thda thuan ve nhiing nguyen tac co ban chi dao giai quyet van de tren bien giiia Viet Nam va Trung (^dc, trai vdi tinh than Tuyen bd ung xu cua cac ben d bien Ddng.
Bat dn an ninh chinh trj xoay quanh van de tranh chap bien, dao trong nhiing nam qua da anh
58 Nhirng vin di KINH TE VA C H I N H TR! IHt GIQI S6 11(271) 2018
Vd Thj Minh Le Mdt s6 thach thiHC ddi vdi Viet Nam.
huang khdng nhd din tien trinh hoan thanh VSDGs dac biet anh hudng tryc tiep den muc tieu VSDG 16 nham xay dyng mdt xa hdi bda binh va anh hudng gian tiep den muc tieu xda ngheo (VSDG 1), xda ddi (VSDG2), cude song khde manh (VSDG 3), bin viing tai nguyen nudc (VSDG 6) va bao tdn va su dung ben virng dai duong, bien va ngudn lgi bien de phat trien ben viing (VSDG 14). He qua ciia bat dn tren la: i) da cd ngu dan ciia Viet Nam phai bd nghe vi sg phai ddi mat vdi nhung hiem hga de dga den siic khde va tinh mang ciia ban than; ii) nhieu ngu dan rai vao tinh trang tai ngheo trd lai; iii) nhieu hd gia dinh roi vao canh ng nan do vay mugn de mua tau ra khoi.
- Cdc loqi thdm hoa do thien tai vd nhdn tai diin bien khd ludng
Bien ddi khi hdu (BDKH) dugc du bdo se vdn tiep tuc dien bien theo chieu huang xdu trong thdi gian tdi. Vdi nhung dien bien khd ludng ciia hien tugng thai tiet cyc doan nhu bao, ldc xoay, mua da, nang ndng keo dai, lii quet va sat Id dat da... xuat hien nhieu hon, manh ban va khd dy doan hon so vdi trudc day tbi cude sdng va sinh ke ciia cdng ddng qudc te deu bj anh budng ca tren phuong dien ve sire khde va sinh ke va day la thach thiic ldn nhat ddi vdi tien trinh thyc thi SDGs cua cac nudc.
Tan suat va cudng do xuat hien cac hien tugng thdi tiet khac nghiet khdng chi divng lai d mgt nudc ma nd anh hudng hieu irng sang cac nu'dc lan can va rdng han la ca khu -vyc dia ly. Vi du, nhii'ng can bao manh nhu bao nhiet ddi Doksuri (hay cdn ggi la Marning), bao Nari, bao Haiyan bat nguon tir Philippines; quai bao Mirinae bat nguon tCr Hai Nam (Tmng Qudc)... sau khi gay ra tham hga tryc tiep tai cac qudc gia nay, chimg da nhanh chdng do bd vao nhieu tinh, thanh phd ciia cac qudc gia khac trong dd cd Viet Nam khiln cho nhieu nha cira bj tdc mai, bi sap, mat dien tren dien rdng, nhieu tau thuyin bj dim, nhilu ngudi bi mat tich, anh hudng va thiet hai v l nuudi va vat chat la rat ldn. Nhilu thanh phd
ldn tm-dc day khdng bi anh huang nang ne bai hien tugng khi hau thdi tiet thi gid day ciing lam vao tinh trang tan hoang, cd lap sau cac tran bao, lu xay ra.
Bien ddi khi hau dat ra thach thiic cho ca cdng ddng qudc te, cho Viet Nam va neu nhu mdi qudc gia rieng le khdng cimg gdp chung sue lyc vao giam thieu va quan ly cac tac ddng ciia BDKH thi chae chan rang mdt sd muc tieu SDGs toan cau Cling nhu VSDGs khdng the hoan thanh vao nam 2030, cu the la muc tieu SDG 13 ve "Ung phd kjp thdi, hieu qua vdi bien ddi khi hau va thien tai". Ngoai ra nhiing tac ddng gian tiep ciia BDKH ciing se can trd den VSDG 1 ve xda ngheo va VSDG 2 ve dam bao an ninh luong thyc ciia Viet Nam.
Thdm hoa do con ngudi gdy ra cUng cd xu hudng gia tdng trong nhung ndm gdn day vd dqt cdc qudc gia tren todn cdu vdo muc hdo ddng.
Vd dap thiiy dien hay thay ddi ddng chay ciia sdng dudi sy can dy ciia con ngudi deu gay ra nhirng he luy vd ciing tai bai. Sy cd vd dap Xe Namnoy Xe Pian Dam tai Quan Sanamxay, tinh Attapeu cua Lao va dap S-war Chaung d thj tran Yedashe, viing Bago cua Myanmar la nhung vi du dien hinh, lam day len mdi quan tam cua ngudi dan dja phuong ciing nhu gidi quan chiic ve miic do an toan cua cac dap. Khi dap bj vd, nhieu ngdi lang bj tran ngap trong nudc, hang nghin ngudi trd nen mat nha cira, dudng xa bj pha buy, nhieu ngudi mat tfch va tai san bj nudc cudn trdi. Tuy nhien, thiet hai khdng chi dimg lai d Lao hay Myanmar ma cdn md rdng sang cac tinh cd bien gidi giap ranh vdi Lao va Myanmar trong dd cd Viet Nam. Vd dap d Lao va Myanmar nguyen nhan vira do chat lugng thi cdng khdng dam bao, thieu giam sat trong qua trinh thi cdng, vii'a do thiet ke dap khdng pbii hgp, khdng cd kha nang chdng chju vdi hien tugng kbi hau khac nghiet (Kocha 01am va cac tac gia, 2018).
Viec xay dyng cac dap thiiy dien tren he thdng sdng Me Cdng da day len nhiing quan ngai ve
Nhung vin di KINH i t Mk C H I N H TR! TH^ GIOI So 11 (271) 2018
59
Mdt sd thach thipc ddi vdi Viet Nam... Vo Thi Minh Le
van de mdi tmdng sinh thai va kinb te xa bdi ldn ddi vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc, dac biet la ddi vdi cac nudc ha lun nhu Viet Nam va Campuchia. Mang ludi day dac cac hd thiiy dien anh hudng nghiem trgng tdi sy thay ddi ddng chay, giam lugng phii sa, suy giam ngudn lgi thuy san, lam xam nhap man sau vao ndi viing d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, viec han che/ngung xay dyng nhieu dap tren sdng Me Cdng khd cd kha nang giai quyet vi cac nudc thugng ngudn van dang tiep tuc dya vao ngudn nudc ciia con sdng nay dc phat trien, va tham chi ddi vdi Lao do la mdt trong nhii-ng muc tieu chien lugc de trd thanh "cue pin" ciia khu vyc Ddng Nam A.
Van de ddi vdi cac nudc Tieu viing sdng Me Cdng dd la do thieu co che phdi hgp, quan ly va khai thac ngudn nudc mdt each bieu qua. Cac nudc van chii yeu manh ai nay lam ma it quan tam tdi nhiing he luy lau dai lien quan tdi cac nudc lang gieng. Sy cd vd dap khdng chi de lai he qua ddi vdi mdt qudc gia ma ngay ca cac qudc gia lang gieng ciing phai ganh chju. Nhiing chi phi bd ra de khac phyc hau qua thiet hai la rat ldn, ngoai chi phi xay dyng ca sd ha tang, nha d tbi chi phi de xir ly, khac pbuc nguy co djch benh lay lan ciing la nhii'ng thach thirc ldn ddi vdi cbinh quyen dja phuong ciing nhu chfnh quyen tmng uong ciia cac qudc gia nay trong viec thyc bien cac SDGs. Viet Nam nam cudi con sdng Me Cdng ciing bj anh hudng rat ldn khi sy cd vd dap cua Lao va Myanmar xay ra. Sy cd vd dap anh hudng den viec thyc hien hien VSDG 6 vl "dam bao day dii va quan ly ben -virng tai nguyen nudc va he thdng ve sinh cho tat ca mgi ngudi" va anh hudng gian tiep den muc tieu VSDG 1 vl "xda ngheo", VSDG 2 ve "dam bao an ninh luong thyc", VSDG 8 ve "dam bao tang tmdng kinb te ben virng", VSDG 15 vl "bao ton da dang sinh hgc" va VSDG 17 ve "Tang cudng phuang thirc thyc hien va thiic day ddi tac toan cm vi sy phat trien ben viing".
3. Mot so thach thiic trong nuoc
3.L Su khdc Met giira VSDGs vd SDGs todn cdu
Thie nhdt, cdc muc Ueu cua Viet Nam phdn ldn Id cd tinh tdng hgp qudc gia, chua the hien khia cqnh phdt trien hao triim (inclusive). VSDGs va SDGs toan cau gdm 17 muc tieu chung, tuy nhien VSDGs cd 115 muc tieu cu the trong khi SDGs toan cau cd 169 muc tieu cu the. Mdt sd myc tieu SDG ciia Viet Nam cd tieu chuan thap ban va khdng quy djnh cu the nbu SDGs toan chx. Vf du nbu VSDGs 1,2,4,5 hudng tdi muc tieu xda ddi, giam ngheo, dam bao nen giao due cd chat lugng, trong khi SDGs toan cau quy djnh cu the va bao trum them yeu td ve gidi, ddi vdi nhdm de bj tdn thuang va ddi vdi cac khu vyc dja ly. Mdt sd muc tieu VSDGs dua ra tieu chuan thap ban so vdi SDGs toan cau nbu VSDGs 2,4,5, vf du nbu muc tieu SDG2 "xda ddi", SDG 2.3 ciia toan cau dua ra myc tieu rat tham vgng la den nam 2030 se tdng gdp ddi nang suat ndng nghiep va thu nhap cua cac nha san xuat thyc pham quy md nhd dac biet la phu nu, ngudi dan ban dja, gia dinh ndng dan... VSDG chi la phan dau den nam 2030 tang dugc 1,5 ldn ndng sudt ndng nghiep, trong kbi dd yeu td ve gidi, nhdm ngudi ngheo gan nhu hoan toan bj bd quen; hoac ddi vdi muc tieu SDG 3, muc tieu SDG 3.1 ciia toan cau ve "dam bao eugc sdng khde manh va nang cao phue lgi cho tat ca mgi ngudi". Can nban djnh lai SDG 5 ve "dat dugc binh dang gidi va trao quyen cho phy nii va tre em gai", SDG toan cau dua ra muc tieu 5.3 ve loqi bd tdt cd cdc tap qudn cd hqi, vi dy nhu tao hdn, ket bdn sdm hdn nban... vdi myc tieu nay VietNam chi khiem tdn khi dua ra muc tieu la Viet Nam se hqn che, tien tdi xda bd cdc hu tuc nhu tao ban, ket hdn sdm, hdn nhan cudng birc...
Thu hai, mot sd muc tieu cu the trong SDGs todn cdu thieu vdng trong viec trien khai cdc chuang trinh, ke hoqch hdnh ddng vi su phdt trien ben vieng cua Viet Nam vd ngugc lai. Vi du nhu Viet Nam khdng de cap den cac muc tieu
60 NhCeng vin di KINH TE VA CHJNH TR! IHt Giai S6 11(271) 2018
V o T h j Minh Le Mdt so thach thiic ddi vdi Viet Nam.
SDGs 1 .a,b "ve huy ddng ngudn lyc de trien khai cac chuang trinh, chinh sach xda ngheo d mgi khia canh; tao khudn khd chfnh sach dimg dan dya tren chien lugc phat triln vi ngudi ngheo, va nhay cam gidi de ho trg day manh dau tu vao cac hoat ddng xda ddi giam ngheo" va cac muc tieu khac nhu muc tieu 2.a,b,c; 3.b,c,d; 4.b,c; 5.c;
6.a,b; 7.a; 8.a; 9.5. 9.a; 10.5,10.6; 11; 12a,b;
13a,b;14.7;15.9; 15.a,b,c; 16.8, 16.10, 16.a,b;
17.12, 17.8,17.19 trong cac chuong trinh ciing nhu ke hoach banh ddng vi sy phat trien ben -viing ciia Viet Nam den nam 2030. Ngoai ra, Viet Nam ciing bd sung mdt sd SDGs ciia Viet Nam cho phii hgp vdi bdi canh va dieu kien ciia Viet Nam nhu muc tieu 11.10 ve phat trien ndng thdn ben viing, dam bao hai hda cac khia canh phat trien kinb te; dd thj hda; bao trum; bao ve mdi tmdng sinh thai; xay dyng ket cau ba tang ky thuat va nang cao chat lugng cude sdng cua ngudi dan ndng thdn xet tren cac khia canh kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, mdi trudng va dan chii.
Thie ba, mdt sd khdi niim ciia cdc muc Ueu SDGs todn cdu khdng thudc nhdm chi tieu thudng de cap trong vdn bdn cita Viet Nam, hoac chua dugc hieu mot cdch ddy du. Vi du ddi vdi SDG 8, Viet Nam thudng dat ra muc tieu tang tmdng GDP ma ft de cap den tang tmdng GDP/ngudi va day cung chua phai la mdt cbi tieu kl hoach, du cd the tfnh toan chi tieu nay dya tren sd lieu ve GDP va dan sd. Mdt sd khai niem ciia cac muc tieu SDG toan eau nhu SDG 8, 9, 11 cua toan cau chua dugc hieu mgt each day dii nhu khai niem "bao triim", "dang tin cay", "ben viing",
"tiep can cdng bang"... do dd mdt sd ndi bam ciia SDG chua dugc de cap trong cac chien lugc, cbinb sach ciia Viet Nam.
Thie tu, mot sd muc tieu SDGs todn cdu khdng khd thi, khd cd khd ndng thuc hien d Viet Nam.
Mot Id, do Viet Nam chua cd cac van ban lien quan den mdt sd SDGs toan cau. Cd nhiing muc tieu nhu SDG 14.1 ngan ngira, giam dang kl va kilm soat dugc cae loai d nhiem bien, 14.3 giam
thilu va xii ly tac ddng cua a-xft hda dai duong dat ra la khd kha thi cho Viet Nam, dac biet la myc tieu 14.3 khi ma hien nay chua cd van ban nao quy djnh ve van de a-xit hda dai duong. Cac van ban chien lugc, quy hoach, chuong trinh ve phat trien thuy san cd dua ra myc tieu giam sd lugng tau khai thac bai san, djnh hudng chung ve chdng danh bat bat hgp phap, buy diet ngudn lgi, tuy nhien, chua de cap tryc tiep den viec phai cham dirt cac hinh thiic khai thac tai nguyen bien qua mire. Hai Id, Viet Nam chua xay dyng hoac chua thu thap dugc mdt each cd he thdng ddi vdi mdt sd cbi tieu giam sat danh gia cho mdt sd muc tieu cu the nhu Lien Hgp qudc da de xuat ddi vdi cac muc tieu SDGs toan cau. Nhieu chi tieu SDG chua cd dir lieu dac ta bao gdm khai niem, ndi dung, phuong phap tfnh, phan td, ky thu thap va ngudn sd lieu, nhieu cbi tieu phai thu thap tbdng qua hinh thirc thu thap mdi, phuong phap tinh phiic tap, du lieu tfnh toan tir nhieu ngudn phi tmyen tbdng. Vi dy nhu cbi tieu giam sat lien quan den ty le dan sd ndng thdn sdng each dudng dudi 2 km; ty le phan tram gia trj tang them eua cac nganh cdng nghiep quy md nhd trong tdng gia trj tang them nganh edng nghiep; ty le cdng nghiep quy md nhd vay ng va ban miic tfn dung;
kbf thai CO2 tren mdt don vj gia trj gia tang; ty le cbi cho ngbien ciiu va phat trien tren GDP (UN Viet Nam va GIZ, 2018). Ba Id, do he thdng va nang lyc thdng ke ciia Viet Nam chua dap ling dugc yeu cau tbdng ke ve SDG mdt phan do nang lyc ciia cac can bd lam cdng tac thdng ke nhat la d dja phuang cdn ban che; ngudn lyc tai chfnh va ky thuat de dap irng nhu cau thu thap sd lieu thudng xuyen va dai ban cho SDGs cdn eo hep...
la nhirng thach thiic ddi vdi Viet Nam trong thyc bien va trien khai cac VSDGs.
Thie ndm, hdu hit cdc vdn bdn hien hdnh cua Viet Nam mdi ddt muc tieu cdn dqt tdi vdo ndm 2020, mot vdi vdn bdn cd tdm nhin den 2030 nhieng chua dua ra dugc chi Ueu cd the do ludng de ddnh gid. Dieu nay se dan den thyc te la mdt
Nhu'ng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TR! IHt GIQI 86 11 (271) 2018 61
Mdt sd thach thipc doi vdl Viet Nam... Vo Thi Minh L?
so muc tieu ma Viet Nam dat ra se cao ban so vdi muc tieu toan cau. Vf du nhu d SDG 2 ve xda ddi, dam bao an ninh luang thyc, neu nhu SDG toan cau ndi rdng khoang thdi gian thyc hien muc tieu nay din nam 2030 tbi Viet Nam cam ket se cham dirt tinh trang thieu ddi vao nam 2020, sd-m bon 10 nam. Ngoai ra, sy thieu vang eac van ban quy djnh ve chien lugc trien khai cd tam nhin den nam 2030 se ddng nghia vdi viec Viet Nam chua xay dugc mdt Id trinh trien khai va thyc bien cac SDGs phii hgp vdi Id trinh toan cau. Tinh trang nay dien ra d bau bet cac muc tieu SDG 2, 3,4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15 va 17 khi thdi gian hoan thanh cac muc tieu cbi dimg lai d nam 2020 (Tran Manh Tao, 2017).
r
3.2. Mot sd thdch thirc noi tqi
Thie nhdt la cdc thdch thuc liin quan den cdc chi tiiu kinh te hien nay cho thdy tdng trudng kinh te ciia Viet Nam chua bin virng. Mac dii trong ca 3 nam 2015 - 2017 Viet Nam ludn dat tdc do tang tmdng kinh te cao vdi tdc do tang trudng lan lugt dat 6,7%, 6,2% va 6,8% (GSO, 2015; 2016;
2017), song chat lugng tang trudng kinb te ciia Viet Nam bdc Id nhieu van de, cu the la:
Tang tmdng kinh te ciia Viet Nam chii yeu dya vao gia tang tdng dau tu va tang tmdng tin dyng. Nam 2017, ty trgng dau tu/GDP ciia Viet Nam chiem 33,3% va tang tmdng tfn dyng tang 18,17% miic cao nhat ke tu nam 2011 (trir nam 2016 d miic 18,71%). Cac chi sd ciing phan anh chat lugng ciia cac ngudn lyc cdn thap khi he so ICOR the hien chat lugng dau tu van d miic cao ban binh quan trong giai doan 2005..-. 2010 va cao ban so vdi cac nudc khac d giai doan phat trien tuong duong: Nam 2016, he sd ICOR ciia Viet Nam d miic 6,27; giam nhe so vdi nam 2016 (6,41) tuy nhien cao ban miic binh quan giai doan 2005-2010 (5,74) (Tran Thg Dat va Td Tmng Thanh, 2018).
Nang suat lao ddng (NSLD) va tdc do tang ciia NSLD -vira thip, -vira cham. GDP/1 lao ddng nam 2017 ciia Viet Nam chi bing 9,41 % vdi My, thap ban 1,75 lan so vdi Philippines; 2,3 lan so vdi Indonesia ; 2,75 lan so vdi Thai Lan; 5,6 lan so vdi Malaysia va 11,7 lan so vdi Singapore'.
Cdn theo Tdng cue Thdng ke, NSLD ciia Viet Nam la 93,2 trieu ddng/lao ddng, chi bang 7%
cua Singapore; 17,6% cua Malaysia; 36,5%o cua Thai Lan; 42,3%) ciia Indonesia^. Tdc do tang nang suat ciing cd xu hudng giam dan, giai doan tir 2013 - 2017, tdc do tang NSLD cua Tmng Quoc la khoang 6,81%) thi tdc do tang cua Viet Nam chi d miic khiem tdn 4,90% (Tran Thg Dat va Td Tmng Thanh, 2018).
NSLD cua Viet Nam thap do nhieu nguyen nhan nhung mdt trong nhung nguyen khdng the khdng de cap den la do: i) Viet Nam chua chii trgng den ddi mdi cdng nghe va ddi mdi sang tao trong san xuat va dieu dd cd the thay thdng qua tdc do tang cua nang suat nhan td tdng hgp (TFP) ciia Viet Nam. Tdc do tang cua TFP lien tuc giam, ngoai trir gia tang nam 2014 (3,60) trong khi nam 2013 tdcdd tang TFP (1,30); 2015 (1,90); va 2016 (1,70)^; ii) Viet Nam van tap tmng phat trien kinh te theo chieu rdng, chua theo chieu sau, cac nganh cdng nghiep, djch -vy nhat la nganh dich vu miii nhgn nhu tai cbinb, tin dyng, du ljch cdn chiem ty trgng thap; iii) lyc lugng lao ddng lam viec trong khu vyc ndng nghiep cdn ldn, song lai la nganh
F t
cd NSLD thap; iv) cdng nghe, may mdc va ddi mdi sang tao cua Viet Nam cdn lac hau va kem
t \ I F
phat trien, dieu nay cd the thay thdng qua miic chi ciia Chfnh phu Viet Nam eho khoa hgc va cdng nghe (KH va CN) van cdn rat thap. Ty le chi thudng xuyen ciia nha nudc cho KH va CN chi chiem dudi I %> tdng cbi ngan sach nha nudc. Nam 2015 ty le nay la 0,83, cdn nam 20^ 6 giam nhe chi cdn 0,77%) tdng ehl ngan sach nha nudc (UN Viet Nam va GIZ, 2018).
^ Conference Board Total Economy Database, T6c do tdng cua TFP, tmy cap trang web:
https://www.conference-board.org
- T6ng cue Th6ng ke (2014): Tinh hinh kinh t^ - xa hoi http://www.gso.gov.vn
^ Xem 1.
62 NhCrng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR! TH^ GIOI So 11(271) 2018
y d j h i Minh Le Mdt sd thach thiFC doi vdi Viet Nam.
Hinh 1: Ty le chi tieu cho KHCN (%) va so can bo khoa hoc cong nghe/1 trieu dan
# 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 020 0.00
3000 2S00 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sobp
2016 Oau t u cho khoa hpc & cong nghe/GDP (%)
Chi ngan sach nha nuoc cho su nghiep khoa hoc, cong nghe (% tong chi ngan sach) So ngtrai !am nghien ctfu khoa hpc tren 1 trieu ngudi dan
c
3 ..tu-
li
• : 3
u C
z
o>
c
>o
J2 C
-«
u
Nguon: UN Viet Nam vd GIZ (2018).
Tang tmdng kinh te ciia Viet Nam chu yeu van dya vao sy ddng gdp ciia khu vyc FDl, tuy nhien khu vyc nay ciing bdc Id nhirng yeu kem nhu: i) thieu cdng nghe cao va chuyen giao khdng hieu qua; ii) cac nganh nghe san xuat cbii yeu la gia cdng che bien gay d nhiem mdi trudng.
Hien cudng do sir dung nang lugng ciia Viet Nam kha cao, tham chf cdn cao han so vdi mdt sd nudc trong ciing khu w c ASEAN. Neu tinh theo KoE/1000 USD GDP gia co djnh thi cudng do sir dung nang lugng cua Viet Nam hien da vugt miic tmng binh ciia the gidi va tham chf cao hon nhieu so vdi miie tmng binh cua cac nudc ASEAN.
Ngoai ra, viec sir dung ngudn vdn khdng hieu qua da khien cho ngan sach lien tuc tham hut va ng cdng gia tang, gay siic ep va dat ganh nang cho Chfnh phu trong viec tra ng dung ban. Nam 2015, bdi chi NSNN bang 6,28% GDP thyc tl;
nam 2016 la 4,95% GDP; nam 2017 la 3,48%.
D I bii dap cho tham byt ngan sach va de cd ngudn chi cho dau tu phat trien, Cbinh phii Viet Nam budc phai vay ng rat nhieu, do dd miic ng cdng nhung nam gan day deu vugt muc 60% GDP (Tran Thg Dat va Td Tmng Thanh, 2018). Sire ep tra ng ngay cang ldn lam cho tiet kiem quoc
gia giam, keo theo sy suy giam eiia dau tu va tang tmdng kinb te. Ng cdng gia tang ket hgp vdi ngudn vdn ODA giam, khoan vay uu dai ngay cang it di va tai chfnh tir khu vyc kinb te tu nban cdn thap khien cho tai cbinb danh cho phat trien ben vung ngay cang giam di.
Nhung phan tfch tren day cho thay dd chfnh la nhiing han che ciia Viet Nam, can trd Viet Nam trong viec thyc hien va dam bao cac muc tieu phat trien ben viing ve kinh te. Tat ca cac chi tieu kinh te deu cho thay nhirng bat cap, ban che ciia Viet Nam, anh hudng tryc tiep den viec trien khai va thyc thi muc tieu VSDG 8 va VSDG 7.
Vi the, khd khan se cang chdng chat neu nhu nen kinh te the gidi cd bat ky mdt bien ddng nao, tir viec thay ddi gia dau, gia ca luong thyc, tranh chap thuong mai, tham hga... kbi Viet Nam se rat de roi vao tinh trang khd khan tram trgng ban.
Thu hai Id cdc thdch thuc liin quan din cdc chi tiiu xd hdi. De dam bao phat trien ben -viing vl xa hdi, trong Quyet djnh sd 432/QD-TTg nam 2012, Thil tudng Chfnh phii ciing de ra mdt so chi tieu ve xa hdi Viet Nam can dat dugc nhu chi tieu ve giam ngheo, giam ty le that nghiep, giam bat binh dang trong phan phdi thu nhap, dam bao
Nhifng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRI IHt GIQI S6 11 (271) 2018
Mdt sd thach thtpc ddi vdl Viet Nam... Vo Thi Minh Le
ngudi dan dugc tiep can day du cac djch vy y te va giao due..., tuy nhien de dat dugc nhung chi tieu tren van la mdt ehang dudng bet siic gian nan doi vdi Viet Nam. Mac du Viet Nam da hoan thanh 5 muc tieu MDGs trong do cd ba muc tieu hoan thanh sdm tmdc ban dd la: Xda bd tinh trang ngheo cimg cyc va thieu ddi (MDGl); Phd cap giao due tieu bgc (MDG 2); Tang cudng binh dang nam nii va nang cao vj the cho phu nu (MDG 3). Song cac muc tieu nay cbi xet tren binh dien qudc gia, edn ddi vdi viing dan tdc va mien niii ndi chung va trong ddng bao dan tde thieu sd ndi rieng deu chua dat dugc the bien d cac mat: i) ty le ngheo ciia dan tdc thieu sd (DTTS) cdn qua cao (23,1%)) trong khi ty le bd ngheo tmng binh ca nudc la 7% nam 2015, dac biet ty le bd ngheo cd sy phan bda sau sac giira cac DTTS; ii) ty le hoan thanh phd cap giao dye Hinh 2: He so bat binh dang
tieu hgc ddi vdi vimg DTTS cdn thip ban kha nhieu so vdi binh quan chung cua ca nudc. Nhieu ngudi DTTS biet dgc, bilt vilt tilng phd thdng chua cao, cd nhieu dan tdc ban mdt nira dan sd mil ehir; iii) ty le tii vong tre so sinh d ndng thdn va mien niii cao hon bai lan so vdi ndng thdn ddng bang va d cac DTTS cao ban gap hai lan so vdi dan tdc Kinh; iv) ty le hi vong me d phu nu DTTS cao gap bdn lan so vdi phu nu dan tdc Kinb; v) ty le ngudi DTTS sir dung the bao hiem y te de kham chiia benh khdng cao; vi) binh dang gidi trong ddng bao DTTS cham dugc cai thien so vdi budc tien chung ciia ca nudc, dac biet trong tiep can giao dye (UBDT va cac don vi khac, 2017; UN Viet Nam va GIZ, 2018). Do dd, nguy CO tai ngheo ciia ngudi dan -viing cao, vimg ddng bao DTTS sinh sdng van cdn cao va cang lam gia tang chenh lech ve miic sdng giua cac nhdm.
trong phan phoi thu nhap
0.44 0.435 0.43 0.425 0.42 0.415 0.411
2002 2004 2006
Gnudc
2008
\ 1 F
Ngudn: Tdng cue thdng ke (2016).
Van de giai quyet viec lam chua tao dugc sy biit pha ve nang suat lao ddng, chua tao dugc nhieu viec lam ben -viing. Ty le that nghiep d thanh nien hien nay cdn rat cao. So lieu ciia Bd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi nam 2018 cho thay Quy 11/2018 cd 511,2 nghin thanh nien that nghiep, tang nhe 0,4 nghin ngudi so vdi Quy 1/2018, chiem 48,16% tdng sd ngudi thit nghiep.
2010 2012 2014 2016
Linear (Ca nUdc)
Ty le that nghiep cua thanh nien trong Quy 2/2018 udc la 7,1%, tang nhe 0,03 dilm phan tram so vdi quy tmdc va giam 0,57 diem phan tram so vdi quy 2/2017. Ty le that nghiep cao nhat la d vimg Ddng Nam Bd (2,84%), tang manh so vdi quy tmdc la 0,45%)), tiep din la Dong bang sdng Cim Long (2,62%); ty le thit nghiep thap nhat d -viing Tmng du mien niii phia Bic
64
NhCmg vin di KINH i t VA C H I N H TRI T H ^ GIQI Sd 11 (271) 2018ySj}^\ Minh Le Mdt sd thach thCpc ddi vdi Viet Nam.
(1,07%) va Tay Nguyen (1,37%) (MOLISA, 2018), ty le that nghiep d thanh nien tang cao phan ldn do chuyen mdn khdng phii hgp. Sy khdng phil hgp ve ky nang khdng cbi lam giam nang suat lao ddng, tang that nghiep ma cdn lam giam tang tmdng GDP do tdng nang suit lao ddng bj suy giam.
Nhung trd ngai neu tren khdng chi dat ra thach thlic tryc tiep doi vdi viec hoan thanh cac VSDG 1,2,3,4 cua Viet Nam ma cdn gian tiep tac ddng din cac VSDGs khac nhu VSDG 5,6 va 8.
Thu ba Id cdc thdch thuc liin quan den cdc chi tieu mdi truang. Nen kinh te phy thudc nhilu vao cac loai tai nguyen thien nhien de pbuc vy phat trien san xuat ciing nhu con ngudi dang khien cho ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien trd nen kiet que va dd ciing chinh la mdt trong nhirng nguyen nhan ddng gdp vao gia tang biln ddi kbf hau toan cau trong thdi gian dai vira qua. 6 nhilu dja phuang, cac tai nguyen dat, nudc, tai nguyen sinh vat va khoang san da bj khai thac can kiet va suy thoai nghiem trgng. Tmdc day khi ndi din lii lut, sat Id dat ngudi ta chi nghT den nhieu tinh thanh khac cua Viet Nam nhu Yen Bai, Lao Cai, San La, Dien Bien... thi hien nay giiia ldng thanh phd cung phai ganh chju nhirng hau qua do sat Id va lii lut gay ra. Gid day khdng cd gi de dam bao nhimg cu dan sinh sdng d thanh phd la dam bao an toan. Sy cd d thanh phd Nha Trang, Khanh Hda gan day la mdt trong nhung tmdng hgp dien hinh khi chu dau tu cua dy an Hoang Phii, Nha Trang cho xay dyng khu nha d cao cap tren niii, cho may dao niii de lam hd chiia nudc, tuy nhien hd nam ngay tren nha dan nhung khdng cd bien phap an toan, khi mua ldn keo dai, ket cau ldng hd bj anh hudng khien cho hd bj vd va hau qua la nhieu hd dan sinh sdng phfa ben dudi hd bj dat, da da tir tren niii vui lap, nudc cudn chay d ngay trong phd. Theo nhieu ngudi dan Nha Trang thi day la sy cd chua tirng cd tir tmdc tdi nay.
Ngoai ra, qua trinh day nhanh cdng nghiep hda, bien dai bda va sy mgc len ciia nhirng khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat da khien cho tinh trang d
nhiem khdng kbf, ngudn nudc, tieng dn ca trong do thj va ngoai dd thj cd xu hudng tang cao, cdng them vdi dd la viec xir ly chat thai ran, nhat la xir ly chat thai cdng nghiep van chua dugc ap dung theo phuong thlic quan ly tdng hgp. Cac doanh nghiep tren thyc te chua chii trgng cac giai phap giam thieu, tai sir dung, tai che va thu hdi nang lugng tir chat thai, gay d nhiem mdi tmdng rat ldn, trong khi dd cac nha chuc trach quan ly d nhiem mdi tm-dng van cdn lam ngo va bd qua cho cac doanh nghiep vi pham cac tieu chuan ve mdi tmdng.
Nhirng thach thiic ddi vdi cac chi tieu ve mdi tmdng anh hudng tryc tiep den viec trien khai cac myc tieu VSDG 8,11,12,13,15 va gian tilp anh hudng deri cac muc tieu khac nhu muc tieu VSDG 3, 7,9.
Sau hit, nhung khdng phai la cudi cimg, dd la thach thlic ve mat the che. Day la thach thiic ldn nhat ddi vdi Viet Nam va anh hudng bao triim den viec thyc hien va trien khai hau het cac VSDGs cua Viet Nam bdi vi sy chech hudng trong viec trien khai cac chii tmong, chfnh sach ciia Chfnh phii cung se dan den nhiing he luy ca ve ngudn lyc va tai chfnh. Thdi gian qua cd the thay nhieu chinh sach lien quan tdi SDGs cung nhu phat trien ben vung ndi rieng cdn tdn tai nhiing bat cap. Cac chfnh sach thieu co sd khoa hgc va thyc tien, da sd deu dugc thiet ke theo
F F
each tiep can tir tren xudng ma khdng dya tren lgi ich cua ngudi dan. Tham chf nhieu chu tmong cdn kha mo hd, chung chung, chdng cheo giiia cac CO quan trien khai thyc hien. Chfnh vi thi, khi dua vao thyc tien, nhirng cbinb sach nay thudng bdc Id tinh kem bieu qua hoac khdng kha thi, he qua la chfnh sach thieu tfnh dn djnh, lau dai. Vf dy nhu ddi vdi chfnh sach xda ddi giam ngheo, phan ldn cac chinh sach thudng: i) ap dat tir tren xudng va thieu sy tham gia ciia cdng ddng; ii) Chfnh sach ve giam ngheo bj chdng cheo. Chfnh sach giam ngheo dugc de xuat va thyc hien bdi cac bd nganh va cac phdng ban cua chinh phii nhung thieu sy dieu phdi phii hgp; iii) Sy khdng phu hgp cua chfnh sach: Ap dung mgt chuan myc cho tat ca cac hd gia dinh ngheo ma
Nhirng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRI T H ^ GIQI So 11(271) 2018 65
Mdt sd thach thiFc ddi vdi Viet Nam... Vo Thi. Minh Le khdng xem xet sy khac biet giira cac viing; iv) ngheo deu chii trgng vao dao tao nghi do dd mdt Mdt so cbinh sach don gian cbi dua tien cho ca the ngheo hay hd ngheo d cac dja phuong ngudi ngheo, dieu nay can trd den sy sang tao va cimg mdt luc se dugc hudng lgi tir nhieu cbinb y chf ciia ngudi dan dja phuong trong viec giai sach. Dieu dd gay khd khan trong viec kiem soat quylt ddi ngheo. Hon niia, cac chfnh sach giam va giam sat*
Tai lieu tham khao:
F \ F F •?
1. Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu (2015): Nhieng kit qud chu yeu thiec hien cdc muc Ueu phdt trien thiin nien ky cua Viet Nam, Bao cao cua Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu
2. Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi (2018): Cdng bd Bdn tin cap nhdt thi truang lao ddng Viet Nam Sd 18, Quy 2 ndm 2018, Tmy cap trang -web:
http://-ww-w.molisa.gov.vn/vi/Pages/cbitiettin.aspx?IDNews=28289
3. Can van Lyc (2018): Viet Nam chiu dnh hudng gi tie chien tranh thuang mqi My - Trung, tmy cap trang web:https://www.kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/vi-mo/viet-nam-chiu- anh-buong-gi-tu-chien-tranb-thuong-mai-my-tmng-3813427.html
4. Kocha 01am, Sandi Sidbu and Ben Westcott (2018): Substandard construction caused Laos dam collapse minister says, http://w-ww.edition.cnn.com/2018/07/27/asia/laos-dam- collapse-constmction-intl/index.html
5. Nguyen Dinh Luan (2017): Cdch ddnh Trung Hoa "trong chinh sdch an ninh — ddi ngoqi thdi Tap Can Binh, Ky yeu bdi thao "An ninh khu vyc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong: Dac diem va nhirng ddng thai mdi" do Vien Kinb te va Chinh trj the gidi td cbiic
6. Quyet djnh sd 1511/QD-BKHDT ve viec thanh lap Uy ban chuyen mdn ve phat trien ben -vung, cai thien mdi tmdng kinh doanh va nang cao nang lyc canh tranh
7. Tdng cue Thong ke (2015,2016,2017): Nien gidm thong ke ndm 2015, 2016, 2017, NXB.
Thdng ke. Ha Ndi.
8. Tdng cue Thong ke (2015,2016,2017): Nien gidm thong ke ndm 2015, 2016, 2017, NXB.
Tbdng ke. Ha Ndi.
9. Tran Manh Tao (2017): Tie muc Ueu MDGs tdi muc Ueu phdt triin bin vitng: Nhieng thdch thuc chu yiu , Bao cao tdng hgp nhiem -vy nghien cim khoa hgc cap co sd nam 2017.
10. Trin Thg Dat va Td Tmng Thanh (2018): Ddnh gid kinh te Viet Nam thudng nien 2017:
Thao gd rdo cdn ddi vdi su phdt trien cua doanh nghiep, Nha xuat ban Dai hgc kinh te qudc dan. Ha ndi.
11. UN Viet Nam va GIZ (2018): Bao cao Rd sodt qudc gia tu nguyen thuc hien cdc muc tieu phdt triin ben vieng ciia Viet Nam. Dien dan chinh trj Cip cao v l PTBV ciia Hdi dong KT-
XH ciia Lien hgp quoc ngay 16/7/2018.
Thdng tin tdc gid:
TS. VO THI MINH LE Vien Kinh te vd Chinh tri The giai Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam Email: vominhle 79(cCgmail. com
66 Nhirng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TR! IHt GIQI S6 11 (271) 2018
