So I/2Q19 - N3m thu- Mirfii Bi,n
MOT SO VAN DE CAN LlAj Y KHI THUC THI CONG UdC VIEN NAM 1980 VE MUA BAN HANG HOA QUOC TE (CISG) TAI VIET NAM
Nguyen Thu Huang' Tomtk: Cong u&c Viin 1980 yi hyp dong mua bdn hdng hda quoc ti (CISG) do Uy ban ciia Lien hiep qudc vi Lugt thuong mgi qudc te (UNCITRAL) ban hdnh. cd hieu luc tic ngay 01/01/1988 nhdm huong tdi vifc thdng nhdt ngudn lugt dp dung cho hgp dong mua bdn qudc ti hdng hda. Ngay 01/01/2017, CISG bdt ddu cd hieu lice tgi Viet Nam. Bin cgnh nhimg thudn lgi. Viet Nam cung phdi ddi mat v&i nhiiu kho khan bdt lgi nhdt dinh vi mat phdp lugt. Chinh vi vdy, di CISG trd Ihdnh cdng cu hiru hieu ddi v&i giao dich mua bdn hdng hda voi thicong nhdn nu&c ngoai, cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam cdn hiiu ndi dung cua CISG ciing nhu dieu kiin dp dung vdo Ihuc tien.
Tickhoa: Cong u&c Vien ndm 1980; dp dung; mua bdn hdng hoa qudc te; giao kit hop dong..
Nhdn bdi: 30/11/2018; Hodn thdnh biin tap: 02/01/2019; Duyet ddng: 17/01/2019.
Abstract: The Vienna Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG) drafted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNITRAL) has taken effect since 01/01/1988 with the purpose to create an uniform legal source applicable to contracts for international sale of goods. Since 01/01/2017, CISG shall enter into force in Vietnam. Besides the advantages, Viemam is faced with certain legal difficulties and challenges. Therefore, to make CISG become an effective tool for transactions for international sale of goods with foreign traders, Vietnamese enterprises are required to comprehend CISG content and conditions for its application in practice.
Keywords: the Vienna Convention in 1980, application; International Sale of Goods; contract signing
Date of receipt; 30/11/2018; Date of revision: 02/01/2019; Date of approval: 17/01/2019.
\. Su- tac dong cua CISG ddi vdi Viet Nam hgp ddng mua ban hang hda qudc tl (MBHHQT).
Hien nay, CISG la mgt frong nhung cdng udc Trong phan nay cung da ngu rd nguyen tic frong quoc tl thanh cong nhit trong Imh vuc thuang mai viec ap dung CISG: nguygn tac tu do vg hinh thit^c quoc tl, duge phe chuin va ap dung rdng rai vdi ciia hop ddng; nguydn tac dien giai cac tuygn bd, tren 89 qudc gia thanh vidn frgn the gidi. Hiu hit hanh vi va xii sy ciia cac bgn. Cdng udc cung nhan cac doi tac ban hang Idn ciia Viet Nam tren thi gidi manh den gia trj ciia tap C|uan frong eac giao djch {Phap, Dire, Ca-na-da, Nhat Ban, Hoa Ky...) ddu mua ban hang hda qudc te (MBHHQT).
da tham gia CISGl Phdn 2: Ky kit Hgp ddng (trinh lu, thii tuc giao __ Vai fro cua CISG duge khing djnh trong thuc kit hop ddng) (tir Diiu 14 - 24) quy djnh kha chi tiln vdi hon 3.000 an Id cd lien quan^ (tuc la cac tilt, cu thi va diy dit cac van dl phap ly dat ra trong phan quyit, quyit djnh giai quyet cac tranh chip qua frinh giao kgt hgp ddng MBHHQT hgp dong sii dung hoac dua fren cac quy djnh eiia Phdn 3: Mua bdn hdng hda (tir Didu 25 - 88) CISG), dong thdi dang duge dieu chinh khoang ndu cac vin de phap ly trong qua frinh thyc hien 80% giao djch thuong mai qudc tl^ hgp dong va duge chia thanh 5 chuong vdi nhiing Npidung ciia CISG gom 101 dieu, ca ciu ndi dung ea ban lidn quan din nghia vu bdn ban, thanh bin phin: ben mua, vin dl chuyen djch riii ro bang hda...
Phdn 1: Phgm vi dp dung vd cdc quy dinh Day la phin cd so lugng dieu khoan Idn nhat, bao cAM«g(hiDilu 1 - 13) quy djnh cac trudng hgp ap gdm nhirng quy pham phap Mat bien dai, de higu, dung theo CISG. Theo do, CISG chi ap dung cho dd ap dung trong thyc te ciia CISG, trong dd nghia ' Tien sy, Vien Han Lam Khoa Hgc Xa hgi Viet Nam
^Tmhtotheri diim Cong udc c6 higu luc cho din ngay 4/12/2018. www.cisg.law.pace.edu,
'TinhtirthcridilmC6ngudcc6higulucchodlnngay4/l2/2018. www.cisg.law.pace.edu, • . , T H ' International Trade Cenfre & Ministty of Trade of Viemam, Report on key multilateral treaties affectmg trade not ratttied by Metnam- A cost/benefit analysis, March 2007, pp27.
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vu cua ngudi ban va ngudi mua duoc quy dinh chi vabgn ban trong quan he MBHHQT^Cac qui ! trong CISG cung phii hgp vdi thuc tidn MBHHQ1 do duge soan thao dua frdn mdt ngudnluat quan tiet trong hai chuong rieng.
CISG khdng cd mdt chuong rieng vg vi pham hgp ddng va che tai do vi pbam hgp ddng. Cac npi dung nay duge Idng ghep trong Chuong II, Chuong III va Chuong V, qua do thg hien sy binh dang ve mat phap ly cho ngudi ban va ngudi mua frong hgp ddng MBHHQT. Ddng thdi, CISG cung dua ra cac bien phap bao dam phap ly trong trudng hpp ngudi mua vi pbam hgp ddng va quy djnh rd khi nao CISG duge ap dung va viec ap dung CISG cho nhimg boat dpng mua ban qudc te giira hai nudc lign quan.
Phdn 4: Cdc quy dinh vi bdo km, gia nhgp, phe
frong la cac tap quan thuang mai qudc tg, trong do cd Incoterms cua Phdng Thuong mai Qudc te
acc). ,
So vdi cac cdng udc da phuong khac ve mua ban hang hda (nhu cac cdng udc Hague 1964)* thi CISG la Cdng udc qudc t l cd quy md idn hon ban vl sd qudc gia tham gia va mire dp dirge ap dung.
Diiu dang ndi la khi cac qudc gia phd chuin CISG, cac diiu khoan ciia CISG se tu ddng duge ap dung mdt each bat budc ddi vdi giao dich thuong m^i qudc tl va duge npi Mat hda - trd thanh Mat ndi dja chudn Cong u-ffc (tir Diiu 89-101) quy djnh vl cac ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien. CISG ciin^ trd thanh thu tuc dg cac qudc gia ky kgt, phg chuan, gia nhap
CISG; cac bao luu cd thi ap dung; thai diem CISG cd hieu lyc va mdt sd van d^ khac mang tinh chat hanh chinh khi tham gia hay tir bd Cdng udc.
Thuang mai qudc tg hien nay da frd thanh mgt phan quan frpng eua ngn kinh te, vi vay thdng nhat
ngudn Mat trong nudc ciia rat nhieu qudc gia.
Nhu vay, khi gia nhap CISG, Viet Nam se bd sung vao ngudn phap Mat dieu chinh cac giao djch MBHHQT mpt cdng cu phap ly him hieu bao ve Igi ich chinh dang cua cac doanh nghiep, tranh nhirng riii ro phap iy khdng cin thigt do sy khac va hai hda hda Mat phap qudc td vg hgp ddng thuang biet qua Idn frong y thiic phap Mat, muc dich giao mai la mdt xu hudng phat tridn tat yeu ciia thuong
mai qudc te. Hon niia, viec giam thieu ehi phi giao djch qudc te la mgt muc tieu quan trgng ciia tat ca cac chinh phu ciing nhu cac doanh nghiep, frong do mdt bien phap him hieu nhat la don gian hda giao thuang qudc te bang each tang cudng tmh dn djnh phap Mat eua giao dich qudc tg^ va xda bd cac rao can phap ly (frong giao djch npi dia, ngudi ban va ngudi mua thudng dg dang tim duge Mat ap dung chung digu chinh quan he giao dich cua minh. Tuy nhign, khi ngudi ban va ngudi mua d hai qudc gia khae nhau vdi van hda va khung phap Mat khac nhau, van dg Mat ap dung frd nen rat phiic tap do cac rao can phap ly didu chinh giao dieh cd yeu to nudc ngoai). Vi le dd, CISG ra ddi la nham muc dich giam thigu nhirng xung dot frong cac giao djch thuong mai
djch ciia cac ben..., ddng thdi tao ca hdi cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd tbl chii ddng trong cac giao djch hang hda qudc te phd bidn. Vide xac djnh mdt ngudn Mat thdng nhat diiu chinh hgp hgp ddng MBHHQT se mang lai cho Viet Nam va cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nhimg lgi ich khdng nhd, cu the la:
Thu nhat, hieu qud ve kinh te: CISG la co sd phap ly dd cac doanh nghiep frong nudc tham gia giao djch qudc td mang tinh canh tranh cdng bang vdi cac ddi tac nudc ngoai. Vide ap dung hgp ddng mau theo CISG se tidt kidm cac chi phi tu van Mat su; tiet kiem thdi gian va tien bac trong viec soan thao hop ddng. Hgp ddng mau theo CISG dd tiip can ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp khi tham gia giao dich qudc te, thiic day cac giao dich thuang mai quoc te va dua ra mdt khung phap ly thdng nhat, cd qudc td va vide ap dung CISG se giiip cac doanh thg ap dung tai mgi qudc gia ma khdng phan biet
frinh dp phat frign kinh te.
Cd thg ndi CISG la mdt trong nhirng cdng udc thdng nhat vg Mat tu thanh cdng nhit vdi ndi dung mang tinh hien dai, linh boat, phii hgp vdi thyc tidn MBHHQT. Bdi, CISG la tap hgp cac quy pham kha
nghidp tranh duoc riii ro khi tranh chip xay ra so vdi trudng hgp budc phai ap dung phap Mat nudc ngoai ma ben Viet Nam cd the khdng bilt vl cac qui dinh dd.
Thir hai, tdc ddng ddi^v&i he thong phdp lugt Viet Nam: Digu khoan mau cua CISG giiip hoan hien dai, thg hien duge sy binh dang giira bgn mua thien phap Mat Viet Nam lien quan den giao djch
^ Cac cong udc Unifonn Law on International Sale (ULIS) va Unifomi Law on the Formation of contracts of sales (ULF) dupc thong qua tai Hgi nghi Hague nam 1964 va co hieu lyc tir thang 8/1972.
" John Felemegas (ed.). An International Approach to the Interpretation of the United Nations Conveniion on Contracts for the International Sate of Goods (1980) as Uniform Sales Law (Cambridge 2007).
Sol/2019-Namthu-Mut)iBor
nay. Hgp ding mau theo CISG la kdt qua nghien ciru cua cac chuyen gia thupc nhidu he thdng phap luat khac nhau, vi vay, cac y tudng dd cd the la giai phap hiiu hieu frong qua trinh hoan thien phap Mat Viet Nam. CISG cung cap cac quy djnh ap dung chung cho cac ddi tac thuong mai cua Viet Nam thu6c nhiiu he thdng phap Mat khac nhau trgn thd gicri va nhimg can cu dd loai trir nhu cau ap dung ph^ lugt nudc ngoai, ngoai trir hien tugng xung dot phap luat
2. Mot s6 noi dung khac biet giira CISG va phap luSt ciia Viet Nam, dong thdi can lira y den cac quy dinh ve luat ap dung
Mac du cac quy dinh ciia CISG va phap luat VietNam kha Mong thich vdi nhau, song van bpc 16 mpt s6 npi dung khac biet giira CISG va phap lu^t cua Viet Nam, cy thg la cac dieu khoan trong Luat thucmg mai nam 2005 da bpc lg nhieu bat cap, doi hoi Viet Nam phai sua ddi nham bao dam tinh hop ly, tinh hap dan ciia Mat frong dieu chinh hgp ding MBHHQT. Trong dd tap trung vao cac van de sau:
a. Hinh thirc cua hop ddng
Hinh thiie cua hgp ddng ndi chung cd the la hinh thii-c vigt/hinh thiic mieng hoac thdng qua cac hanh vi khac. Ddi vdi hgp ddng MBHHQT cung CO the tdn tai dudi cac hinh thirc nay Phap luat cac nudc quy djnh hinh thiic hgp ddng MBHHQT hgp phap khi thda man cac didu kien nhat djnh, do cd thd la hgp ddng duge ky kit dudi hinh thirc van ban (hoac cac hinh thiic khac cd gia trj phap ly tuong duong), Idi ndi, hanh vi nhat djnh. Hgp ddng MBHHQT phai duge phe chuan hay cong chiing,... mdi duge coi la hpfp phap vg hinh thiic. Chang ban d nhidu nudc phat tridn, nhu: Hoa Ky, Anh... hgp ddng HDMBQT cd thd duge ky kit bing Idi ndi, bing van ban, bing hanh vi hay bang bat ky hinh tbire nao khac do cac ben tirdo thda thuan.
_ Theo phap Mat mdt sd nudc dang phat tridn, ching han nhu Viet Nam hgp ddng MBHHQT phai duge ky kit dudi hinh thiic van ban. Theo Khoan 2 Bieu 27 Luat thuong mai nam 2005 quy djnh:
"Mua ban hang hda quoc t l phai duoc thuc hien ten CO sd hgp ddng bang van ban hoac bang cac
hinh thirc cd gia trj phap ly Mong duong". Cac hinh thirc cd gia frj phap ly tuong duong d day bao gdm didn bao, telex, fax, thdng diep dir lieu va cac hinh thirc khae theo quy djnh cua phap Mat (Khoan 15 Dieu 3 Luat thuong mai nam 2005).
De giai quygt quan diem mau thuan trong vide xac dinh hinh thiic hgp ddng giiia cac qudc gia thanh vign, CISG da chpn giai phap thda hiep bing each dua vao Cdng udc nhirng quy djnh theo hudng^ cdng nhan ca hai loai hinh thiic hgp ding tai Didu 11: Hgp ddng MBHHQT cd tbl duge ky ket bang Idi ndi va khdng cin thiit phai tuan thii bat ky yeu eau nao khac vl mat hinh thirc ciia hgp ddiig; Tuy nhien, Diiu 96 cua CISG eho phep cac qudc gia bao luu, khdng ap dung Diiu 11 niu Mat phap ciia qudc gia dd quy djnh hinh thirc van ban la bat budc ddi vdi hgp ddng MBHHQT.
Tuong frr nhu CISG, mpt sd van ban qudc tg khac ciing chip nhan su khac nhau vl hinh thtic hgp ddng. Theo Diiu 1.2 (nguygn tic khdng bit bugc vg binh thirc cua hgp ddng - No Form Required) cita Nguyen tac Hgp ddng Thuong mai Qudc te (PICC)^, vide giao kit hgp ddng MBHHQT khdng ddi hdi phai tuan theo bat ky didu kien nao vg hinh thirc: "Bd nguyen tac Unidroit khdng bat budc hgp ddng, tuygn bd hay bat ky mgt hanh vi nao khac phai duge giao ket hay chung minh bang mpt hinh thirc dac biet. Chiing cd thd duge chimg minh bang bat ky each thiic nao, kg ca bang nhan chimg". Tuy nhidn, theo Dieu 1.4 ciia PICC (nhung quy pham bat budc - Mandatory Rules) thi "Bp nguyen tae nay khdng han chg viec ap dung nhimg quy pham bit budc, cd ngudn gdc qudc gia, qudc td phii hpp vdi cac quy pham cd lign quan ciia Tuphap qudc tl". Nhu vay PICC cdng nhan nguyen tac tu do vg hinh thirc hgp ddng co thi bj ban che bdi cac quy djnh rieng ciia phap Mat qudc gia hoac phap Mat quoc tl. Ching han, phap Mat qudc gia, phap Mat quoc tl qui djnh bit bude hinh thirc hgp ddng MBHHQT phai lap thanh van ban thi cac bgn se phai ap dung hinh thiic viet.
Do vay, dya trgn tinh thin cua CISG, khi gia nhap CISG, Viet Nam da thuc hien quyin bao luu (khdng ap dung) Diiu 11 ciia Cdng udc. Didu nay ddng nghTa vdi viec phap Mat eua nudc ta Mong ' Vien Thing nhit Tu phap Qu6c tl, viit tit theo Tiing Phap la UNIDROIT, mgt to chuc quoc te lien chmh phu thaiih iap nam 1929 da tap trung nghien cihi tim kilm cac quy dinh chung dl dilu chinh hop dong co the thich hop trong nhieu H thing phap luat ciia nhimg nudc khac nhau. Do do, nam 1994 UNiDROIT da cho ra ddi cudn sach Principles ot Inleraational Commercial Conffacts - Nguyen tic Hgp ding Thuong mai Qudc te (PICC)
\
CEBSBSSS
thich vdi CISG mac dii Viet Nam chi cdng nhan hinh thiic viet ciia hcrp ddng MBHHQT.
b. Doi vdi che tdi bdi thr&ng thiet hgi Phap luat VietNam va CISG diu quy djnh each xac dinh thiet hai duge bdi thudng do hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng. Sy khac biet d day chinh la d tinh chat ciia thiet bai duge bdi thudng. Trong khi CISG cung nhu phap Mat cac nudc thudc he thdng Mat thi chii trpng nhan manh den viec bdi thudng nhirng "thiet hgi cd the du doan, tinh duoc tru&c trong tirong lai" do hau qua ciia viec vi pham hgp ddng con phap Mat Viet Nam lai chit trpng nhan manh "thiit hgi thuc te. trice tiep". Cu thd, Dieu 302 Luat thuang mai quy dinh: "bdi thirdng thiet hai la viec bgn vi pham bdi thudng nhimg tdn that do hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng gay ra cho ben bi vi pham; gia trj bdi thudng thiet hai bao gdm gia tri tdn that thyc td, fryc tigp ma ben bj vi pham phai chiu do bgn vi pham gay ra va khoan Ipi tryc tigp ma bgn bj vi pham dang le dupc hudng ndu khdng cd hanh vi vi pham"
Lign quan dgn thiet hai, CISG va Luat thuong mai Viet Nam ddu quy djnh vd ban chd traeh nhiem ddi vdi thiet hai xay ra. CISG va phap Mat Viet Nam deu quy djnh vg cac trudng hgp mign frach tuong ddi tuong ddng. Sy khac biet nhat djnh lien quan ddn vide phap Mat Viet Nam chua cd quy djnh vg viec mign traeh do Idi ciia bdn thii ba trong khi CISG cd quy dinh cu thg vg van dg nay (Didu 79) Vd CO ban, cac chd tai do vi pham hgp ddng duge quy djnh theo CISG cy the va Mong ddi day du so vdi quy dinh ciia phap Mat Viet Nam. Day cCing ehinh la lgi thg khi VietNam gia nhap CISG va ap dung CISG trong qua trinh thuc hien hop ddng giira cac ben ddi tac so vdi viec ap dung Mat Viet Nam theo sy Ma chon ciia cac ben.
Mdt trong nhirng khac biet trong quy djnh vd che tai ap dung khi vi pham hgp ddng lidn quan den chg tai phat vi pham, do la CISG khdng quy dinh chg tai phat vi pbam hgp ddng (tdn tai nhieu quan digm rat khac nhau giira cac nudc theo cac he thdng phap Mat chau Au luc dja va thdng Mat). Vdi nhiing khac biet nhat djnh, CISG va phap Mat Viet Nam vd mua ban hang hda la hai he thdng phap Mat dieu chinh bd sung cho nhau trong timg frudng hop neu nhu Mat ap dung la CISG hoac phap Mat Viet Nam tiiy pham vi didu chinh.
c. Lugt dp dung
Trong qua trinh giao thuong, mdt hpp ddng dCi duge giao ket hoan chinh, chi tidt dgn dau ciing
khdng tbl du kiln, chira dung tit ca nhirng van de, nhimg tinh hudng cd tbl phat sinh trong thuc te.
Trong trudng-hpp hgp ddng khong cd yeu to nuac ngoai, cac bdn se dua vao phap Mat Viet Nam dieu chinh tranh chip phat sinh. Ddi vdi hgp ddngcd ygu td nude ngoai nhu hgp ddng MBHHQT, viee xac djnh Mat ap dyng doi vdi hop ddng la het sire quan trpng (cd thi Mat qudc gia ngudi ban, ngudi mua, noi thuc hien hgp dong, theo dieu udc qudc tg ma cac bgn la thanh vign nhu CISG...). Thdng thudng cac bdn trong hop ddng MBHHQT se thda thuan dilu khoan Mat ap dung va co quan giai quyit tranh chip nhu mdt trong nhirng didu khoan ca ban ciia hgp ddng.
Co quan giai quyit tranh chap phat sinh tir vide giao kit va thyc hien hgp ddng_MBHHQT cd thd la toa an hoac trgng tai. Thyc tidn giao dich cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cho thay, cac ddi tac ciia Viet Nam chii yiu mudn chpn Trpng tai qudc tl /Tda an nudc ngoai.
Luat ap dung cho hgp ddng MBHHQT mang tinh chat da dang va phirc tap. Didu nay cd nghTa la hgp ddng MBHHQT cd thd phai chju sy dieu chinh ciia Mat nudc ngoai (Mat ciia nudc ngudi ban. Mat cita nudc ngudi mua hoac Mat ciia bat ky mdt nudc thii ba nao), tham chi phai chiu sy dieu chinh ngudn qudc td trong dd cd CISG. Trong trudng hgp nay, CISG se tao cho bgn Viet Nam cac can cii rd rang, cd kha nang dy doan trudc neu nhu tranh chap xay ra.
Trong tu phap qudc tg cung nhu theo phap Mat Viet Nam, cac ben cd quyen tu do thoa thuan chpn ngudn Mat ap dyng cho quan he hgp ddng ciia minh. Ngudn Mat do cd thg la Mat quoc gia, digu udc qudc tg vg thuang mai hoac tap quan thuang mai qudc td. Tuy nhien, didu quan trpng d day la sy hieu biet ciia cac ben frong qua frinh chpn nguon Mat ap dung.
Luat ap dung cd thd duge lua chpn ngay tir giai doan dam phan, ky ket hop ddng, bing each chi ro rang Mat qudc gia mdt nudc nao dd se duge chgn la Mat ap dyng cho hgp ddng. Vi du: "viec giai thich hgp ddng va dilu chinh cac tranh chip lien quan dgn hgp ddng nay duge ap dung theo phap Mat ben ban hang"_. Vide Ma chon Mat ap dung cho hgp ddng cd thd tign hanh khi tranh chip phat sinh.
Cach nay duge cac ben ap dung khi frong hgp dong MBHHQT ma cac bdn da ky trudc do khdng cd dilu khoan vl Mat ap dyng. Trong thyc tl, each nay la rit khd ap dung vi cac bgn khd cd thi dat duge
o
So 1/2019 - Nam thiJ Mi/ifi Bo'n
mot sy dong thuan ve viec chgn Mat ap dung khi ma tranh chip da phat sinh.Trong trudng hgp nay, thircmg chi dat duge su thdng nhat khi Mat duge lua chgn la luat mang tinh trung lap va dd tiep can, TO rang. Vay, CISG la su Iya chpn hiru hieu trong tnidng hgp nay.
Luat ap dung ciing cd the duge xac dinh theo quyit djnh cita ca quan giai quyet tranh chap.
Theo Khoan 2 Digu 14 Luat trpng tai thuong mai nam 2010 quy djnh: "Ddi vdi tranh chap cd ygu td nu6c ngoai, Hpi dong trgng tai ap dung phap Mat do cac ben Iya chpn; neu cac ben khdng cd thda thuan vl luat ap dung tbi Hdi ddng trpng tai quygt djnh ap dung phap Mat ma Hdi ddng trgng tai cho la phii hgp nhat". Nhu vay, trpng tai Viet Nam cd quyen chpn luat ap dung cho hgp ddng MBHHQT khi cac ben khdng thda thuan Mat ap dung. Cac ben trong hgp ddng ciing cd the dan chieu ddn cac dang hop ddng mau, dang dieu kien co sd giao hang mau tdn tai dudi dang tap quan quocte nhu INCOTERMs.
Ngudn qudc tg (didu udc va tap quan qudc te) thuong mai cd thg duge coi la Mat ap dung trong hgp dong ngu qudc gia ciia cac bgn dgu la thanh vien cua digu udc qudc td (nhu CISG) hoac cac bgn thoa thuan ap dung tap quan qudc tg.
Tap quan thuang mai qudc te la nhirng thdi quen thuang mai duge nhieu nudc ap dung mdt each thudng xuygn vdi ndi dung ro rang dd dya vao do cac bgn xae djnh quygn va nghTa vu vdi nhau. Thdng thudng, tap quan qudc tg ve thuang mai dupc chia thanh ba nhdm: cac tap quan cd tinh chat nguygn tic; cac tap quan thuong mai qudc tg chung va cac tap quan thuong mai khu vyc. Tap quan cd tinh chat nguygn tic: la nhung tap quan CO ban, bao triim duge hinh thanh tren co sd cac nguyen tac co ban ciia Mat qudc te va Mat qudc gia nhu nguyen tac tdn trpng chii quyen qudc gia, nguyen tac binh dang giiia cac dan tgc. Tap quan thirong mai qudc tl chung la cac tap quan thuong mai dupc nhidu nudc cdng nhan va dupc ap dung onhieu nai, nhidu khu vuc tren tbl gidi. Vi du:
Incoterms nam 2010 (Cac dilu kien thuang mai qulctl) do Phdng Thuong mai Quoc t l (ICC) t|p hgp va soan thao nam 2010 duac rit nhiiu qudc gia trgn thi gidi thira nhan va ap dung trong hoat iJong mua ban hang boa quoc tl. Hay UCP 500 (Quy tac thyc hanh thong nhat tin dung chirng tir) dolCC tap hgp cac quy pham thyc chat duge
^ong nhat dudi dang tap quan. Tap quan thuong
mai khu vyc (dja phuong): la cac tap quan thuong mai qudc tl duge ap dung mang tinh "linh boat" d tirng nudc, timg khu vuc hoac tirng cang tiiy thudc vao thdi quen giao djch ciia thuong nhan thudc dia ban tuang irng Tap quan qudc t l vl thuong mai chi cd gia tr] dya tren su thda thuan ctia cac bgn, trdn CO sd dan chieu cu thi ciia phap Mat, tren ca sd quydt djnh ciia ca quan giai quydt tranh chip.
Trong thyc tg, vide ap dung tap quan qudc te ehi hiiu hieu ddi vdi bgn VietNam niu cac doanh nhan hdu bigt day du ve ndi dung cu the ciia cac tap quan thdng qua viec tim hieu thdng tin tai cac Phdng Thuong mai Qudc te, Phong Thucmg mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam, Thuong vu cita Viet Nam d nudc ngoai, cac bd phan lanh sy co quan dai dien ngoai giao cac nudc tai Viet Nam...Phap luat Viet Nam cho phep cac bgn duge quygn Iya chpn Mat phap nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai qudc tg (ngu tap quan dd khdng trai vdi cac nguyen tac CO ban ciia phap luat Viet Nam) thg hien kha nang bdi nhap va hai hda hoa phap Mat trong digu kien hdi nhap cua Viet Nam.
Luat thuong mai cung quy djnh each thirc ap dung phap Mat ddi vdi cac giao djch thuong mai cd ygu td nudc ngoai nhu hop ddng MBHHQT.
Theo do, Luat Thuang mai Viet Nam dupe ap dung ddi vdi cac boat dpng thuang mai thyc hien ngoai lanh thd Viet Nam theo thoa thuan cac bdn; ddi vdi cac trudng hgp theo chi dan ciia Mat nudc ngoai, dilu udc quoc tl ma Vigt Nam la thanh vign. NIU dilu udc quoc tl ma Viet Nam la thanh vign cd quy djnh ap dung phap luat nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai quoc te hoac cd quy dinh khae vdi quy djnh ciia Luat Thuong mai Viet Nam thi ap dung quy djnh ciia dilu udc qudc tg dd. Cac bgn trong giao djch thuong mai cd yeu td nudc ngoai duoc thoa thuan ap dung phap Mat nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai qudc tg ndu phap Mat nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai qudc tl dd khdng trai vdi cac nguyen tic co ban ciia phap Mat Viet Nam. Phap Mat Viet Nam cho phep cac ben duge quyen Ma chpn Mat phap nudc ngoai, tap quan thuong mai qudc t l (niu tap quan do khdng trai vdi cac nguygn tic CO ban cua phap luat Viet Nam) thg hien kha nang bdi nhap va hai hda hda phap Mat trong dieu kidn hdi nhap ciia Viet Nam,
Trgn CO sd nghign ciru thuc tienap dung CISG tai cac qudc gia thanh vien cho thiy, mac dii cac hieu qua kinh te va phap ly cua CISG la rat to Idn nhirng khdng phai la khdng cd nhirng tac ddng bat
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Igi. Cy thi nhu vide cac quy djnh eua CISG khdng bao triim mgi van dd phap ly cd lien quan den hgp ddng MBHHQT. Vi vay, dg nhimg hgp ddng nhu the nay dupc ky kgt va trien khai thuan lgi va an toan vg phap ly, cac bgn ky ket hgp ddng van ddng thai phai quan tam dgn cac ngudn Mat khac. Chang ban, CISG khdng digu chinh: tracb nhiem eua cac ben trong giai doan dam phan; didu kien hieu lyc cua hgp ddng; van dd iiy quygn; van de thdi hidu;
van de chuyen quygn sd hiru ciia hang hda. Vi vay, ben canh CISG, van can mdt ngudn Mat khac (Mat qudc gia) de digu chinh cac van dd ma Cdng udc Vidn khdng dd cap din. De giai quyet van dl nay, Hgp ddng MBHHQT mau ciia Phdng Thuang mai qudc t l ICC (in ban so 556 nam 1997 cua ICC) ggi y c|uy dinh didu khoan "Luat ap dung" trong hgp ddng nhu sau: "Bdt ky vdn de ndo liin quan den hgp dong ndy md khdng duoc qui dinh mdt cdch ro rdng hay ngdm hieu trong cdc diiu khodn cua hop ddng thi se duoc diiu chinh b&i Cdng uac Vien cua Lien hgp qudc vi mua bdn hdng hod qudc ti, vd neu nhirng vdn de dd cung khdng thudc phgm vi dieu chinh ciia Cdng u&c thi se tham chiiu t&i Lugt cua qudc gia noi ngir&i bdn dat tru sa kinh doanh". Nhu vay ed nghTa la, thdng thudng Mat ap dung ddi vdi nhirng van dg chua duge digu chinh tai CISG se ap dyng Mat qudc gia ngudi ban ddng try sd.
Cd thg nhiin thay, ddi vdi hgp ddng xuat khau ciia ben Viet Nam, viec quy dinh rd rang ve nhiing van dg tign hgp ddng (giai doan dam phan), hieu lyc hgp ddng, iiy quyen, thdi hidu, chuyen quygn sd
hiru hang hda la rit quan frong. Tron§ sd do, d p bigt lidn quan din giai doan tiln hgp ddng, chuyen quyin sd hiru hang hda... cin duge bd sung va dieu chinh theo hudng cu thi hda va bat nhjp duge cac each thirc bien dai trong giao kit va chuyen giao bang hda hien dai ngay nay. Van de nay can phai duge lam rd nhim tranh nhirng lam tudng d ca doanh nghiep lin chuydn gia phap ly, khien cac chu tbl chu quan trong viec tim higu va ap dung cac van ban phap Mat cin thiet khac, va ket qua la cd thi bj dgng khi xay ra tranh chap lien quan din hgp ddng MBHHQT ngay ca khi da cd CISG.
Tdm lai, tuy cd nhimg ban chi nhit djnh nhung khdng tbl phii nhan CISG mang lai nhirng co hpi to Idn vl kinh td cung nhu tac ddng tich eye den khung phap Mat cac qudc gia thanh vien khi gia nhap. Khi VietNam da la thanh vien ciia CISG, cac qui pham thyc chit duge thdng nhat hda trd thanh ngudn dieu chinh ddi vdi cac ben lien quan trong hgp ddng MBHHQT. Do do, viec lua chpn CISG se giiip doanh nghiep Viet Nam giam thigu riii ro phap ly, giam tranh chap phat sinh, tranh duge phai ap dung Mat nudc ngoai trong cac hgp ddng. Hoac ngu cd franh chap, CISG la dieu kien giiip giai quyet tranh chip trong cac hgp ddng mua ban qudc td thuan Igi hon cung nhu tang vi tbl frong giai quyit tranh chap. Can phai nhan manh rang, nhimg Igi ich ndi trdn cd y nghTa rat Idn ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp vira va nhd khi tham gia vao cac boat dgng kinh doanh qudc te. Tuy nhidn, tinh chu dpng ciia cac doanh nghiep se quydt djnh hieu qua thyc thg CO hgi neu tren./.
HOAN THIEN PHAP LUAT VE HOI DONG QUAN TRj CONG TY NIEM YET (Tiep theo trang 55)
Vdi quy dinh bai nhiem thanh vign HDQT hien hanh, se xay ra trucmg hgp lam dung quyen lyc ciia cac cd ddng kiem soat cdng ty - ngudi dai dien cho ed ddng, nhdm cd ddng thidu sd trong cdng ty bj cd ddng, nhdm cd ddng Idn bai nhiem, bat chap nhdm cd ddng thigu sd phan ddi. Chinh vi vay, ndn chang, LDN can phai cd co sd, dieu kien va ly do ro rang chii khdng ndn cho phep DHDCD cd thg bai nhiem thanh vien HDQT bat cii liic nao dd tranh tinh frang
Igi dyng quy dinh nay dd bai nhiem My tien'^. Quy djnh tai Khoan 2 Digu 156 LDN cd the sira ddi theo hudng tuong tu Khoan 2 Didu 169 LDN nhu sau:
"Thdnh vien HDQTbi bai nhiem trong cdc trudng hgp sau day: a) Khdng hodn thdnh nhiem vu, edng viee duge phdn cdng;^ b) Vi phgm nghiem trgng hoae vi pham nhieu Idn nghia vu eua thdnh vien HDQT quy dinh cita L ugt ndy vd Diiu le cdng ty; c) Theo Nghi quyet ciia Dgi hdi ddng cd ddng"J.
''' Vo'Ugoc Dao {20]5), So sdnh phdp luat QTCT CO phdn & Viet Nam vd Nhdt Bdn, LuSn van Thsic sy Lulthoc Khoa Luat - Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi.
