HOP TAG VllT-TRUNG TRONG V A N D £ B | £ N GIQTI T R £ N DjA BAN HAr T I N H QUANG NINH VA QUANG TAY
T U T N A M 1991 D E N N A M 2010
N G 6 T H I LAN PHUONG'
1. Vfli nfit vg t i n h h i n h bifin gifiri Vitft- T r u n g trfin dja phtfn h a i t i n h Qu&ng N i n h - Q u i n g T a y trUdc nflm 1991 (tiif k h i Vifit N a m dtfi mdi 1986 dtfn triidc 1991)
Quang Ninh (Vi§t Nam) vfl Quang Tfly (Trung Qufic) cd chung 132,8km ductng bifin gidi trfin dtft litfn vfl 250km bifin gidi trfin bien (1), trong dd khu vitc titfp giflp trUe titfp Ifl Thflnh pho Mfing Cfii (Quang Ninh) vfl Thfinh phtf Dfing HUng (Quang Tfiy).
Quan h$ gifla hai dia phUOng Quang Ninh- Quang Tfiy da ed td lfiu trong Ijeh sul vfi duoc khdi dtfu t d quan hfi giao lUu bufin ban. Budc sang th6i kl hifin dai, do nhflng tfic dong cua lich sd, quan htf gifla hai tinh dfi cd nhdng luc bi ngdng t r f Td nfim 1986 - mtfc thdi ditfm Vi$t Nam titfn hflnh dfi'i mdi vfl Trung Qutfe eung da titfn hflnh cai each dUdc gtfn mot thfip ki, trong khi quan hfi hai nUde vSn gfin nhU dfing bflng, quan hfi dia phUdng bifin gidi, bfit d^u cd dtfu hifiu khfii phi^e eho dtfn khi hai bfin chfnh thde tai thitft lAp mfii quan hfi (1991). Tlnh hinh nfiy cd t h l bflt ngudn td nhu ctfu thitft ytfu cua cU dfin hai bfin bifin gidi trong vi$c thfim thfln vfi trao dfi'i hflng hda ph\ic v\i
euOc etfng hflng ngfly, sfiu xa hOn nfi cung phan finh nhiJng tfic dtfng bUdc dtfu td nhflng chfnh sfich dtfi mdi cua Dang vfl Nhfl nUdc ta dtfi vdi khu vxfc bifin gidi.
Tgi khu vi^c bifin gidi gifip ranh hai tinh Quang Ninh • Quang Tfly, sau chitfn tranh bifin gidi (1979), cfic hogt dfing quan ly dudng bifin, ctft mfic phfa Vi$t Nam dU0c tfing cudng. Bifin phfing tinh Quang Ninh dfi titfn hflnh dflng kf kitfm soflt dUdc hon 17 ngfln lUdt ngUdi ra vflo, di lai lflm fln d khu vdc bifin gidi, trong nflm 1986-1987, phflt hifin dU<?c 5 vy vUflt bifin (2). Trong khi dd cfic hogt dtfng qufln sU cua Trung Qufic 0 vdng sflt bifin cd chitfu hUfing giam dtfn, luc lUdng qufln sd chu Idc dfing trfin dja bfln bifin gidi Quang Tfiy cd ban dfl rdt vtf phfa sau. Nhflng hfinh vi vi pham bifin gidi td nflm 1987 chu ytfu lfi ti3t sU td phflt cua cU dfln bfin kia bifin gidi sang khai thfic lfim san, dfinh bflt hai san trfin dfl't nUfic ta.
Budc sang nfim 1988, tinh hinh bifin gifii gifla hai tinh cfi nhitfu di§n bifi'n mdi, nhu ctfu thfim thfin trao dtfi hflng hfia cua nhfin dfin hai bfin bifin gidi rtft bdc thitft, tlnh trang vugt bifin trfii phfip, bufin Itfu, mua
•NCS. Khoa Lich sd - Tru6ng DH KHXH&NV • DHQGHN
Tinh hinh hgp tdc V i a - Trung...
ban ph\i n d tre em da diSn ra kha phdc tgp tren tofin tuytfn bifin gidi gifla hai tinh.
Trudc tinh hinh dd, thfing 11-1988, Ban bf thu Trung Udng Dang r a thfing b&o stf 118/BBT cho phfip nhfln dfin hai bfin bifin gidi duoc qua lai thfim thfin, trao dtfi hflng hda thitft ytfu phuc vy ddi stfng vfl san xufl't.
ty ban Nhfin dfin (UBND) tlnh Quang Ninh trfin tinh thfin dfi dfi cho ttf chdc 4 dilm qua lgi tren bifin gidi vdi Quang Tfiy lfi: eda khtfu Ka Long, eda khtfu P6 Hfin, cda khtfu Bfic Phong Sinh vfi cda khtfu Hoflnh MQ, bfit dtfu cho hoat dong vflo 5-2- 1989, dong th&i m6 thfim hai dilm giao djch trao dfi'i hflng hda d Vgn Gia vfl Mui Ngoc.
Td sau thfing bfio 118, tinh hinh bifin gidi hai tinh cd nhieu ehuyin bifi'n mdi, trong nflm 1989, ed 130.000 ngUdi Trung Qutfc tit Quang Tay sang Vifit Nam vfl 100.000 ngUdi Viet Nam i^' Quang Ninh sang Trung Quoc (3). Trong stf nfly, ngofli nhfin dfin d cac xa ven bifin, cdn cd mot Iilc lUdng dfing dao nhfin dfln cflc huyfin thi sau trong nfii dia hai tinh Quang Ninh-Quang Tfiy sang hai ben bien gidi lfim fin bufin ban vfl di du lieh. Tuy nhifin, trfin bien, I^i d\ing ta mci cda bifin gidi, tfiu thuyfin Trung Quoc til Quang Tay thudng xuyen xam phgm vdng biln cua ta vdi so lUdng ldn, cfi ngfly Ifin dtfn hflng trfim chitfc. Mfic dd tinh trgng d ^ dtfu vfl hogt dong vii trang trfin bifin gidi giam di r5 rfit, Vifit Nam cung mdi vifie tfeh cue md cilia v i n tfing eUdng kiem soat chflt che tinh hinh an ninh bifin gidi. Dtfn thfing 11-1990, Tinh uy Quang Ninh cd chu trUOng md thfing con dudng bign gidi tfl Hai Yfin Ifin P6 Hfin-vtfn Ifl con dudng thdi ki chitfn tranh bien gidi gai nhitfu chfing min nfin hi ctfm di lgi. Vitfe thfing tuytfn ducfng cd y nghia kinh ttf xa hfii vfi an ninh qutfc phong to ldn doi vdi t r i l n vong phflt t r i l n ca mfit khu vdc bifin gidi Vifit-Trung rfing
ldn. Cling trong nflm nfly, UBND tinh Quang Ninh da phtfi h0p vdi bifin phfing tinh, khao sfit tofin b0 tuytfn bifin gidi dfl't liln gifip vdi Quang Tfiy, d i n g thdi dUa dfln ra efie vdng gifip bifin, djnh canh djnh cU trfin tofln tuytfn hifin gidi. NhU vfiy, ehfnh sfich md cda dfl t h l hi^n rfi rflng nhflng mflt tfeh cdc, b$ m^t kinh ttf-xfi h^i ci khu vuc giflp ranh hai tinh dfi cd nhifiu dfi'i mdi, hogt dfing mpi mflt phong phu hdn, d6i sfi'ng nhfln dfln dUOc cai thifin hdn. Nhflng hudc titfn t r i l n d i n dtfn d khu vUc bifin gidi hai tinh nfii rifing, bifin gidi hai nude ndi chung Ifl budc e h u l n bi quan trong vfl thUe sU cfln thitft cho nhflng thay dli ljch sd vflo nfim 1991 khi hai nUdc chfnh thdc binh thudng hda quan hfi.
Nhu vfly, giai doan 1986-1991 quan hfi gifla hai tinh Quang Ninh vfl Quang Tfiy chUa cd mfii lifin hfi ngoai giao-kinh ttf-vfln hda cua chfnh quyen hai tinh. Hoat dong chu ytfu vfln Ifl cua cU dfin bifin gidi hai bfin thflm thfin vfi mua bfin hflng hfia mang tfnh t u phat. Dieu dd eho thfl'y sU ehi phoi tfl't yeu tinh hinh quan hfi hai nUdc d^i vdi cfic mfii quan hfi dia phUdng vfi sU phu thuoc chfit che cua quan hfi hai tinh vao moi quan hfi qutfe gia dd. Trfin eO sd do, tfl nflm 1991, trong boi canh mdi cua quan hfi Vifit-Trung, tinh hinh bifin gidi d i n di vao on dinh, Quang Ninh vfl Quang Tfiy mdi thiet Iflp quan hfi chinh thdc ctfp tinh dong thcti cung bat dflu khcii dfing cho nhflng hoat dfing kinh ttf - chfnh trj - vfln hda cfl'p dia phUdng cua hai nhfl nUdc mfit each chinh thtfng. Trong tong t h l cfic linh vUc quan htf gifla hai nUde trfin dja bfin hai tinh tfl sau 1991, vdi phgm vi bfli bflo nfiy, chdng tfii xin chi de cfip dtfn Hnh vUc hdp tac bifin gidi-mfit Imh vdc cd y nghia an ninh ehfnh trj vfl cd tflc dfing ldn Ifin cfie mflt quan hfi khac.
48 Rghtftn eihi Idch adr. atf 11.3 2. T i n h h i n h h(?p tfic Vitft-Trung t r o n g
vtfn d l bifin gidi trfin dja bfln h a i t i n h Q u a n g N i n h vfl Qu&ng Tfiy tit n&m 1991 dtfn n&m 2010.
Hijp tfic gifla hai nUdc Vi^t-Trung trong vfi'n dfi bifin gidi ndi chung vfi trfin dja phfin hai tinh Quang Ninh - Quflng Tfiy ndi rifing tfip trung vfio hai vfl'n dfi chu ytfu lfi gifl gin bao v§ trj an khu v^c bifin gidi vfi phfln gidi cflm mtfe. Dfly Ifl hai hogt d^ng htft ade quan trpng khfing chi trong vi^c dfim b i o sU tofln vgn bifin gidi Iflnh thtf mfl cfin Ifl hogt dtfng titfn dfi tao dilu ki$n cho cflc llnh vUc trao dfi'i hpp tfic khfic gifla hai nude qua dia bfln hai tinh di6n ra sufin a^, thufin l(?i.
Bfi't cd sU bfi't tfn bifin gidi nflo tai dfiy dfiu cd anh hudng trUc tifi'p dtfn tlnh hinh hi?p tflc gida hai bfin tren cac linh vUe cdn lgi, mfl bilu hifin dfi thfl'y vfl tde thi nhfl't Ifl trao dfi'i thUOng mai Vifit-Trung qua dja bfln hai tinh ed t h l bj ngUng tr$.
- Hap tdc trong viec bdo ve tri an khu uUc biin gidi
Y thde sfiu sflc y nghia cua vific bao vfi bien gidi Vifit-Trung doi vdi sU phfit t r i l n cua tinh, lUe lUpng efing an vfl bien phong eua ca hai tinh Quang Tfiy vfl Quang Ninh da phoi hpp nhifiu hinh thdc true titfp vfl gian titfp nh^m bao v$ tri an khu vUc bifin gidi nhU: trao tra ngilfii vi pham phap lufit, dtfu tranh ehtfng tfii phgm, ehtfng xufi't nhfip canh trai phfip vfl xd ly nhflng vi phgm trong quan ly xufi't nhfip canh, xutft nhfip bien.
Tren tinh thtfn cua Hi$p dinh tgm thSi kl ngfiy 7-11-1991 vfi m\ie 5 trong Thfing cfio 11 dilm chung gifla hai nUde ban hfinh 10-11-1991 ndi ro:
"Hai ben thoa thudn tiep tuc cdc bi^n ph'.ip cdn thiet de duy tri hba binh vd sit yin tinh dgc theo biin gidi vd khuyen khich cU ddn bi&n gidi khdi phuc vd phdt triin su
thdm hdi qua lg,i hOu nghj, truyin thdhg di biin biSn gidi Trung-Vi$t thdnh biin gidi hba binh hOu ngh(... cd hai bin diu ttSng^
gidi quyit dUdng biin gidi vd nhOng vdn di ldnh thS khdc m^t cdeh hba binh thdng qua ddm phdn" (4).
Cfing an cdng bifin phfing tinh Qufing Ninh vfi cfing an Qufing Tfiy, Ttfng dfii bifin phfing Qufing Tfiy dfl gfip gd, trao dli vl tinh hinh an ninh trfit tu hai bfin bifin gifii vfl thu tt^c qua lgi bifin gidi, cufii cdng hai tinh dfi ky bifin ban ghi nhd vfi phfii hpp gid gin trflt td trj an khu vi^c bifin gidi theo chi dgo cua T U (kf ktft thflng 6-1992). Hflng nflm hai bfin dtfu duy tri hoat dfing gflp gfi trao dfi^i kinh nghifim vfl bfln bifin phfip phtfi hpp thac hifin, chi dao cfing an, bifin phdng cfic dja phUdng bifin gidi, Thj xfi Dfing HUng vfl Thj xa Mdng Cfii hop lufin phifin hfing thflng, hpp tfic trong cfing tfic phong ehtfng toi phgm. Nflm 1993, eong an bifin phfing Dfing HUng da 5 I l n sang lflm vific vdi don bien phong cijta khtfu Mfing Cfli vfi ngUpc lai. 6 cfic huyfin bifin gidi khflc eua hai tinh cung difin ra nhflng cufic gflp gfi, bfln bgc giai quytft cfic vfl'n de trflt tU an ninh bifin gidi.
Tuy nhifin vflo thdi dilm dd, tinh hinh an ninh bifin gidi vSn di§n ra phdc tgp, hoat di^ng vi phgm chu quytfn bifin gidi dfl't lifin vfl bifin gidi trfin b i l n vfln tfii diln.
Nfim 1995, Quang Ninh da phfit hifin, ngfin chfin 290.676 lUpt ngUdi, 5675 lUpt tflu bfi phfa Trung Quoc vi phgm, dtfn thang 12- 1996 cd 730 lUpt ngUdi vfi 85 Iln dfin Trung Qutfc ddng thutfc n l sang dfinh bfit hai san trfin khu vdc sfing giflp ranh (5).
Trude tinh hinh trfin, nflm 1997, CWnh phu Vi$t Nam ban hfinh efing vfin stf 130/KT-NM v l rfi phfi bom min, chfing 5 khu vdc bifin gidi d l bao dam kilm tra, k i l m sofit dudng bifin mfic gidi dupc thutfn
Tinh hinh hgp ttz Vigt - Tnmg..
ldi. Kg't qua t h u gom dupe 15.830 chitfc chfing, huy 189 qua min (6), gdp phfin quan trpng gifl gin trfit tU an ninh bifin gidi.
Mflc du con nhflng nhfin thde khac nhau trong vfi'n de~ bao vfi an ninh bifin gidi, nhin chung tfl nhflng nfim 2000 trd Iai dfiy, khi hai nude da kf dupe hi$p djnh bifin gidi trfin dfl't lien vfi trfin biln, lUc lUdng chdc nflng ca hai ben da phfii hpp tUOng dfii chflt chg vfi hifiu qua trong quan ly, bao vfi dudng bifin cot mde ciing nhU xd ly cac v\i vifie nhU: trfim eflp, bufin lflu, bufin bfin ph\i nfl vfi tre em, bufin ban vfln chuyen vfi tifiu thu
(
tifiVgia... Hai tinh-khu dfi thflnh Iflp dupe vfin phong lien lac phdng c^fi'ng ma tdy qua bien gidi. Chi tfnh rifing trong nfim 2009, lUc Iupng chflc nflng da phfit hifin vfi xd ly 15 trudng hpp ngudi Trung Quoc nhflp I canh trai phfip vao Quang Ninh, xd If 607ngudi Trung Qufi'c vi phgm quy chtf xutft nhfip canh, tifi'p nhfin 168 cfing dan Vifit Nam do phia Trung Qufi'c trao tra; bflt gid 29 vu vfln chuyen trai phfip chfi't ma tdy qua bifin gidi (con so' nfiy nflm 2010 giam xuong con 10 vu), tiep n h a n 48 phu nfl bi Ida ban vfi giai cdu 5 tre ?m, phoi hpp eung cfic tinh bien gidi phfa bfic trifit phfi 7 dudng dfiy bufin bfin phu nfl vfi tre em qua bign gidi (7)... vfin dpng cfing dfin Trung Quoc pha nho 143 coc dfing tai efin Tfii Sec, dong thdi don bien phong Hofinh Mfi da dilu tra, xfic minh lfim ro nguyfin nhfln muc dich vific pha hoai mfit dtf cfit moc 1307; don bifin phong Bfie Phong Sinh da phoi hdp vdi phia bgn dilu tra truy tim mtfc 18 cu dua tra ve vi tri (8).
Tlnh hinh bifin gidi trfin b i l n edng kha phdc tap, trong dd dfing ehu y hdn ca lfi bufin lflu, vfin chuyin trfii phfip khofing san qua bifin gidi ngfly mfit gia tfing. Dflc bifit, nhflng nam gtfn ddy, dtfi tUpng bufin lfiu than, khoang san chuyen nghifip ddng nhflng tau ldn, trang bi hien dgi, thfing
thgo lulng lach, ddng hfia ddn chdng tfl nhu vfln ehuyin hfing hda n^i dja vflo cflc tinh phfa nam, saa dfi lpi d^ing sd hd, dfim tfii (qua dfio Cfi Tfi, Bgeh Long Vi) di qua lulng ngofli, xufi't lfiu sang Trung Quoc.
TrUdc tinh hinh dfi, cue hfii quan Quang Ninh da phfii hpp vdi hai quan Quang Tfiy tfing cUdng cfing tac quan ly hogt d§ng khai thac, vfin chuyin, chtf bitfn vfi tifiu thu than tren dia bfin hai tinh d i n g thdi ra quan tflng cUdng tfing cUdng tufin tra kilm soat chfit che, gfit gao trfin biln, do vfiy da hgn chfi d i n tinh trang tren. Tfnh rifing trong nfim 2007, trong tfi'ng stf 566 vv bufin lflu bj hai quan Quang Ninh hit gifl, chi cfi 2 vu bi thu gifl vfl xd ly trgn bien gidi biln. Tuy nhien den nfim 2010, hai quan Quang Ninh lai bflt gifl 3 vu bufin Iflu ldn trgn biln dang vfin chuyin than vfi khoang san sang Trung Qutfc tifiu thu, m5i vu cd trj gia hang vai trflm trigu dong (9). Nhu vfly, mflc dd khong that phdc tap nhU tinh hinh bifin gidi trfin bo, hdp tfic an ninh trfin biln giila hai tinh ciing gflp nhflng khfi khfln nhfi't dinh tfl nhflng hoat dong xufl't nhflp lflu tfli nguyen khofing san trai phfip, mfi chu ytfu la td Viet Nam sang Trung Qutfc. Thue trang dfi dfit ra ygu cfiu cho cac lUc lupng chdc nflng lufin phai de eao eanh giac, cfi su phoi hdp thtfng nhfi't trgn tofln tuyen bign gidi, tfl bien gidi dfi't Iiln dtfn bifin gidi bien.
Mac dd vfly, vdi dia hinh hilm trd dflc thfl cua m i l n bifin vien, cfing thfim vcli nhieu thu doan ngfly cfing tinh vi eua efic loai toi pham pha hogi an ninh bifin gidi, cdng tac phoi hdp bao vfi an ninh hign gidi gifla hai dia phUdng hai nUdc Vifit-Trung da dat nhflng thflnh qua nhfl't dinh, song cung dat ra n h i l u thd thach mdi trong chflng dudng sap tdi.
Cung vfii cac hoat dong nghifip vu phtfi hpp, luc Iupng chdc nfing hai bfin ciing thudng xuygn tuyfin truyfi'n vfln dong nhfin
Rghifln cihl Ideh adr. atf 11.2012 dfin chtfp hflnh phflp lu^t vfi cfic quy djnh
v l xutft nhfip cfinh qua Igi bifin gidi d i n g thdi duy tri vfl tfing cudrig qufin ly tufin tra, kilm sofit gifl gin an ninh trfit td d khu v^c bifin gidi, tgo d i l u ki$n thutfn lpi cho cfie hogt d$ng hpp tfie khfic gifla hai tinh dU(?c d l y mgnh.
- H^ tdc trong hogt ddng phdn gidi cdm mde (PGCM)
Phfln gidi efim mtfc lfi m^t hogt d^ng rtft khd khfln, phflc tgp, bfin cgnh nhflng khd khfin vtf mflt k! thu^t, dfiy cfin Ifl hogt d^ng nhgy cam bdi nfi Ifl sd phfin djnh bifin gidi lanh thtf qutfc gia trfin cd sd dfim phfin vfl dgt dUdc sd d i n g thufln cua ca hai phfa, hdn nfla lgi ifl hai qutfc gia cd n h i l u nhflng bitfn ctf ljch sd. Bdi le dd, phfin gidi cfim mtfc gifla hai nUdc Vifit-Trung tfl't ytfu lfi m$t qufi trinh trai qua nhitfu bUde vfl n h i l u giai doan.
Dd cho hai nUde Vifit-Trung da kf xong cfic higp udc bien gidi dtft liln, hifip dinh phan dinh vjnh Bfic Bo vfl Hi§p dinh hdp tac nghe ca, song eong tfie phfin gidi cflm moc tfl nhiing nflm 2000 trd lgi day lfi hogt dfing triln khai cu t h l cua rifing Hi$p Udc bifin gidi trfin dfi't Uln theo tinh thfin chi dao td Chfnh phu hai nUdc, hai dja phUdng bifin gidi cung theo dd ma thuc hi$n. Phfin dinh bifin gidi trfin biln giila Quang Ninh vfl Quang Tfiy vfin xflc djnh ehung theo nhiing thda thufin eiia Hifip djnh phfln dinh vinh Bfie B$ (ky nflm 2000) gifla hai nUde.
Cfing tac phan gidi efim mfic lufin nhfln dupe su quan tfim dflc bi$t cua Dfing vfi Nhfl Nude, xfic dinh dfiy Ifi cfing trinh tr^ng dilm dfic bi$t cua qutfc gia nfin da tfip trung lanh dao, chi dao vfi dfiu tU thda dflng v l nhfin lUe, trang thitft hi, tfii ehfnh vfi chtf dp chfnh sach; kip thdi ra cflc quytft sfich chi dao dfim phan cfic efi'p d l gifii quytft diit dilm cae t i n dong trong efing tfic
PGCM song phUdng, cdng cam ktft hofln thflnh cfing tfic PGCM trfin thUe dia vflo thflng 12-2008, xfly ddng efic Hi§p Djnh vl bifin gidi d l duy trt dudng bifin gidi In djnh, hda binh vfl hflu nghj, gdp phfin thdc dly quan h$ hai nUdc Vi§t-Trung theo phUdng chfim 16 chfl vflng vfl tinh thfin 4 ttft.
Cfic ban ngflnh chdc nfing cua tinh Qufing Ninh theo su chi dgo tfl TU" da cfi sy quan tfim kjp thdi dtfn cfic ngflnh vfi dja phUdng bifin gidi, tfing cudng cfic hoat d^ng dfii ngogi vdi chfnh quyln vfi efie lUe lUpng qufin ly bfio v$ bifin gidi eua tinh Quang Tfly (Trung Qufic) nhflm kifin tri thfing qua dflm phfln d l giai quytft nhiJng vtfn dl, vy vi§c phdc tap trfin bifin gidi, han chtf dtfn miicc thtfp nhtft cfic hogt dfing vi phgm ehu quyln Iflnh t h l . TCt dd tflng bude dly mgnh cung ctf, xfiy ddng cfic dia phUdng bifin gidi viii^
mgnh v l mpi mtft. V l phfa tinh Quai^ Tfiy, ndi chung ciing phoi hdp tUdng doi ttft, cdng hpp tfic vfl tao dilu ki$n thufln ldi cho nhau trong triln khai cfing vi$c song phUdng.
Tuy nhifin, Trung Qufic vdi tilm lUc mgnh, ed sd hg tfing bign gidi hofln bj, chu dong vfl giflu kinh nghifim trong cfing tflc PGCM, vi Ifl cfing vific lien quan trUc titfp dtfn chu quytfn qufic gia do dfi phfa Trung Qufic cung gfiy nhfllng khfi khfln ap lyc dtfi vdi Vifit Nam nhU: xfim eanh, lflm dUdng, cfim chi gidi cfing trinh qutfc phong... Ben cgnh dd cfing tfic nfly eon bi ehi phfii bdi ljch sd lanh t h l , trinh d$ dfin eU thfi'p vfl sd phfin btf dfin eU khfing d i u , thdi titft khf htfu vdng bifin khfic nghifit...
Nfim 1996, bfi dfii bifin phfing Quang Ninh da ttf chiic khao sfit dUdng bifin, mfic gidi cua tinh, ktft qua: bifin gidi trfin dtft liln titfp giap vdi Quang Tfiy dfii 132,8 km^
trong dd dudng bien gidi di theo sfing sutfi dfli 90 km, bifin gidi di theo dja hinh rvtng nui dfii 42,8 km, cd 40/41 mtfe gidi da dUdc
Thih hinh hgp tde Viflt - Trung...
khao sat; bifin gidi trgn b i l n chifi'u dfli khoang 250 km, cd 3.000 hon dao, 50 cda sfing cda lach (10). Thdi dilm nfly tinh hinh phfin gidi cflm moc v i n d i l n ra kha gay go, phdc tgp. Thfing 5-1996, Trung Qufic eho ngudi sang xfiy cfit dfin d hon Tfli Sec, cda song Bfic Lufin nhfim chuyin nd thflnh cua hp. Chua hfi't, trong thdi gian trfin, phfa Quang Tfiy eon cho ngUdi sang Ifl'n chitfm d khu vUc M6-Hoflnh Mfi, trong cfiy vfi nufii so d bai Tuc Lam, titfp tyc xfiy cfit dfl d hon Tfii Sec, dfip phfi mfi'e gidi, ehi gidi an tofin khu vUc bien gidi, thfim chf edn vitft thU de dpa cfle don bign phfing bien gidi, nghifim trong hon phi'a Quang Tay eon dilng mfit lUc Iupng ldn xfiy ke Ifih chitfm khu vUc bai Nfl To - Hofinh Mfi - Binh Lifiu. Phia Vifit Nam tfeh cue tuyen truyfi'n ngu ro quan dilm cua Dang vfl Nhfi nude ta ve vtfn d l bien gidi, ttf chdc dfi'u tranh ngoai giao phan khfing, con mdi ca dai sd Trung Qufi'c luc dd Ifi Ly Gia Trung ra bign gidi di xem thue ttf.
Ngay 30-12-1999, Chi'nh phu hai nUdc Vifit-Trung da ky hifip Ude bien gidi trfin dfi't lie'n, md ra thdi ki mdi tot dep trong quan he bifin gidi hai nUdc dong thdi tgo Ifip mgt hanh lang phap Iy mdi cho dUdng bign gidi Vifit-Trung.
Nhfln thde ro dfiy Ifl vfl'n de het sdc nhay cam, tfl sau hifip djnh, vdi tinh thtfn hdp tac tfeh cUc phfa Quang Ninh da tfeh cUc phoi hdp vdi phfa Quang Tay vfl da nhflng ktft qua dang ghi nhfin trong cfing tac dfie bigt nay. Den nam 2009, th«e hifin Bifin ban cufic gfip trUdng dofin dai b i l u cfi'p Chinh phu dfim phfin ve bifin gidi lanh tho Vifit Nam-Trung Quoe ngfly 31-12-2008, titfn hanh PGCM dogn bien gidi con lgi tfl moc 1373 den gidi diem 62 (khu vUc cda sfing Bac Luan) (11). NhU vfly, sau g i n mot I Jhfip ki thye hifin cfing tac PGCM, dtfn nay I R a i tinh Quang Tfiy vfl Quang Ninh da
chuyin dupe dudng bifin gidi vfl efie e0t mtfc tfl ngfin tfl eua Hi§p udc vfl ban dfi dfnh kfim ra thuc dja mfit cfich ro rfing vfl dUpc dfinh dfi'u bfing h$ thtfng c$t mtfc. Phfa Quang Ninh da trifit d l thfio dfi dupc 19 dfip thdi vu, 10 doan dfl't dfi dfin Trung Qutfc tu y Itfp cac con bfii. Ktft qua cy t h l nhu sau:
Dudng bifin gidi titfp gifip vdi Quang Tfiy trfin dfi't liln doan do Qufing Ninh qufin ly ed chilu dfii lfi 118,842km gfim: di trfin bfi lfi 25,997km, di trgn sfing su6i tfiu thuyin khfing di lgi dUpc Ifi 42,106km vfi di trgn sfing sufii tflu thuyin di lgi dUpc Ifl 50,739km.
Ve mtfc gidi, hai ben da xae djnh stf moc gidi do tinh Quang Ninh quan If gim 97 mtfc gidi vdi 175 cfit moc (tfl mtfc gidi 1301 dtfn 1378). Trong dd Quang Ninh cflm 87 cot mtfc, Quang Tay cfim 88 cot moc.
Cot mtfc ddn efim trung vdi dudng bien gidi Ifl 35 cot mtfc (Vifit Nam efim 18 cfit mtfc, Trung Qufi'c cflm 17).
Cot mfic cflm bfin bd song suoi bign gidi Vifit Nam lfi 69 cpt moc (46 mfic dfii, 23 mfic ba).
Cfit mtfc cfim bfin bd sfing suoi bien gidi Trung Qutfc la 71 cpt moc (46 moc dfii, 25 moc ba) (12).
Ngay sau khi cpt mfic dupe xfiy dUng, nhdm PGCM Quang Ninh da t l chdc bfln giao cho cac don bien phong quan ly. Cac ban ngfinh chflc nfing trong tinh da to ehde tuyen truyin sfiu rong tdi tiing tfing ldp nhfin dfin v l ket qua phan gidi cflm mfic bifin gidi tren dfi't Iiln Vifit Nam-Trung Qufic thufic dja phfin tinh Qufing Ninh dong thdi phfii hpp vdi phfa ban gifii quytft cfie vtfn d l lien quan sau khi phan gidi cfim mtfe hofin thflnh nhU dd bo hfi thtfng dudng bifin gidi cu, giai quytft vfi'n dfi cfiy hoa mflu, cay lau nflm de cfi t h l bfin giao vfi quan ly dUdng bifin gidi mdi ddng thdi gian quy dinh.
Rghifln cOru L|ch sCt. atf 11.2012 Nhu vtfy, vfii phUdng chfim kifin tri m l m
ddo trong hogt d$ng song phUdng nhUng kifin quytft bfio v§ ehu quyln Ifinh thtf, Qufing Ninh da hdp tfie vdi Quang Tfiy xfiy dyng duyc dogn dudng bifin gidi Vi$t-Trung hoa binh, hflu nghj vfl phfit triln. V l phfa Quang Ninh, bifin gidi, biln dfio cua tlnh da phfit t r i l n dong b§ vfi tofln di^n, nhfln dfin vfl cfic lUc lupng vfl trang da chu d^ng phflt hifin vfl ngfin chtfn dfi'u tranh Iflm thfl't bgi n h i l u hflnh dfing Ifin chitfm vi phgm tfl bfin kia bifin gidi, xd ly ed hi$u qufi cfic hogt d^ng xfim canh xfim cU, bao vfi vflng chfic tofin vgn chu quyln an nmh bifin gidi. Sy phtfi hpp gifla hai tinh trong cfing tfie bao vfi bifin gidi ciing cd nhflng thdi dilm htft sdc khfi khfln phflc tgp nhUng nfim trong tinh thfin ehung cua hai nUdc theo hUdng giai quytft t r a n h chfi'p bflng phUdng phap hda binh, tfin trong Ifin nhau, cflng cfi lpi vfl da dgt dUpc n h i l u ktft qua dfing ghi nhfin
Vific hofin thfinh cfing tfic PGCM trfin bifin gidi dfi't liln Vifit Nam-Trung Qutfe ndi chung, dogn do Quang Ninh - Quang Tfiy qufin ly nfii rifing Ifl sd ki$n cd y nghia lich sd trpng dai trong cfing cufic bao vfi vfl xfiy dUng dfi't nudc. Lfin dfiu tifin trong ljch sd, Vifit Nam vdi t u cfieh lfi mfit qutfe gia dfie Ifip chu quyln da cung vdi Trung Qutfc xfic dinh dupe dudng bifin gidi trfin dfi't liln chi'nh xflc, ro rflng vdi h$ thong moc gidi hifin dgi, dflt nfi'n tang vflng chflc v l cd sd
phflp ly cho cfic ngflnh chflc nflng titfn hfinh qufin ly bifin gidi thutfn lyi vfl hi^u qufi. Di dtfn xfiy dyng mtft dudng bifin gidi tfn djnh lfiu dfli, md ra cd htfi ldn hdn nfla cho vific tflng cUdng giao lUu, hyp tfic phfit triln moi mflt gifla hai nUde nfii chung vfl hai tinh Qufing Ninh-Qufing Tfiy nfii rifing. Theo dfinh gifi cua Thfl trUdng B0 Ngogi giaoVu Dflng, Chu nhi$m Oy ban bifin gidi Qufic gia "cd t h l coi dfiy Ifl bfing hoa dgp cua quan h$ hyp tfic Vi$t Nam - Trung Qufic, gdp phfin xfiy dyng bien gidi Vi$t-Trung thfit sy trd thflnh bifin gidi hfia binh, hflu nghj vfl phfit t r i l n " (13).
Tyu chung lgi, cd t h l nfii d l duy tri vfl phfit t r i l n sU hpp tflc tofin difin gifla hai dia phUdng vfl hai nhfi nude Vifit-Trung, hpp tfic trong vfi'n d l bifin gidi trd thflnh dieu ki$n tifin quytft, trd thflnh Uu tifin hflng dfiu cua ehfnh phu hai nUde. Thtfy dUpc tfim quan trpng dd, nhflng nflm qua hdp tfic Vi§t-Trung trong vfi'n dfi bifin gidi trfin dia bfin hai tinh Qufing Ninh-Quang Tfiy da dat n h i l u thflnh qua dfing ghi nh^n, tvf viec bao vfi an ninh bifin gidi dtfn phfin gidi cfim mtfc, tgo mfii trUdng hda binh hflu nghj, lfim n l n tang cd sd d l duy tri vfl phfit trien hogt d0ng hpp tfic mpi mfit gifla hai tinh vfl hai nude, tfl dfi gdp phfin dUa mfii quan he Quang Ninh-Quang Tfiy trd moi quan hfi cfl'p dja phUdng k i l u mfiu cua hai nUdc Vifit Nam vfi Trung Qufic.
CHU THtCH
(1). Lich stthdi quan Qudng Ninh, Nxb. Quang Ninh, 2005, tr. 6-7.
(2). Ttfng Kh^c Hfli. Biin gidi guSc gia doqn do tinh Qudng Ninh qudn ly giai doqn 1975-1989, Nxb. Quang Ninh, 2009, tr. 45.
(3). Trfin Vfln Bttng; Lich sit biSn gidi Qudng Ninhgiai doqn 1990-1999, Tfli li§u bifin phong
Quang Ninh, 1999, tr. 3.
(4), (5). (6). Trfin Vfln Biing, sdd. tr. 11.
(7). Bfli phflt bilu ciia bfl Nhii Thj Hfing Lifin- Ph6 Chil tjch tSy ban Nhfin dfin tinh Quang Ninh tgi H§i nghj UBCrTLH Ifin thii ba, Lgng SOn, thing 9-2010.
(Xem tiip trang 62)
62 Rghl&n cflu lilch aJr. atf 11.2012 Dgi hgc Su phgm Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 2011, ir. 246-
260.
(16). Kato Kimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no susume kata {Phitdng phdp tO^n hdnh gid hqc thdo lu^n lich sdNh^t Bdn), Nihon Shoseki, 1996, tr. 1.
(17). Kato ICimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no susume kata {fhitang phdp tii'n hdnh gid hqc thdo ludn lich aCl Nhdt Bdn), Nihon Shoaeki, 1996, tr. 1.
(18). Jomon 1ft tSn gpi m$t giai dogn ljch sil Nhflt Bin (13.000-300 tr.CN).
(19). Hfi BO gid hgc Ifl nhflng ghi ch£p to&n di$n vl gid hgc dfl thye hi^n eiia gifto vifin phyc vy cho
cflng tflc nghifin cflu. Trong hi ad gid hpc cd ghi diy dil vft khfich quan vl gifio fln, tfti lifiu, dfi diing giflng dgy dfi ad dyng, diin bitfn gid hpc, hogt d$ng thiy-trd, y kii'n cua hpc sinh vfl dftc bi§t 1ft cam tudng, cfic y kitfn tranh lufln ctia hpc sinh.
(20). Hda blnh, dfln chii, tfin trflng con ngUdi 1ft ba try cfit cQng gpi Ifl ba nguyfin ly cila Hitfn phftp Nhflt Bfin 1947. Hitfn phflp nfly cdn dupc gpi 1ft Hii'n phflp hda blnh.
(21). Luflt giflo dgc trUdng hpc, Luflt giflo dgc cd bfin vfl c&c bfi luflt gi&o dgc cfi lifin quan dam bao cd ed phflp ly cho c&c sflng tgo cua gi&o vifin trong c&c hogt dfing thye tiln gifto dye.
H0P TAC VIIT-TRUNG TRONG VAN DE BIEN Gldl
(8). 6y ban Nhftn dfin tinh Quang Ninh, Bflo c&o ktft qua thye hi^n ban ghi nhd hfli nghj Iln thfl hai UBCTLH giQa cac tinh phfa bic Vi§t Nam vft khu ty trj dftn tfic Choang Quang Tfly, ngfly 6 thftng 9 nfim 2010, Ha Ixing, tr. 4.
(9). Cyc Hai quan Quang Ninh. Bdo c&o iSng ktft cdng tftc kilm soflt Hai quan 5 nftm (2006- 2010) atf 2005/HQQN-CBL, Quang Ninh, ngfty 26- 12-2010.
(10). Dia chi Qudng Ninh (2001), tftp 1.
(11). tly ban Nhfin dfin tlnh Quang Ninh
(Tidp theo trang 52) (2009), B&o c&o ttfng ktft hofln thftnh cdng tftc PGCM trfin dogn biln gidi dtft Uln do tJnh Quang Ninh quan ly, th&ng 12/2009.
(12). Cy ban Nhfln dfln tinh Quang Ninh (2009), B&o c&o ting ktft hoftn thftnh cdng tftc PGCM trfin dogn bifin gifii dfl't hin do tinh Quing Ninh quan ly, tilt nflm 2000-11/2009, thfing 12/2009.
(13). Bfti phdng vfo Thfl tnidng Bfi Ngo^i giao VG Diing, Chii nhi$ra Oy ban bifin gidi Quflc gia, Tgp chf Nghiin ciht Trung Qu&. atf 1 (80), 2008, tr. 4.
