Mot so bien phap gidm phan hoa giau - ngheo d Singapore va gdi y cho chfnh sach cho Viet Nam
TRAN THI H(?I*
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ingapore Id mgt ddt nUde nhfi bd thugc khu vpc Dfing Nam A vdi ting dign tich gdn 700 km^, dfin s i khoang 5,1 tridu ngfldi (2010)'^*. Tfl mdt nfldc nghbo ndn lac hdu de'n culi th$p nifin 70, Singapore dd thanh mdt nfldc cfing nghigp mdi (NIC) vd Id mdt trong 4 eon rdng nhd chau A. Ndm 1996, Singapore lai dupe T l chflc Hpp tac vd Phat triln kinh t l (OECD) xep vdo danh sdch cdc quIc gia phdt triln nhfi't t h l gidi.Tuong flng vdi qud trinh phdt triln kinh t l , tfl rdt sdm do nhilu nhdn t l chu quan vd khach quan tfie dgng, Chfnh phii Singapore rdt ehfl trpng din vdn dl phdt triln xfi hpi, khdng ngCmg ndng cao ddi sing cua nhdn dfin vd rut ngfin khodng cdch gidu nghdo. Hidn nay ting thu nh^p quIe ddn tfnh theo ddu ngfldi cua Singapore khoang 30.000 USD/nfim vd Id nfldc duy nhdt d Ddng Nara A khdng cd tinh trang ddi nghfio tuylt dd'i. Thfing qua cdc chinh sach xa hgi, mpi ngfldi ddn diu dflpc hudng dung nhflng thfinh qufi cua sfl phat triln.
Tdng trfldng kinh t l vd c6ng bdng xd hdi lufin Id rape tieu cO ban md Dang, Nhd nfldc vd nhfin dfin ta khfing ngimg phfi'n ddu de dat tdi. Do vay, vide van dung nhiing kinh nghigm cua Singapore trong phdt triln kinh te gfin vdi cfing bdng xd hgi, trong do vd'n de giam phdn hoa gifiu ngheo thie't nghi Id dilu rd't cdn thiet dli vdi Vidt Nam, nhfi't la trfldc thUc trang phfin hda gidu ngheo d nfldc ta ngay cfing gia tdng trong bli canh phdt triln ciia kinh te thi trfldng; nhdm dpt mpc tigu 'ddn gidu. nUde mgnh, xa hdi cdng b&ng, ddn chd, v&n minh".
1. Mdt s6 bidn phdp giam phdn hoa giau • n ^ e o d Singapore
1.1 Tgo viic l&m in dinh cho ngUdi lao d&ng
Trong nhilu thdp nidn qua, Chfnh phii Singapore ludn nhdn thfle sdu sdc rdng cU hdi vide lara cd y nghia vfi edng quan trpng dli vdi ddi sing ciia ngfldi ddn; nd khfing nhflng Id tiln dl dl giai quylt nhu
• Trfin Thi Hpi, Bg mfin Dflng phuong hoc, Khoa Lich sd, TrUdng D?i hoc KH Hu^
66 Nghiin cUu Ddng Nam A 4/2011 cdu vdt chdt td'i thilu eho dfin ehflng md
cbn tao dfi cho su phdt triln kinh t l . In dinh chfnh tri vd cdng bdng xd hdi.
Trong thdi ky ddu ciia ehiln lupc cfing nghidp hda hudng ngoai, d l gidi quylt tinh trang thdt nghigp, Singapore chu trucmg thu hut dfiu tu vfio nhflng ngfinh cdng nghidp e h i biln sfl dpng nhilu lao dgng vfi nhanh tpo ra sdn phfim ddnh cho xudt khfiu nhfl ddt vdi, may m^c xult khdu, Idp rdp ede thilt hi didn ddn dung vd didn tfl, lfip rdp cfic phflOng tidn giao thing vdn tdi. Nfim 1966 - 1973, rifing ngdnh cdng nghidp e h i biln dd gidi quylt gdn 150.000 vide ldm mdi eho cdng nhdn.
Chfnh phu ddng thdi ddy mpnh vide xdy dung CO sd ha tdng, dfie bidt Id ngdnh xfiy dpng CO ban, nhdm tao ra nhilu vide lfim cho dfin ehung. Vdi ehinh sdch ndy, Chinh phu Singapore trong mpt thdi gian ngdn da gifii quylt dupc nan thdt nghidp lan trdn vd c l hflu. Ty Id thdt nghigp chilm 13,5% nfim 1959 gidm xulng 10%
nfim 1965 vd dat mflc an todn lfi 4,5% vdo ndm 1973. Ty Id ndy tilp tuc giam trong thdi gian sau dd vd hidn nay d mdc 3,4
%'*'. Do cd du edng dn vide lfim, thu nhdp binh qufin dfiu ngudi tfing ldn, tfl 430 USD trong nhflng ndm 60 ldn 1.300 USD vdo nfim 1973*3>, con s i dd tilp tpc tdng ldn lupt qua cdc nfim 1994, 2000, 2008 Id 191.000 USD, 22.000 USD***, 37.600 USD'S'. Sp chfinh Idch thu nhdp gidm mpnh khdng chi diln ra gifla cdc giai tdng md cbn diln ra gifla cdc nhdm tde ngUdi, ty Id phdn trfim tdng thu nhdp eiia nhdm ngudi nghfio (tde ngUdi Md Lai, An Dd) thdi ky 1966 - 1980 Id 5,2%. T? lg ngUdi nghfeo cung gidm xulng hdng nfim, thdi ky thude Anh d Singapore ed tdi 40% s i
hd nghfio ddi, din gifla nhCTng nfim 70 gidm xulng cbn 17%. Din dfiu nhflng nfim 80 s i gia dinh nghfio chi edn 3,6 % vd gifla nhflng nfim 90 eon s i dd cbn khodng td 1 din 2%'B>, dfie bidt hign nay khdng cbn ngudi qud nghbo d Singapore.
Bfin cpnh dd, Chinh phu Singapore cbn chd trpng xfiy dpng vd phdt triln cfic xf nghidp vfla vd nhd thdng qua cdc khodn tfn dpng flu ddi vd nhiing d}ch vu h i trp dfie bidt. Lpa chpn phdt triln xf nghigp vfla vd nhd cd tdm quan trpng ddc bidt khdng chi dli vdi tfing trfldng kinh t l md n6 cbn cd tdc dung dli vdi vide thpc thi dfin chu vd tao Idp cfing bdng. Bdi vl cdc xi nghidp vfla vd nhd ed khd ndng khai thdc cd hidu qud cdc tilm nfing, ddng gdp ddng k l cho n l n kinh t l , ddng thdi gdp phdn gidi quylt hdng lopt cdc vdn dl xd hdi khde nhfl: gifii quylt vide ldm cho lao dgng, gidm cde td nan, cdi thidn ddi sing ngfldi ddn... Vide hS trp eiia Chfnh phii khdng chi dfinh cho cde xf nghidp trong nudc md cbn tao nhilu dilu kidn thudn lpi cho ca xf nghidp nude ngodi ddu tu vdo Singapore khi hp din dfing ky kinh doanh d ddy. Hidn tpi s i xf nghidp vfla vd nhd ehilm tdi 99% ting s i xf nghidp; 62%
ting a l lao ddng; 48% t i n g s i gid tri gia tfing eiia Singapore'^'.
1.2. N&ng eao t& chdt ngudi lao dpng, cdi thi^n diiu kiin ldm vi^c, thifc hiin chlnh sdch tiin luang hgp 1$
Tfl culi nhflng nfim 70, ddu nhflng nfim 80, n l n kinh t l Singapore phdt triln theo hudng hidn dai hda cdng nghd vd sfl dpng nhilu chdt xdm. Dilu ndy sfi Idm cho nhiing cdng nhdn lao ddng phi thdng, trinh dd tay nghl thdp cd nguy co rcfi vdo
Trdn Thj Hgi - M0t sdbi$n phdp gidm phdn hda gidu nghio... 67 thdt nghidp. Dl ddp flng nguon nhdn lpc
cho qud trinh cdng nghigp hda, ddng thdi tao cho mdi cfi nhdn, tfing Idp xd hdi, sfic tdc cd CO hdi ngang nhau trong vide tim kilm vige lfim, ed thu iih4p cao, Chfnh phu da chu trpng ddu tU vd phfit triln ngudn nhdn lpc. Khfing phdi ngdu nhidn md t i c dg ddu tu cho gifio due cua Singapore vUpt qua tie dd tdng trUdng cua tong sdn phdm trong nude (GDP), td nfim 1960 din ndm 1990, GDP cua Singapore tdng 13,3 Ifin trong khi dd ehi tifiu cho sp nghidp phdt triln gido due tdng 15,6 lfin.
Trong CO elu ehi tifiu cua nfldc ndy, gido dpc ludn chiem mdt vi tri cao vdi khoang 1/5 ng&n sdch todn quIc.
Tfl ddu nhO^g nfim 60, Chinh phu da tiln hfinh sfip nhpp cdc trUdng cua timg nhdm cgng ding tde ngUdi lai vdi nhau vd thfle hidn thing nhdt ehflong trinh gidng day trong ea nfldc. Ddy Id mpt bflde ngofit quan trpng, bfin eanh vide tao dung ndn ban sfic quIc gia - dfin tdc eon tao ra sfl binh dfing, eu hdi tim kilm vipc Idm.
Ngay tfl dfiu nhiing ndm 80, trong 'Ci£mg linh h&nh dpng din n&m 1999", vdn dl nfing cao hon nfla t l chdt eua ngfldi lao ddng dflpe Chfnh phu quan tfim.
Theo dd, cdc bidn phfip dflpe dfla ra nhfl tiln hdnh cdi cdch gido due d p phi thdng trong dd cd ndi dung tfing eUdng gidng day Anh ngfl vd Hoa ngfl, khuyin khieh vfi phdt dgng phong trdo hpc thdm ngoai ngfl thfl ba (nhfl tiing Nh^t, Ddc hofic Phdp); tfing cfldng gifing day cde mdn khoa hpc - ky thudt; tfing cUdng bdi dfldng nghidp vu chuydn mfin va ddo tao lai mdt cdch lidn tuc; md rdng hp thdng cdc trfldng day nghl cdng nghidp vd cdc
trfldng dai hpc cdng nghg.
Tfl nfim 1996 din nay khi lua chpn hgi nh4p vfio nln kinh t l tri thdc, Singapore dfi nd lpc h i t minh trong vige dfiu tu vd thfch flng ngudn nhdn lpc. Bg Nhfin lpc dupe thdnh Idp theo kiln nghi cua Uy ban Canh tranh Singapore (CSC) vd mdt k l hoach chiln lupc nhfin lpc dflpc goi "Ki hogch nhdn life 21" da dflpc I^p ra.
Vdo nhidig nfira 80, d Singapore c6 sp hign dign cua Quy phdt triln ky nfing.
Cde xf nghigp, cfing ty hdng thdng ddng gdp 2% thu nhdp. Mue dfch cua quy nfiy Id tdi trp cho nhiing cfing nhdn cd thu nh$p thdp trong cdc xi nghigp, cho hp hpc thfim hodc eho ddo tao lai. Ngodi ra, Chinh phu kdu goi cac cfing ty, td chflc qudc t l vd cdc chinh phu trfin t h l gidi giup dd vl nguIn vln, thifi't bi ky thudt, gidng vifin vd chflcmg trinh gidng day dl thfinh lpp cac trung tam dfio tao vfi nghidn etiu tai nude nay. Ngodi mue tidu tpo thfim ngudn vo'n cho phat triln ngudn nhfin lUc, viec lam trfin la mgt trong nhimg cdch thflc t i t nhdt cho lfle Iflpng lao dpng tie'p edn va linh hgi mdt cdch nhanh chdng nhiing kiln thflc vd cfing nghd tidn tiln cua the gidi. Nhilu trung tdm nghidn cdu vd ddo tao do ngfldi nflde ngodi giup dd dflpc xay dflng d nflde ndy nhu Hpc vipn Nh^t - Singapore, Hpc vign Phdp Singapore, Hpc vipn Dfle Singapore, Trudng My Singapore...
Chinh phu cbn khuyfi'n khfch cfic t l ehflc cdng ddng dfin sfl va sfic tdc gdp tiln cua xdy dflng trfldng hpc va cdp hoc bong cho cde dli tflpng ngheo. Day dupe xem la mdt mdt xich cu ban cua ehiln luuc phdt triln nguIn nhdn lfle di ddi vdi phdt triln cfing
68 NghiSn cUu Ddng Nam A 4/2011 bdng xd hdi md Singapore dfi vd dang nd
lpc theo duli.
Cung vdi qud trinh phdt triln kinh t l , d nhilu nfldc cdng nhfin phdi lao dgng trong nhiing mdi trfldng ddc hai, k i t qud Id ed khfing it cdng nhfin mdc phdi cfie bdnh nghl nghigp do khfing dflpc trang hi ede thilt hi bdo vg an todn lao ddng; hay is nhilu nfldc dd xdy ra tinh trang bpc dfii gifla ehti vd thp. Singapore tfl khd sdra dd thdu hilu tfim quan trpng trong vide dfim bdo dilu kidn ldm vige t i t nhdt eho edng nhdn, xdy dpng mdi trfldng xf nghidp t i t dep, coi trpng vai trb vfi vi tri cua cdng dodn - edu nli cua su hdi hba trong xf nghidp. Vige ddm bdo sfle khde cho cdng nhdn tao dilu kidn cho hp cd dii ndng lpc lfim vide, In dinh vfi ndng cao thu nh$p;
mfii trudng xi nghi$p In dinh Id co sd cho cdc doanh nghidp nUde ngodi ydn tdm ddu tu, thdng qua dd tao thfim nhilu vide ldm eho nhflng i ^ d i lao ddng.
Nfim 1986, Chfnh phu thfing qua Ludt Tuyln dung lao dgng vfi Ludt Quan hd lao dgng (siJTa dli), sau dd Id Ludt Cdng dodn (afla dli). Nhflng dilu lu$t ndy quy djnh rfi rdng cdc dilu kidn ldm vide tii thilu vd dfit ra nhflng gidi hpn vl trp cdp, nhflng khodn thfldng ldm thfim gid vd trp clp thdm. Lufit cdn dfla ra dilu khodn cho cde ngfiy nghi, nghl phdp thfldng nifin, nghi thai sfin vd nghl bdnh... Dpi hdi Nghidp dodn todn quIe (NTUC) md rdng cdc dich vp y t l chdm sfic sfle khde, thdm ehf ed nhflng khdch san nghi mdt d bfii biln ddnh cho cdng nhdn. Hon nOa, NTUC cdn phdt triln cdc khu chung efl ed ehlt Iflpng md ede hpi vifin c6 t h l mua dupc...
Phdn phii cdng hdng Id mdt edng eu
hflu hidu trong vide rflt ngfin khodng edeh gifiu - nghbo, trong dd edng cp cU bdn nhdt Id phdn phii thu nhdp vd ehfnh sdch quan trpng nhdt Id ehfnh sdch tdi ehinh tiln Iflcmg. Singapore dfi thpc hign bidn phdp dilu chinh tiln Iflcmg gifla cfic ngdnh nghl vd khu vpc kinh t l . Trflde nfim 1968, nhiing ngfldi ldm nghl budn bdn, dieh vp tdi ehfnh thUdng cd thu nhdp cao hem cdc ngdnh nghl khde tfl 3 din 4 Ifin. Tuy nhidn, din ddu nhiing ndm 80, Iflung eho edng nhdn do xanh dd tuung dutmg vdi nhflng ngfldi ldm vide trong llnh vflc budn bdn - dich vu. Mfle tfltmg cdn dflpc dilu chinh gifla khu vflc kinh t l nhd nude vd khu vpc kinh t l tu nhdn, trong nhiing nfim 1966 - 1976, mfle Iflung cua khu vflc kinh t l quIc doanh thudng cao hon khu vpc kinh t l tu nhdn tfl 20 - 30%, tinh trang nfiy khdng cbn tdn tai vdo ddu nhiing nfim 80'8*. Thfim vdo dd, sU chdnh Igeh gifla cde cdng ddng ddn cU cung rut ngdn lai. Chfnh sfich trdn dd gdp phfin tpo nfin su In dinh chfnh tri, cdng bdng xd hgi vd hba hpp ddn tdc d dfio quIe ndy.
Chfnh sdch bao hilm xd hgi vd thflc hdnh t i l t kidm cflng ddng gdp khdng nho vdo xda ddi gidm nghfio vd tfing edng bdng xd hdi ciia Singapore. Quy Dp phdng Trung fldng (CPF) dflpc thdnh Idp ndm 1956, trfldc h i t nhdm ddm bfio thu nh$p cho cdng nhdn ed thu nhdp thdp khi vl hflu hodc khdng cbn khd nfing lao ddng.
MSi cdng ddn Singapore thu nhdp bdng luong phdi ndp mgt khofin tiln tfl 20 - 30% lfldng hdng thdng vdo CPF. Nhiing ngfldi gi]Ti tiln vdo quy ndy sfi dupe linh cfi glc ldn ldi mdt ldn sau khi vl hUU. Khi Im dau, khi ed edng vide ldn cd t h l rut mdt phdn khodn tiln ndy. Vide thuc thi
Tran Thj Hpi - M&t sd'bi?n phdp gidm phdn hda gidu nghio... 69 chinh sdch ndy dd gidp Chinh phu thu
gom dflpc mdt khodn tiln rfi't Idn, cd t h l dflpc diing d l dfiu tfl phdt triln cO sd ha tdng, xfiy dflng nhd d cdng cdng. Chinh sdch cfldng bflc t i l t kigm dd ldm cho chl so tfch luy len cao. Ddu ndm 1960 dpt is mfle 0 thi din nhflng ndm 1970 - 1980 ty lg tifi't kidm tu bdn ngi dia binh qudn hdng nfim khoang 30 - 35% ting thu nh^p ndi dia. Ngodi y nghia tao ngudn vln vfi gdp phdn dilu tifi't tiln td trong nude, chinh sdch thpc hdnh tilt kigm cbn mang lai tinh I n dinh vd cdng bfing xd hdi. CPF khdng chi Id mdt quy hUu tri thudn tuy mfi edn lfi mdt hd thing bao hilm xd hdi vd an sinh xfi hdi mdt cdch todn didn. Mli thanh vien ciia quy ndy ed t h l sfl dung khodn tiln md minh da tieh luy dUpc d l mua mdt cfin hp cua nha nUdc vdi gia UU dai, hodc ed t h l thanh todn efie khoan ehi phi cho y t l , gifio due, hodc dung de mua cl phan d mdt cdng ty nao dd. Nhu v^y, thfing qua CPF Chinh phu Singapore da tao cho ngudi dan ed kha nfing tU lUc nhilu hem trong cude sing.
Singapore dfi sfl dpng bidn phdp tai chinh lfim tfing edng bdng xd hdi, do la ddnh t h u l thu nhdp. Vdi nguyfin tdc luong cdng eao, thu nhdp cang ldn thi khofin thul ddng gdp cho nha nUdc edng nhilu.
Dli vdi nhCTng ngfldi lao dfing vdi mflc thu nhdp vfla dii sing thi khfing bi dfinh thul.
1. 3. Chinh sach phue lai vi nha d Mfic dfl nhdt qufin vdi nguydn tfic khdng hfldng ehfnh sfieh phfle lpi vdo vide thda mfin mdt each binh qudn chu nghia nhfllng nhu cfiu co bfin eiia nhdn dfin.Tuy nhidn, Chinh phu Singapore rdt ehii trpng d i n cdc nhu cdu vl nhd d, dich
vu, y t l vd chdm sdc sfle khde cung nhfl gido due con cfii eua tdng Idp cd thu nh^p thdp trong xd hdi. Dfie bidt Singapore dfi thpc hign rdt thfinh cfing chuung trinh phde lpi vl nhd d.
Ndm 1960, Hgi ding Phfit triln nhfi d Singapore (HDB) dupe thdnh Idp. HDB phii hpp vdi CPF trd thfinh cdng cu quan trpng trong vide cung cdp nhfi d nhfim In dinh vd ddm bdo cude sfi'ng eua ngUdi lao ddng. Tfl ndm 1964, Singapore bfit dfiu thuc hign chinh sdch "ngUdi ngudi cd nhd d". Tfl nfim 1968, nfldc ndy thflc hiln chl dp "di ddnh tiin mua nhd". Phfin ldn cde gia dinh diu mua nha dUdi hinh thflc d l dfinh tiln do nhd nfldc trung flUng dllng ra quan ly. Chinh phu eho cfic hd mua nhd vay vdi Ifii sudt cao hdn 0,1 % Idi suit tiln gfli ciia hp vdo tilt kidm de ddnh mua nhd. Ngfldi raua tuy dilu kidn gia dinh ed t h l tra dan ddn hay trd mgt ldn.
Tfl nfim 1960 din nam 1991, 539.602 cdn hg khep kin va 5.258 cfin hg trung binh tra gop vd phbng tap t h l dfi dflpc bdn eho nhfin dfin*^'. HDB la co quan phdt triln nhd d ddng thdi eiing Id co quan quy dinh gifi nhd. Gid nhd dflpe quy dinh khac nhau cho phu hpp vdi thu nhfip, nhu efiu vfi sd thfch cua ngudi mua. HDB eung cap nhiing cdn hd vdi gid re (thfldng chi bfing radt nfla gid nhd eua tU nhdn) vd thue hign ehfnh sdch trp giup nhd d cho nhflng ngfldi nghbo, ngUdi gid, ngUdi sing dgc thdn, ngfldi tdn t3t...Nlu nhU ndm 1960, hfiu nhfl 100% s i ngUdi dflpe sing trong nhiftig cdn hd do HDB xdy dflng dudi dang thufi mUdn, thi eon s i dd cdn lai khodng 13 % vfio nfim 1993. NgUpe lai, s i ngudi cd sd hflu nha d do Nhd nUdc xay dflng tfing tfl 62 % ndm 1981 ldn 87 %
70 NghiSn cUu Ddng Nam A 4/2011 ndm 1993 vd eon s i dd dpt tdi 93 % vfio
nfim 2004'"". Vl thilt k l diln tfch cde cfin hd. ldc ddu xdy nhd sau xdy rgng hpn, nlu nhflng nfim 70 - 80 phdn ldn cfin hg do nhd nudc xdy dpng md ngUdi dfin thud ehi ed 2 - 3 phbng thl sang nhflng nfim 90, s i hd ed sd hflu 4 phbng tfing lfin rdt nhanh, ddc bigt nhilu hg cd thu nhdp thdp cflng mua dUpc lopi sang trpng nfiy.
Vdi ehfnh sdch phiic lpi vl nhd d higu qud, Chfnh phii Singapore dfi ciing c l dupc nilm tin dli vdi qudn ehung nhdn ddn, thpc hidn hba hpp ddn tdc, gdp phdn In dinh ehfnh trj vd c h l dd xd hdi. Thdnh tpu ndy ddng thdi ldm tdng eo hdi vide ldm trong llnh vpc xdy dpng vd hon h i t nd trd thdnh nhfin t l kich thfch sU phdt triln cd cdng bdng, rdt ngdn khofing cdch gidu nghfio vln tdn tai c l hO\i, dai ddng vd ddng hdnh vdi lich sfl tiln triln cua lodi ngfldi.
Mfic dii gifi nhd d tfing nhanh hun nhilu ldn so vdi mflc IflPng cua ngfldi lao ddng, song hfiu h i t cdc hd gia dinh ed thu nhfip thdp dd sd hflu dupe nhfi d. Mdt trong nhflng nguydn nhdn chfnh Id ngfldi ddn nudc ndy nhdn dupe cdc khofin UU dfii vd trp gid vl nhd d. Trong dd, tdng Idp cd thu nhdp trung binh thdp dupe hudng lpi nhilu nhdt (nhuTng ngudi ndy dupc cfit gifim thul thu nhdp, cde khoan ddng gdp khde). Mat khfie, vdo nhflng nfim 1980 - 1990 hp nhfin dflpc 20.000 SGD/nfim (bao gdm khodn bao cfip nhd 6 vd cfic ngudn phiic lpi khde), Tilp dd, hd ed thu nhdp thdp (chilm 20%) cQng dupc hudng 19.000 SGD/nfim. Nhfllig ngudi ed thu nhdp trung binh cao (khofing 20%) eung nhdn dupe 4.000 SGD. Trdi lai, tfing Idp thflpng
luu gifiu ed nhdt (10%) hfing ndm phfii ddng gdp vdo phfle lpi 14.000 SGD (chu ylu Id thul thu nhfip)'!!'. vdi chfnh sdch ndy, Chfnh phii Singapore dfi hpn chl h i ngdn cdch gifiu nghfio dang cd xu hudng ngdy edng dfin ra.
Trong nhflng ndm gdn ddy, d Singapore khofing cfich gidu nghfio vfin cd su gia tfing, dde bidt do tde ddng eua euge khung hodng tdi ehfnh - tiln tg eua khu vpc nfim 1997 vd tdng Idp cd thu nhdp thdp hi thilt hpi nfing n l nhdt. Tuy nhifin, nhflng nl lpc ciia Singapore trong vide gidm phdn hda gidu nghfio rdt ddng ghi nh$n.
2. Ukn hd vdi V i | t Nam
Vidt Nam dd dat dupc nhiing thdnh qufi ddng k l trong qud trinh dli mdi nhung ty lg ngfldi nghfio cbn d mflc khd cao vd sfl chfinh Idch vl mflc thu nhfip gifla thdnh thi vd ndng thdn, gifla ede giai tdng trong xd hdi cd khuynh hudng md rdng. Cho din ndm 2009, Vidt Nam cd khofing 2 tridu hd nghfio chilm 11% ting s i dfin. Chdnh Ideh vl thu nhdp gida 20%
nhdm gidu vfi 20% nhdm nghfio tfl 4,3 ldn nfim 1993 lfin 8,14 lfin nfim 2002, chfinh Idch gifla 10% nhdm gidu nhdt vd 10%
nhdm nghfio nhfit tfl 12,5 lfin nfim 2002, tfing lfin 13,5 lfin nfim 2004'!^'. Rifing nfim 2010, thu nhdp binh qufin dfiu ngfldi/thdng ciia hd gidu nhdt gfi'p 9,2 Idn s i hd nghfio nhdt*^^'. Rd rdng vide dli mdi, phdt triln kinh t l tlu trfldng, hdi nhfip kinh t l quIc t l , tdt ylu se dfin din sp phdn hda gidu nghfio. Chfnh vi vdy, Ddng vd Nhd nUdc, cdng ddng xa hdi edn cd nhiing chfnh sdch thoa dang va bign phdp hpp ly dli vdi cdc nhdm xd hdi ylu
Trdn Thj Hgi - M&t sd bi^n phdp gidm phdn hda gidu nghio... 71 the, tdng Idp xfi hdi ylu t h l .
Tfl vige nghidn cflu mdt sd gidi phfip giam phfin hda gidu nghfio cua Singapore trong qufi trinh efing nghidp hda vd hign nay, Vigt Nam ed t h l lidn hd, vdn dpng vdn dl nfiy trong qud trinh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dpi hda nhfl sau:
2.1. Vigt Nam cdn ddy mpnh ddu tfl phdt trien cdc ngfinh efing nghidp sdn xud't hdng xudt khdu ed hfim Iflpng lao ddng cao, cd khd nfing canh tranh tflong dli ldn trdn thi trfldng t h l gidi, dfie bidt lfi cdc ngfinh cdng nghidp gia cdng chl biln ndng san xud't khdu (lua, cdy edng nghidp) eung nhfl ldm, hai thuy sdn.
Chfnh sdch ndy mgt m§t phdt huy lpi t h l so sdnh ciia Vidt Nam khi bfit tay vdo qud trinh cfing nghidp hda dd Id ngudn lao ddng gid re, cfin cu, eluu khd ddng thdi tao ra nhilu cU hpi vige ldm eho ngfldi lao dpng, Tuy nhidn, lpi t h l vl lao ddng ddng ddo, Ifltmg thdp vd edn cu, cluu khd khdng phai Id mpt lpi the' lau ddi; lpi t h l ndy se dfin mdt di vd nhUdng chd eho Ipi t h l vl ddi ngu lao ddng chit xdm cao***'. Chinh vi v4y, edn phai ed chiln lupc ldu dfii dfi Ifi ehd trpng vfi dau tU phat triln ngufin nhdn lfle. Trfldc h i t , cdn cd chiln lupc ddu tu cho sfl nghidp "trSng ngUdi" Idn hUn nfla t h l hidn d vide tfing kinh phi cho gido due - ddo tao trong ngdn sdch quIc gia. Khdng ngitog ndng eao ehlt Iflpng, mfit bdng vd cdng bdng gido dpc gifla cfie giai tdng, khdng chi dflng lai d vi^c ndng cao ddn tri md cbn tao khd ndng hfldng nghidp, ndng eao nfing lfle tfl thdn d l mSi cd nhdn cd t h l tU dflng vflng. Thfim vdo do, cdn cd nhflng c h l dd chinh sdch Uu tidn gido due d vung sdu, vung xa, vung
cao vd chu trpng hon din cde loai hinh gido dpc dfie bidt cho nhflng ngfldi khuylt tfit, dua hp hba nhdp vfio cdng ddng vfi gdp phfin hflu fch eho xd hdi. Tdt ca diu nhdm tpo ra cho rali cd nhfin, tdng Idp xfi hdi, cdc dfin tde ed eo hdi ngang nhau trong vige tim kilm vide ldm, cd thu nhfip cao vd trdnh tinh trang tdi thdt nghidp.
2.2. Ngodi ra, cfin khuyin khieh, ndng dd sfl phdt triln ciia cdc xf nghigp nhd vd vfla, vi ddy lfi nOi thu hdt nhilu lao dgng vd Id nhflng thdnh phdn thudng hi ylu t h l trong xfi hdi. Cfin tao dilu kidn dl cdc xf nghidp dd tilp cdn dS ddng vd binh dfing vdi nhflng bidn phdp yim trp vl tin dung, thdng tin vl thi trfldng, vl ky thu|it...
2.3. Ddu tfl phdt triln co sd ha tang, hofin thign bg mdy qudn ly nhd nfldc, don gian hda cfic thii tuc hanh chinh... nhfim thu hut ngudn vd'n dfiu tfl nUde ngofii.
Thfing qua dd hinh thfinh cac xi nghigp, giai quyfi't cfing fin vige ldm cho ngUdi lao dpng, giup ngUdi lao dgng ed eudc sing t i t hon vdi thu nhdp cao hcfn so vdi lao dpng trong cdc don vi khfing ed r^udn von dfiu tu nudc ngodi.
2.4. Thflc hidn chinh sach tiln IflOng hpp ly, giam cfich bigt mflc luong gifla cdc ngdnh nghe, vd cdc khu vUe kinh t l . Nhd nfldc cdn dilu t i l t thu nhdp qua cdc sfic thul, dfie bigt dfinh thul thu nh§p ed nhdn d l gifim bdt sfl chfinh Idch thu nhfip gifla cde tfing Idp ddn efl vfi huy dpng ddng gdp cua nhflhg ngfldi co thu nh§p cao vdo sU phfit triln xd hdi.
2.5. Phdt huy hun nfla vai trb cua Nhd nudc trong vide gifii quyet chfinh Idch gifiu nghfio, bdt binh dfing thu nhdp d nflde ta hign nay. Nhd nfldc edn tao ra mang ludi
72 Nghiin cUu Ddng Nam A 4/2011 bfio hilm vd an sinh xfi hdi mdt edeh todn
didn d l bdo vd cdc hd gia dinh trfldc nhflng rdi ro, gifl cho hp khdng phfii ldm vdo tinh trpng khin cdng vd tao dilu kidn dl hp ddng gdp vfio sp phdt triln cua ddt nudc. Song hdnh vdi qud trinh cdng nghigp hda Id sp phdt triln cua dd thi. ^°
dd, chfnh sdch phdt triln dfi thj phdi di liln vdi vide cfii thign cugc sing cua tdng Idp ngfldi nghfio d ddy vd han chl tinh trang ngfldi nghfio tfing ldn trong qud trinh edng nghidp hda. d thfinh thi hidn nay, gid nhfi, gid ddt dang tfing lfin 6 pt, hg qud Id Idm gifim sfle mua eiia cde thdnh phfin cd thu nhdp e l dinh ho$c tfing chdm, theo dd sfi ldm eho ty Id s i ngUdi khdng nhd hofic phdi sing trong nhflng ngdi nhd tdi tdn, thilu vd sinh tfing lfin. Dilu ddng quan ngai nhfit Id mdt s i ngfldi ed eude sing tucmg dli In dinh gid phai rpi xulng tfing Idp nghfio.
Cliinh vi Id dd, Chfnh phii efin ed nhiing ehfnh sdch binh I n gifi ddt vd gid nhd, xuc tiln xfiy dpng cdc khu nhd d tdp t h l ddm bdo tifiu chudn vd cung clp vdi gid r l eho nhdn ddn lao ddng.
Trfin ddy Id mdt s i bidn phdp gidm phdn hda gidu nghfio dupe thpc hidn khd thdnh cdng d Singapore trong qud trinh phdt triln kinh t l - xfi hdi eiia d i t nUdc.
Vd trong ehflng mpc nhdt dinh, tdc gid dd ed sp lifin hd vdn d l ndy & Vidt Nam, tfl dd bude ddu dUa ra mdt s i bidn phdp md Vi$t Nam cdn thpc hidn trong qud trinh phdt triln ciia minh nhfim gifim bdt khofing cdch gidu nghfio, tao ndn sp I n dinh vd ding thudn xd hdi rdng ldn cho vi$c ddy mpnh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dpi hda ddt nudc7.
CHtJ THfCH i.. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore 2. Duong Vftn Qufing (2007), Singapore d4c
thd vd gidi phdp, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hd Nfli.
3. Trdn Khdnh (2004), "Phfin phii thu nhgp vd efing bdng xfi hfii: trudng hpp cua Singapore", Tifp chl X& hpi hpc, BI 2, tr 80.
4. Trfin van Hilu (2004), Phdt triin bin vOng vd biiu hi^n cdandd Singapore 1966 • 2000, Lufin vfln Thpc sy sfl hpc, Chuyfin ngdnh Lgch sfl Thl gidi cfin vd hign dai thl gidi, Tn^mg Dpi hpc sU phpm Hfl Nfli, Hd Nfli.
a, Nguyin Hdng Scm - NguySn Manh HCing (2009), "Phdt triln nln kinh t l do d|ch vy dfin ddt d Singpore: Nhflng dilu chlnh chiln lupc, cdc dilu kign thiie dly vd gidi phfip CO bfin", Tpp chf NhQng v&n di Kinh ti vd Chink tri thi gidi, s i 5, tr.41.
6. Trfin Khfinh (1996), Cpng hda Singapore 30 ndm xdy difng vd phdt triin, Nxb Khoa hpc Xd hgi, Hd Ngi.
7. http://www.tinkinhte.com
o. Trfin Khdnh (2004). "Phdn phii thu nhfip vd cfing bdng xd hgi: trUdng hpp ciia Singapore", tldd
9. Trfin Tudn (2007), "Chfim lo nhd d cho tofln dfin bfii hpc kinh nghigm Singapore", Tpp cht Nhang v&n di Kinh ti vd Chlnh tri th(
gidi, sd 9. tr 79.
10. Duong Vfln Qudng (2007), Singapore d^
thd vd gidi phdp, tidd.
11. Trfin Khdnh (2004), "Phfin phii thu nhfp vd cflng bdng xd hgi: tnidng hpp ciia Singapore", tidd
12. httpy/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghfio 1 3 . h t t p : / / w w w . t i e n p h o n g . v n / T h o i -
Su/544352/Chenh-Iech-giau-ngheo-tai-Viet- Nam-len-toi-92-Ian-tp.htinl
14. Hodng Vfln Hiln (2008), Qud trinh phfit triln kmb t l - xfi hgi cda Hfin Quoc (1961- 1993) vd kinh nghigm dlTi vd^Tigt Nam, Nxb Chfnh tri QuIc gia, Hfi Ngi.
