Nang lire xay dung chmh sach c6ng va bieu hien 6r Viet Nam
VanT^tThu' ' Bp Npi vu.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ng^y 2 th^g 3 nSm 2017. ChSp nh$n dSng ng^y 30 th^g 3 nam 2017.
Tom tat: Xay d^mg chinh sach cong la boat dOng co ban cua quan ty nha nuoc d m^i qu6c gia.
Nang lire xay d^mg chinh sach cong the hi?n d nang l\rc xac djnh: v ^ dl, muc tieu, gjai phap chinh sach, can cii xSy dyng chinh sach, the che chinh sach, yeu to anh huong den xay d^mg chinh sach, dif thao phuong an chinh sach co chat lugng, hieu qua. C Vi?t Nam trong thai gian qua, vifc xay dyng va ban hanh chinh sach phat trifin kinh tk - xa h^i c6n nhi^u ban che, do s\t yeu kem vk nSng l\rc xiy dung chinh sach.
Tir khoa: Chinh sach cong, xay dyng chinh sach, Vi?t Nam.
Abstract: Public policy development is a fundamental activity in state management in all countries. The capacities of the development are demonstrated in the capacities to define the policy issues, objectives and solutions. They are also reflected in the bases to develop the policies on, the institutional aspects of the policies, the factors affecting the development, and high-quality and effective drafting of policy options. In Vietnam, the development and promulgation of socio- economic development policies have still been facing many limitations, which resuH from the weaknesses in policy development capacities.
Keywords: Public policy, policy development, Vietnam.
1. Dat v ^ de XSy d\mg chinh sdch cong la t o ^ bg qua tiinh nghien cuu va ban hanh d^y du Chinh sach cong la mpt tiong cdc cong cu m^t chinh sdch. Xay d\mg chinh sdch c6ng chii ySu, quan trpng dupe nhd nude sii dung (gpi tat Id xay dung chhih sach) Id chiic dk tdc dong vdo cac linh v\rc cua doi s6ng nang quan tirpng cua chinh phil, cdc bO kinh tk - xa hOi. Chat lupng, hiSu qua cua nganh trung ucmg nham dua ra mpt chinh cong cu quan trpng nay phu thupc vao nang sdch m6i v6i mye tieu va cdc giai phdp mdi.
luc cua dpi ngu xdy dyng chinh sach. Xay d\mg chinh sach c6 vi tri dac bi^t quan
Khoa hoc xa hpi Vigt Nam, so 5 (114) - 2017 trpng trong chu trinh chinh sdch. Xay dyng chinh sach la buac khoi ddu trong tien trinh chinh sach nhdm cho ra doi mpt chinh sdch CO tdc d6ng va dnh huong den doi s6ng kinh tg - xa hpi cua mpt qu6c gia. Chinh sach CO chdt luong hay khdng chdt lupng, CO dung hay khong diing, co bi^u qua hay kh6ng hi8u qua; diSu do phu thupc vao khau xay dung chinh sach. Dudi goe dp quan ty nha nuoc, xdy dung chinh sach la kien tao ra mpt san phdm cua bp mdy qudn ty, m6t c6ng cu quan ty quan trpng ciia nha nuoc de dinh huong, khuyen khich va dieu tiet cdc qud trinh kinh te - xS h$i van d^ng vd phdt triln theo quy ludt va phii hpp v6i yeu cdu quan ty.
"Y nghTa quan tipng cua xay dung chinh sdch la kien tao ra mpt loai quyet dinh quan ly dac bi$t cho ea mpt giai doan phat triln cua thuc the kinh te - xa hpi. Sai ldm c ^ cdc chinh sdch co dnh huong xau den cu^c s6ng cua hdng trieu eon nguoi tiong xd h^i, thdm chi tdc dpng dnh huong den su thinh suy cua mpt quoc gia, su t6n vong ciia mpt ddn tpc. Cdi gia phdi tia cho su sai lam ciia chinh sach Id rdt Ion, cd ve m^t vat chdt vd tinh thin. Hon niia, viec khdc phuc h$u qud ciia mpt chinh sach sai lam thucmg gap rdt nhieu kho khan, doi hoi phdi mat nhieu thai gian va cong siic. V.I LSnin timg noi: "Nlu xay ra bao lut a phuong nam van co thl dupe miia it phuang bac, neu bdo tuyet a phuang bac van c6 the dupe miia d phuang nam, nhung chinh sach sai thi mdt mua tren cd nuoc" [4, ti.36]. Chinh vi vay, khi xay dyng va ban hanh chinh sdch phdi het siic than tipng, phdi cdn ci^ vdo cdc ludn cii khoa hpc va thuc tien day dii. Chinh sach diing s€ giiip cho xd hOi co nhi@u thuan lpi tiong qua trinh van dpng den muc tieu.
Chinh sach sai se gay ra nhGng h^u qud
khdng mong muon cho muc ti6u quan ty.
Xay dung dupe he thong chinh sach diing, dong bp, phu hpp vdi nhu cdu phat tiien cila ddt nude trong timg thai ky lich sii co thl khoi day cdc nguon tilm ndng, phdt huy tinh than tich cue, sang tao vd y chi vuan len ldm cho dan gidu, nu6c m ^ cua cac tdng ldp nhan dan. Ngupc 1^, chl cdn m0t chinh sdch sai lam se gay ra phdn ung ti€u cue day chuyin den cac chinh sdch khdc, cung nhu cdc b6 p h ^ khac cua ca che qudn ly, lam gidm hieu qud cua ca chl quan ty, tri?t tieu dpng luc phdt trien kinh t l - xa h6i. Bai vilt ndy phdn tich v l ndng luc xay dung chinh sach va thuc trang ciia nang lyc do a Viet Nam hien nay.
2. Nang 1 ^ xay dung chinh sdch cong
Chat lupng, hieu luc, hieu qud ciia chinh sdch phu thupc chu ylu vdo ndng luc xdy dung chinh sdch ciia dpi ngu cdn bS, c6ng chiic. Noi mOt each khdc, ndng luc xay dung chfnh sach cua d6i ngu cdn bp, cdng chiic tham gia xay dung chinh sdch quylt dinh chat lupng, hiSu qud cua chinh sach.
Do d6, muon nang cao chdt lupng, hiSu qud cua chinh sach thi can phdi ndng cao nang luc xdy dung chinh sdch cua dOi ngii edn bp, cong chiic tham gia xay dung chinh sdch. Ndng luc xay dung chinh sdeh la kiln thiic, k j ndng, thai d^ ciia dOi ngii can bO, cdng chiic tham gia xdy dung chinh sach; la kha ndng tham muu, tham gia xdy dyng chinh sach ciia dOi ngii can bO, cdng chiic.
Ndng luc xdy dung chinh sach cua cdn bO, cong chuc thl hien nhu sau:
Thic nhdt la, xdc djnh vdn di chinh sack Ndng luc xac dinh vdn de chinh sdch Id kien thiic, ky ndng, thdi dp, trach nhi$m cua cdn
bd cdng chiic trong phdn ti'ch vdn d l chinh sach. Vdn dd chinh sdch la nhimg mau thudn xa hdi phdt sinh can dupe gidi quyet bang chhih sdch de cho thuc the xa hdi ton t£ii vd phat triSn. Van de chinh sach Id nhu cdu tucmg lai ciia doi sdng xd hdi can dupe gidi quyet bdng chinh sdch. V l ban chat, nhu cau tuang lai cua xa hpi la khoang each giiia miic sdng hien tai so vai tuong lai theo quy luat phat trien. Thuc chdt ciia van de chinh sdch la cac nhu cdu, cac gid tri, ca hpi cai thien ddi sdng cua ngudi dan chua dupe gidi quyet, chua dupe hien thuc hda. Van de chinh sdch con la nhiing van de biic xuc, he trpng va cap bach, ma dii mudn hay khdng mudn nha nude phdi gidi quyet de duy tri sir tdn tai va phat triln cua nhd nude, vd chi c6 nhd nude mdi cd du cac giai phap, cac cdng cu va ngudn luc de gjai quyet. Xac dinh van d l chinh sdch la nhiem vu ddu tien tiong xay dung chinh sdch, cd y nghia va tam quan trpng dac bidt, quylt dinh den viec xac dinh diing muc tieu, doi tupng, chu the, the che, nhat la cac g i ^ phap cong cu chinh sach. Ndng luc xac dinh van dd chinh sach la kien thiic, ky nang va thdi dp ciia dpi ngii cdn bd, cdng chiic trong tham gia xay dung ehinh sach, trong phdn ti'ch, xac djnh, lira chpn diing van de can phdi giai quyet. Ndng luc xac djnh van de chinh sach thd hien d kiln thiic, ky nang phdn tich ngudn goc nay sinh vdn d l chinh sach: tii boat dpng thuc tiln tiong xa hpi; tae ddng ciia chii the quan ly; nguy?n vpng va mong mudn ciia nhdn dan vd tir mdi trudng bdn ngoai...
Ngoai ra, nang luc xdc dinh vdn de chinh sach con dupe t h l hien kiln thiic, ky nang, thai do hay kha nang phan tich, xdc dinh chinh xdc cdc can cii xay dung chinh sach nhu; tinh biic xiic cua van dd chinh sdch so vdi nhu cdu xa hpi; yeu cau qudn ty cua nhd
nude; kha nang ciia cac d6i tupng chinh sach, khd nang td chiic, giai quylt v ^ dd chinh sdch cua nha nude.
Thu hai Id, xdc dink myic tiiu chinh sdch. Xdc dinh muc tidu chinh sach co y nghia quan tipng tiong xay dung chinh sdch. Muc tieu cua chinh sach dupe xac dinh diing va tning sg d ^ n bdo tmh khd thi, tmh hi?n thuc, bidu luc va hieu qua cua chinh sdch. Thuc te, nhilu chinh sach khdng thyc bidn dupe ho?lc thuc Men hieu qud khdng cao; dieu do cd nguyen nhdn d cho, khi xac dinh muc tieu chinh sdch chii the quan ty chu quan, duy y chi, khdng dua tren cac ludn cii khoa hpc ddy du. Muc tieu chinh sach dupe xac dinh dung hay khdng, dieu do phu thupc vdo nang luc hay kidn thiic, ky ndng va thdi dp ciia dpi ngii cdn bd, cdng chiic tham gia xay dung chinh sdch.
Ngudi tham gia xay dung chinh sdch cdn phdi phan tich, danh gia sdu sac, todn dien tinh biic xiic, phiic tsip va sir can thidt phdi giai quyet van de chinh sdch, thdi didm ban hanh chinh sach, kha nang ngudn luc thue hiSn chinh sach, pham vi, doi tuong cua chinh sach, hieu qua kinh td - xa hpi va hieu luc cua chinh sdch so vdi ydu cdu quan ly cua nha nude. Mye tieu chinh sach hudng mpi npi dung vao vide thuc hien y chi cua chii the chinh sdch, ciing nhu mong mudn cua cdc ddi tupng chinh sdch va cua toan xa hpi. Khi xdy dimg chinh sdch phdi hit siic than trpng trong viec xac dinh miic tieu chinh sach.
Thu ha Id, xdc dinh cdc gidi phdp chinh sdch. Giai phdp chinh sdch la each thiic chii the chinh sach tae dpng den ddi tupng chinh sach de dat dupe muc tieu chinh sach. Noi each khac, gidi phap chinh sach la cdch thiic chu the chinh sdch sir dung tiong chinh sdch de tdi da hda ket qud ve luong vd v l
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam, so 5 (114) - 2017 chdt ciia muc tieu chinh sach. Gidi phap chmh sdch thudng chiia dimg nhOng ca che nhdm quy dmh cac nguydn tdc tdc ddng ciia chu the den ddi tupng chinh sach. Trong xay dung chinh sdch thudng sir dung cdc gidi phap chu ylu nhu: can thi^p thdng qua loi ich kinh t l , can thidp thdng qua quan hd cdng ddng, can thi$p thdng qua gia tii xd hpi, can thiep thdng qua tdm ly dam ddng...
Xac djnh gidi phdp la nhiem vu cue ky quan tipng ttong xay dung chinh sach. Neu khong xdc djnh diing cdc giai phap chinh sdch thi muc tidu chinh sach se kho cd the dat dupe.
Khi xac djnh cdc gidi phdp chinh sdch phdi tuan theo nguyen tae phii hpp va nhdn thtic ro mdi quan he bi^n chiing tae dpng qua lai gifia cdc muc tieu chinh sach vdi cdc gidi phap chinh sach. Neu muc tieu chinh sdch dsit ra ldn nhung khong xac djnh dupe gidi phdp phil hop thi mye tidu chinh sach Cling khdng thuc hidn dupe. Thuc tien cho thay, chi cd thl d^t dupe mye tieu chinh sdch khi xdc dinh dupe gidi phdp phu hpp vdi mye tieu chinh sdch.
Nang luc xac djnh cac giai phap chinh sdch Id kidn thiic, ky nang, thdi dp cua can bp, cong chiic tham gia xay dung chinh sdch ttong xdc dinh cdc gidi phdp chinh sdeh. Ndng luc xdc dinh cdc gidi phdp chinh sdch bieu hi$n cy the d khd ndng phdn tich, so sdnh, xac dinh, lua chpn diing cdc giai phdp phu hpp vdi mye tidu chinh sach ciia d$i ngu cdn bp, cong chiic tham gia xdy dung chinh sdch.
Thic tu Id, xdc djnh cdc edn cic xdy dicng chinh sdch. Xdy dung chinh sach phdi dua vdo cdc can cii nhu: dinh hudng chinh trj cua dang cam quyln, quan dilm phat triln ciia chu the chinh sach, cdc nguydn tdc, tieu chi xay dung chinh sach, nang lyc tiiuc t l
ciia doi tupng chinh sach, tinh ttang phdp lu$t va mdi trudng ton tai cua chinh sdch.
Cac can cii xdy dung chinh sach Id ca sd khoa hpc, chinh tri, phap ly vd thuc tien xdy dung chinh sdch. Xdc djnh cdc can cii xdy dung chinh sdch cd vai ttd quan trpng vd la dieu kien quyet djnh bdo ddm cho chinh sach dupe xay dung c6 chdt lupng, hi^u luc, hi^u qud cao. Ndng luc xdc djnh edc cdn cii xay dung chinh sdch la kiln thiic, ky ndng, thdi d$ cua ddi ngii can bd cdng chiic ttong phdn tieh, xac dinh diing, day du edc cdn cii xdy dung chinh sach. Can bp, edng chiic tham gia xay dung chmh sach phai c6 dii ndng luc, kien thiic, ky ndng, thai dp va trdch nhidm thi mdi cd thl xdc djnh diing, diy du cac can cii xdy dung chinh sdch.
Thic ndm Id, xdc dinh thi chi chinh sack Xdc djnh the che chinh sach la xac djnh co sd phap ly xay dung chinh sdch. The che xdy dung chinh sdch bao gom: nghj quyet, lu|.t ciia qudc hpi; nghj quyet, phap lenh cua uy ban thudng vy qudc hpi; nghj quylt, nghj djnh cita chinh phii; quylt dinh ciia thii tudng chinh phii; thdng tu ciia ede bp trudng; nghj quyet, quylt dinh ciia chinh quydn cdp tinh.
Nang luc xdc djnh thd chl hay xac dinh ca sd phdp ty xdy dung chinh sdch edng la kiln thiic, ky ndng, thdi dp cua dOi ngii cdn bp, cong chiic tham gia xdy dung chinh sdch ttong viec xdc dinh day du, chinh xdc ca sd phap ly xay dung chinh sdch. Hay noi cdch khdc, do la khd tiang lua chpn tdng hpp day dii cac vdn ban, quy pham phdp lu^t ciia cdc cap cd thdm quyln lidn quan din mpt chinh sach cy thd vd la ca sd phdp ty de xdy dung chinh sdch.
Thu sdu la, xdc dinh cdc yiu td dnh hudng din xdy d\cng chinh sdeh. Ndng luc xdc djnh cdc yeu td dnh hudng den xay
dung chinh sdch la kidn tiiiic, ky ndng va thai dd cua dp ngu can bp, cdng chiic tham gia xay dyng chinh sdch ttong xdc djnh diing cdc yeu to dnh huong ddn xay dyng chinh sach. Cac yeu td anh hudng din xay dung chinh sach cung cd vai tro quan trpng, quyet djnh chdt lupng, hieu qua va tinh khd thi ciia chinh sdch. Ndu khdng cd kien thtic, ky ndng, thai dp hay ttach nlii$m ttong xdc
^nh diing cdc yeu td dnh hudng den qud trinh xay dung chinh sach, thi khd cd thl phan tich, ddnh gid, xdc djnh vd chi rd, day du cac yeu td tdc dpng den xdy dung chinh sach. Cdc yeu to tdc dpng den xay dung chinh sdch la: h? thdng chinh tri (bao gdm cdc yeu to van hda chinh trj, Hidn phdp va thl che chinh tri), yeu td quyen lyc ciia chii thl chinh sdch, yeu td nang luc ciia chii thd hoEtch dinh, xdy dung chinh sach, ydu td tilm luc cua nha nude, yeu td tiem luc cua ddi tupng thuc thi chinh sdch... Ngoai ra, ttong xdy dyng chinh sach, khdng the khong chii y ddn cac ylu td bdn ttong nhu:
vai ttd ciia cdng luan va truyen thong, hd thdng cac gid trj xd hdi, he thdng kinh tl vd cdc ylu to khach quan ben ngoai (ylu td dja chinh tri, dja chiln lupc), yeu t6 lpi the so sdnh qudc gia vd cdc quan he kinh te qudc tl. Cdc ydu td tae dOng den xdy dung chinh sach rdt da d^g; tdn tai, van dpng theo quy luat khdch quan; tae dpng khdc nhau den xay dung chinh sdch. Nang lyc hay kha ndng xdc djnh cac ydu td anh hudng den xay dyng chmh sach la rdt quan tipng ttong xdy dung chinh sdch.
Thu bdy la, dye thdo phuang dn chinh sdch cd chdt luang, hiiu qud. Muon dy thao phuong dn chinh sach cd chdt lupng, hi^u qua, cdn phdi phdn tich chinh xdc, xdc djnh ty do, sy can thilt xay dyng vd ban hdnh chinh sdch. Ndng lyc dy tiido phuong
an chinh sach cd chdt lupng, hieu qua Id kien tiiiic, ky ndng, tiidi dO, trdch nhipm hay khd nang cua dpi ngii cdn bd, cdng chuc tham gia xdy dung ehinh sdch trong vi|c du thao cdc phuang dn khdc nhau, lya chpn cdc giai ph£^ cdng cy thdm djnh dy thdo chinh sdch va nhdt la trong lua chpn phuong an dy thdo tdt nhdt trinh c ^ c6 thdm quydn quydt djnh ban hdnh chinh sach.
Nhu v$y, ndng lyc xdy dung chinh sdch thd hidn d nhilu phuemg didn. De xdy dyng dui^ chinh sdch cd chdt lupng, hi?u lyc va hieu qua, cdn bp, cong chuc tham gia xay dung chinh sdch phdi hdi du cdc ndng luc neu tten.
3. Thuc trang nang lire x% di^g chinh sach cong & Vi|t Nam hl|n nay Nhin chung, d Viet Nam, cac bd nganh va chmh quyln dia phuong da kip thai cy the hda cdc chu trucmg dudng loi, chien lupc phdt triln kmh tl - xa hdi ciia Dang thdnh cdc chinh sdch cy thl; ban hanh va to churc thuc hi?n thdnh cdng nhieu chinh sdch tning va diing. Nhd dd, kinh te - xa hOi cua ddt nude ta phdt triln ngay mpt ben vihig;
nude ta da ra khdi tinh trang kem phdt trien, budc vdo nhdm cdc nude dang phdt tridn cd thu .nhap trung binh t h ^ va hoan thdnh nhieu Mye tidu Phdt trien Thien nien ky;
ddi sdng nhdn ddn dupe cdi thien ddng kl;
vi thl nude ta trdn trudng qudc te ngdy dupe ndng cao. Dieu dd chiing td ndng lyc xay dung chinh sdch ciia dpi ngu cdn bp, cdng chiic nude ta ve co bdn la tuong ddi tot.
Tuy nhidn, bdn canh cac chinh sach dung vd tning con nhilu chinh sach bdt c^p, nhdt la cdc chinh sdch ddu tu phdt tiiln kinh te.
Chiing ta vay von nuoc ngodi vdi mye tidu
Khoa hgc xa hpi Vigt Nam, so 5 (114) - 2017 ddu tu phat triln, song nhieu dy dn dau tu kem hieu qua, cdn thdt thodt ldng phi ldn.
Chdng ban, dd Id: dy dn sdn xuat xo spi Dinh Vii; du an nha may nhidn lieu smh hpc Bio Etiianol Dung Qudt; dy dn md rdng nhd mdy gang thep Thai Nguydn giai doan 2; dy dn bpt gidy Phuong Nam tinh Long An; du dn nhd may d?m Ninh Binh. Tong sd vdn cua 5 du an len tdi 32.200 ty dong, nhung cdc du an nay dang diing tiudc nguy CO phd san cao. Ngoai ra, nhidu du dn ddu tu khdc (kk ca cdc du dn ddu tu xay dung kit cdu ha tdng giao thdng, dudng cao tdc, dudng sdt, cdng biln) ciing cd hieu qua thap. Do nhieu dy an, chinh sdch ddu tu kdm hieu qud, thua lo, that thoat, nen he qud np cdng tang nhanh, dp luc trd no ldn.
Tuy cd nhieu chinh sdch dau tu, phdt tridn kinh t l , nhung tang trudng chua d^t chi tieu dl ra, chdt lupng tang trudng mdt so m^-t cdn thdp, khodng cdch phdt ttiln so vdi cdc nude ttong khu vyc ldn.
Doi vdi chinh sach tai co cau ndng nghi?p gdn vdi xdy dung ndng thdn mdi, kit qud dat dupe chua ddng bp, chua dat dupe mue tieu dd ra. Chinh sdch phdt triln mOt sd vimg kinh t l ttpng dilm chua d£it dupe mye tieu mong mudn. Chinh sdch tdi CO cau doanh nghidp nhd nude, c6 phan hda mOt sd doanh nghiep ttiln khai thyc hi?n chdm vdi ket qua chua cao. Hi^u qud sdn xudt kinh doanh cua nhilu doanh nghiep nha nude thap, chua tuong xiing vdi tai sdn vd nguon luc, that thodt ldng phi cdn ldn.
Doanh nghiep nhd nude chua thl hi^n dupe vai ttd la lyc luong ndng cot ciia nln kinh tl, mdc dii chinh sdch cua Nha nude danh nhilu uu dai cho cdc doanh nghipp nay.
Vi?c xdy dung vd ban hdnh cdc chinh sdch ttdn cdc linh vyc vdn hda, xa hpi ciing cdn nhilu ylu kem, chua ddp iing ydu cdu d|t ra. Chinh sach phdt triln vdn hda, tiiyc
hidn tiln bO, cdng bdng xd hdi va chdm lo ddi sdng nhdn dan con nhilu mat ban chl.
Chinh sdch xa hpi hda chua huy dpng dupe nhieu nguon lye cho dau tu phat trien edc linh vyc vdn hda xS hOi. Chinh sach lao ddng, vi?c ldm chua tao ra thi trudng lao dpng thdng suit. Do dd sy chuyen djch co cdu lao dpng chdm, ti ttpng lao dpng ttong khu vyc ndng nghidp cdn ldn. Sd ngudi thieu vi?c ldm vd viee lam khdng dn djnh cdn nhilu, nhdt la d khu vyc ndng thdn.
Khodng 200.000 sinh vien sau khi tdt nghipp khd tim dupe viec lam. Chmh sach tien luong cham dupe cai each, cdn nhieu bdt cap. Tien luong cita d ^ bp p h ^ can bp, cdng chiic, vien chiic va ngudi lao dpng cdn thdp: luong tdi thilu chua ddm bdo dd mtic song. Chinh sdch tinh gian bien che ttong khu vyc cdng chua dat dupe muc tieu d l ra. Chua cd chinh sdch phu hpp, dii m^inh de tuyen chpn lao ddng cd nang lyc va dua ngudi khdng dap lii^ yeu cdu ra khdi khu vyc nha nude. Chinh sach gidm ngheo d^t dupe nhieu ket qua dupe Lien Hpp Qudc va ban be quoc t l ghi nh^n vd danh gid cao. Tuy nhidn, kit qud gidm ngheo chua ben viing; nguy co tai ngheo con cao; khodng cdch gidu - ngheo giua cac vimg, nhdm ddn cu cdn ldn. Ti le hp ngheo vd cdn ngh6o d viUig sdu, vimg xa, nhat Id trong ding bdo ddn tpc thilu sd cdn cao (mdt so huy^n, xa len tdi 50%). Mpt s6 chinh sdch v l an sinh xa hpi, gidm ngh^o cdn ehong cheo, chua ddng fop, hipu qud chua cao vd chua khuyen khich ngudi ngheo vuon ldn thodt ngheo. Chinh sdch xdy dyng nen vSn hda tien tiln, d ^ da bdn sdc ddn tOc chua d^t ydu cdu. Nhieu bidu hi|n xuong cdp v l dgo diic, ldi s6ng gdy biic xiic ttong xa hpi. Tp nan xd hpi chua gidm, cdn dien biln phiic t£ip. Chuih sach
van Tat Thu bdo ton, bdo qudn cdc di sdn vdn hda cdn
nhidu bdt hpp ty.
Viec xdy dyng va ban hdnh cdc chinh sdch ling phd vdi biln d6i khi hdu, bao ve mdi trudng va khai thdc tai nguydn thien nhien cdn nhidu bdt cap. Vi thl, tinh tiang d nhiem mdi trudng chdm duoc cdi thidn (thdm hpa mdi trudng biln Formosa chi la trudng hpp diln hinh). Chinh sdch bdo ve rimg cdn nhilu bdt cg,p, tinh tiang ch^t phd va chdy rimg chua dupe khdc phuc...
Nhin chung, ttong thdi gian qua, viec xay dyng va ban hdnh chinh sdch phdt triln kinh te - xa hpi cdn cdc ban che. Nguyen nhdn cua cac han chl, bat cdp trong xay dyng chinh sach d Viet Nam cd nhilu, nhung chii yeu Id do su ylu kem vd ndng luc xdy dyng chinh sach cua dpi ngii can bd, cdng chiic, nhat la ciia can bp cdng chiic tham muu hoach djnh, xdy dyng chinh sdch d tdm vT md.
Nhieu cdn bp cdng chiic chua bdt kjp dupe ydu cdu ngdy cdng cao ttong cdng cupc ddi mdi cua dat nude; chua that su am hieu thuc te xa hpi (dd la mpt tien de, dieu kidn tdi quan ttpng dl xdy dyng, ban hdnh, td chiic thyc hipn chinh sdch). Chinh vi v^y ma nhilu chinh sach ban hdnh chua sdt vdi thuc td, cdn chu quan, duy y chi, khong tinh din cac dilu kidn, nguIn luc de thyc hi?n;
chinh sdch khdng thyc hidn dupe, hodc gid nlu cd thyc hipn thi ket qud khdng cao, ldng phi thdi gian, cdng siic, tiln bac cda Nha nude va nhdn ddn. Nhidu chinh sdch cdn phdn tan; thilu sy phoi hpp gifia cdc bp, nganh mdt cdch hop ly vd c6 chat lupng khdng cao. Nhilu chinh sdch khong cd gidi phdp cy thl dk duy tri vd phdt tridn, tii dd hipu qud chinh sdch khdng ben lau (vi dy:
tdi mil chfi vd tdi ddi nghdo xuat hi^n sau khi thyc hipn chinh sdch xda mu chfi, xda
ddi gidm ngheo mOt thdi gian khdng Idu).
Khi xdy dung vd ban hanh chinh sdch, ngudi xay dyng khdng xdc djnh ddng muc tieu, diing d6i tupng thy hudng; khdng xdc djnh ro cdc dilu kien rang bupc giiia cdc quyen lpi vd trach nhiem; khdng xdc dinh cac dieu kien, cam kit giiia cdc ben ttong thyc hidn chinh sdch. Nhilu chinh sdch cdn khdng ch^t che. Nhidu td chiic, cd nhdn khdng diing ddi tupng chinh sdch nhung l?i "chay"
dd dupe thy hudng chinh sdch cua Nhd nude...
Nh|n xet vl cdc h?n chl, ylu kem ttong xdy dyng chinh sdch cdng d Vidt Nam thdi gian qua, dng Kenichi Ohno, Vi^n Nghidn ciiu kinh te Nh^t Bdn, chi ro: "Vi^t Nam phdt trien nhanh ttong nhiing nam vfia qua khdng phdi vi Viet Nam cd cdc chinh sach tdt, md vi sau m^t thdi gian ddi ddng cfia, nay Vipt Nam md cfia vdi the gidi ben ngoai, nhd vay nhgn dupe ngudn von ddu tu rat ldn ciia cac nude", "Chinh sdch cua Viet Nam van rat te so vdi cdc nude ttong khu vuc", "Viet Nam dang cd mdt quy trinh xay dyng chinh sdch cd mpt khong hai tten till gidi" [5].
Tdm lai, ndng lyc cfia nhilu cdn bp tham gia xdy dung, tham dinh, phe duypt chinh sdch chua tdt, do dd da tao m^t sd chinh sdch khdng cd su ddng tinh ciia xa hpi, chdt lupng chua cao.
4. Kit ludn
Moi chinh sach khi ban hanh diu cd tdc dpng, dnh hudng rat ldn din ddi song kinh te - xd hpi cua ddt nude va ciia ngudi ddn.
Chinh vi vdy, dl xdy dyng chinh sdch diing ddn, chdt lupng tot, moi cdp, ngdnh, dja phuang phdi ti'ch eye tiiam gia. Xdy dyng
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam, so 5 (114) - 2017
ehinh sdch la todn bd qud trinh nghien cfiu vd ban hanh mpt chinh sdch. Id ket qud hogt dpng cfia nhidu ngudi, nhidu td chfic nhd nude vdi chiic ndng khdc nhau. Muon dat dupe hipu qud cao ttong viec xay dyng chinh sdch cdng thi ndng luc xdy dyng chinh sdch cfia dpi ngu cdn bp, cdng chfic tham gia xdy dung chinh sdch phdi dupe dat len hang dau. Dpi ngii cdn bp, cdng chfic tham gia xdy dung chinh sdch d nude ta cdn phai hOi tu dfi cdc ndng luc dd neu tren.
Tdi lifu tham khao
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12] Ding COng s i n Vi|t Nam (2016), Vdn ki^n Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc idn thu XII, VSn phdng Trung uong Ding, H i Noi.
[3] Dh Phii HAi (2014), "Qui trinh xSy d\mg chucmg trhih chinh sich c6ng tgi cic nude dang phit triln", T^ip chf Td chuc nhd nude, s64.
[4] Hoc v i | n Hinh chinh (2013), Gido trinh Hogch dfnh vd phdn tich ehinh sdch, Nxb Khoa hpc ky thuit, H i Npi.
[5] L6 Chi Mai (2001), Nhihig vdn di ca bdn vi ehinh sdch vd quy trinh chinh sdch, Nxb D^i hpc QuIc gia Tp. H i Chf Minh, Tp. H i CM Minh.
[6] van Tdt Thu (2012), "Vl xiy dyng chinh sich trpng dyng v i t6n vuih d i i v<n cin b$ khoa hpc xa h§i", T?[p chf Qudn ly nhd nude, s i 2.
[7] v a n Tat Thu (2015), "Chfnh sich si> dving, trpng d\uig n h ^ tii, trf thi^c ciia Chii tjch H^
Chi Minh trong xSy d^mg chfnh quyln din chii nhan dan v i khing chiln kien qu6c", T^p chf Qudn ly nhd nude, so 8.
[8} Vin Tit TTiu (2016), "Bin chdt vai t r i ciia chfnh sich c6ng", Tap chf To ehOe nhd nude, s l l .
[9] v a n Tit Thu (2016), "Co so ly lu§n dS xfic djnh van de chfnh sich cdng", T^p chf Qudn lp nhd nu&c, s6 2.
[10] van Tit Thu (2016), "Vin d l chfnh sich phit trien nguIn nhin l\rc chit lupng cao", Tgp chl Td chiec nhd ntf&e, s i 6.
[11] VSn TSt Thu (2016), "Giif phfip chfnh sfich phit triln Dguin nhin Ivrc chit lupng cao hi^n nay", Tgp chf Qudn ly nhd nude, s i 7.
[12] v a Khinh Vinh, Do Phd Hii (2012). Nhiing vdn de ca bdn vi chlnh sdch cdng, Hpc vi§n Khoa hpc xa hpi. H i N^i.
