NGHIEN Cl/U LICH suf TRIET HOC

TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN N H A N L U C , SO 3(13)-2009

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CHU NGHIA MAC - LENIN VA LICH SUf Tl/ Tl/CiNG DAN TOC

NGHIEN Cl/U LICH suf TRIET HOC

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vOi VIEC

B 6 I DUONG, REN LUYEN NANG LL/C TU DUY BIEN CHUNG

TRAN VIET QUANG <>

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di sff tac ddng ngdy cang sdu rdng cua cudc cdch mang khoa bpc - cdng nghe vd sff phdt trien rManh chdng eua nen kmh te tri thffe, chffa bao gid nhan id con ngffdi lai dffdc mpi qud'c gia ehu trpng rMff Men nay.

Phdt huy nhan to eon ngffdi, ve Mufc chdi, la tao ra nhffng dieu kien can tMei de bdi duOng, phdt trien vd khai thdc iMiMg pham chdi, tiem nang, nang life sdng tao cua eon ngffdi.

Nang life M duy bien ehiJng la tdng hdp iMMig pham chai tdm ly, sinh ly, tri me cua con ngffdi ddp ffng yeu cau nhdn thffe vd thffe tien, bdo dam cho boat ddng sang tao cua chu the phu hdp vdi quy Mat khdch quan, dat Meu qua cao.

Nang life nay Me Men d khd nang nam viifng vd van dung mdt cdch ehu ddng, nhuan nhuyen, sang tao phffdng phdp Man bien chffng duy vat eung nhff cdc thao tac cua M duy rMam phdt Men va gidi quyei mdt cdch ed hieu qua nhffng vd'n de nhan Mffe vd Mffe tien dang dat ra. Vi vdy, ben carM muc tieu dao tao con ngffdi cd phdm chat cWrM hi, dao dffe, cd ^ Mffe phuc vu nhdn dan, cd kien thffc va ky nang nghe ngMep, cdc cd sd dao tao (cac vien, cdc trffdng dai hpc.) can

" TS., TrUdng Dai hoc Vinh.

chu trpng bdi dffdng, ren luyen cho bpc vien, sinh vien nang life M duy bien chuhg. Boi duOng, ren luyen nang life M duy bien chffng cho ngffdi hpc can phdi coi Id muc tieu, nhiem vu hdng dau eua gido due - ddo tao.

Thffc te cho thdy, giffa cdc ed rMan trong xa hdi ludn ed sff khac biet ve nang life M duy bien chffng. Sff khde biet nay phu thudc vao hang loat ye'u to rMff ye'u td di truyen, tde ddng ciia gido due, eiia dieu kien, mdi trffdng xa hdi...

Trong cdc yeu td dd, day hpc ed vi tri hdng dau ttong viec bdi dffdng, ren luyen nang life M duy bien chffng cho sinh vien va hpc vien. Thdng qua qua trinh day hpc, nang life tff duy bien chuhg

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TRAN VIET QUANG - NGHIEN CUU LjCH SL/ TRIET HQC

eua ngffdi hpc dffdc phdt trien va sff phat trien nay lai anh hffdng trd lai qud trinh day hpc. Day hpc la sff tac ddng qua lai giffa thay vd trd, la boat ddng ciia ngffdi day va ngffdi hpc nham truyen thu va Hnh hdi tri thffe, ky nang vd phffdng phdp bdnh ddng, qua do, Mnh thaiM vd phdt tiien pham chai, nang life cd nhan.

Trong nhffng tri thffc dffdc truyen thu eho hpc vien, sinh vien cac vien, cdc trffdng dai hpc Men nay, tii Mffe triet hoc trong lieh sff nhdn loai la tri thffc khdng the thie'u dffdc dd'i vdi ngffdi hpc hong viee bdi du3ng, ren luyen nang life M duy bien chffng.

Vdi M each mdt Mnh thai y thffc xa hdi, triet hpc ra ddi vao khoang M the ky thff VIII, the' ky thff VI ttffde CN d Trung Qude, An Dp, Hy Lap.,, vdi be day lieh sff tren 2000 nam, triet hoc ttffde Mac da trai qua nhffng thdi ky khac nhau. Tff iMflhg dieu kien dia ly, lich sff, van hod cua cdc qudc gia dan tdc da Wnh thdnh nen cde nen triei bpc vdi rMffng sac thai vd eflng phong phu, da dang. Nhffng du d ddu vd thdi ky nao, sff phdt trien eua triei bpc eflng gan hen vdi trirM dp nhdn Mffe cua con ngffdi, vdi sff di len eua eon ngffdi vd xa hdi. Theo He ghen, triet hpc la tff tffdng cua thdi dai, sff phat trien cua triet hpc phu thupe vdo mffe dp nhdn thffc cua thdi dai ve the gidi vd ehinh ban than eon ngffdi. Khac vdi huyen Moai vd tdn gido, triei hpc the Men trinh dp nhan thffc 15' Man cua con ngffdi. Ndi den rMdn thffc triei hpc Id ndi den nang life rMan thffc eae mdi hen be ban chai, tinh tai yeu, tirM quy Mat eiia sff vat. Men Mdng; ndi den nhdn thffc bang khdi Mem, pham trfl Iy Man. Triet hpc the Men cMeu sau eua M Mdng va dat tdi trinh dp eao eua tri Me eon ngffdi. Nhff vay, lich sff loai ngffdi la heh sff cua san xuai vat chai vd gan hen vdi nd la qud trinh sdng tao eua eon ngffdi trong ddi sd'ng tinh than. Tinh than eua mdt thdi dai, mdt dan tde dffdc ket tinh hong triet bpc. Ndi cdch khde, triet hpc la bffc "do anh nit gpn" eua mdt thdi dai, mdt dan tdc dffdi binh thffe truh Mdng, khdi qudt nhai. Va "mpi tiiei bpc chan chinb - C.Mde khang dinh - deu Id tinh hoa ve mat tinh than cua thdi dai mirM"'".

Vdi tff each mdt khoa hoc, lieh sff triet hoc

ngMen cffu qua trinh Wnh tharM va phat trien cua tff Mdng triei hpc nhan loai qua eae bffde van ddng ciia lich suf xa hdi, trffdc bet Id lieh sff phdt trien va da'u tranh eua hai khuynh hffdng ttiei hpc cd ban - chu ngMa duy vat vd chu ngMa duy tam. Lich sff triet bpc cflng ngMen euh sff phat tiien va da'u hanh cua hai phffdng phdp hi duy ddi lap nhau la phffdng phdp bien chuhg vd phffdng phdp sieu Mnh.

De tim hieu, darM gia rMffng tff tffdng, hpc thuyet triei hpc trong lich sff mdt cdch khdch quan, khoa hpc, can dffng vffng tren lap trffdng duy vat bien chffng, can xuai phdt tii cae quan diem, nguyen tac phffdng phdp Man Mdcxit.

Vdi cdch tiep can heh sff triei bpc theo quan diem Macxit, ngffdi hoc se lam gidu tri Me cho minh bang nhiMg tri thffe ma loai ngffdi da tao ra va dffdc ket tirM trong triet hpc, thdng qua do bdi difdng vd ren luyen nang life M duy.

Ph.Angghen da khang dinh: "Mdt dan tpc mud'n duhg vffng tren dinh cao cua khoa hpc tW khdng the khdng cd M duy ly Man". Song, vao nhffng nam 40 - 50 cua the ky XIX, hong Hub vffc triei hpc da cd sff dao Ion hoan toan. Ngffdi ta kien quyei doan Myet vdi triet bpc cd dien Dffe va lae vdo "bai sa mac" eua phdi Heghen gia d Beehn. Va, "cung vdi viec vut bd chu ngWa Heghen, ngffdi ta da quang Mdn ca phep bien chffng cua cde qua trinh tff nMen, vao luc md cM ed phep bien chffng mdi ed the giup cho khoa bpc tff nMen vffdt khdi nhffng khd khan ve ly Man. Ket qua la ngffdi ta lai ttd thdnh nan nhdn eua chu ngMa sieu Wnh cu mdt each khdng cuff van dffdc "'2>. Theo dng, sff phdt trien eua khoa bpc budc ngffdi ta phai quay trd lai vdi M duy bien chffng; rang "khdng cdn mdt ldi thodt, khdng edn mdt kha nang nao de nMn tha'y dnh sang neu khdng M bd M duy sieu Mnb ma quay trd lai vdi M duy bien chuhg, bang cdch nay hay cdch khde". Ngffdi tii cd the quay lai vdi M duy bien chffng "mdt edch tff phat, bang each chl dffa vdo sffc manh cua ban than khoa hpc tff nMen". Song, "dd la mdt qua trinh lau ddi va khd khan, trong do, can vffdt qua rai nMeu sif va cham vd ich"; "cd the nit ngan qua hinh a'y di rai nMeu, neu cdc dai bieu cua khoa bpc tif nMen ly thuyei mud'n tim hieu sdt bdn nffa triet hoc '^> C. Mac va Ph. Angghen. Todn tap, t.1. Nxb Chfnh

tri Quo'c gia. Ha Npi, 1995, tr 157. *2' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., 120, tr489.

TRAN VIET QUANG - NGHIEN CUu L|CH SL/ TRIET HQC.

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bien chffng dffdi iMffng Mnb thffc lich sff san cd ciia nd"'^'.

NgMen cuh triet hpc Id phffdng thffc chu yen de bdi dffdng, r e n luyen nang life tff duy.

Ph.Angghen da nhan maiM: "Tff duy ly Man eW la mdt dae tinh bam sinh dffdi dang nang life cua ngffdi ta ma cd thdi. Nang life d'y can phdi dffdc phdt tiien hodn tWen, vd mud'n bodn tMen nd tW cho tdi nay, khdng ed mdt eon dffdng ndo khde hdn la ngWen eiM toan bd triet bpc thdi trffdc"''".

Tha nhdt, nghiin ciiu lieh sa trii't hgc cd y nghla thiit thue ddi vdi viie bdi dudng the gidi quan khoa hgc. Tff duy bien chffng Mdcxit la M duy hien chffng duy vdt, do dd, chu the M duy bien chffng phdi Id ngffdi dffng vffng tren lap trffdng duy vat, ed the gidi quan duy vdt. NgMen cffu cde trffdng phdi duy vat vd duy tam trong lieh sff deu ed tam quan trpng ddi vdi viec bdi dffdng the gidi quan khoa bpc. Qua viee tim Meu rMffng quan Mem duy vat trong lich sff, ngffdi hpc ed dffdc nhffng Meu biei hei sffc sau sac va phong phii ve the gidi. Quan mem cua ede trffdng phdi, ede nhd duy vat ve ngudn gdc vd ban chdi eua the gidi Id mudn WrM, mudn ve, rMffng deu thdng nhai vdi nhau d eho coi vat chdi la edi ed trffdc, cdi quyet dmh y Mffe vd deu thffa nhan tirM khdch quan, vd eung, vd tan eua the gidi vat chdi. Cdn viee tim Meu cdc quan Mem duy tam trong lich sff giup ngffdi hpc nam dffdc ban chai va ngudn gdc, dae biet la ngudn gd'e nhdn thffc Man eua chu ngWa duy tam. Ve mat nhdn thffe Man, sai lam cua ehii ngMa duy tdm la each xem xet pMen dien, Myet ddi hod, than tbdiM boa, than thdnh hod mdt mat, dac tinh ndo dd cua qud trinh nhan thffe mang tinh bien chffng eiia con ngffdi.

V.I.LeMn dd cbi rd rang: "theo quan diem eua chii ngWa duy vat biin chdng, tW chu ngWa duy tdm triet hpc la mdt sff phat trien (mot sff thdi phong bdm to) phii'n diin, thdi qua, (...) eua mdt ttong nhffng dac tirffng, cua mdt trong nhflhg mat, cua mdt trong nhffng khia canh eua nhan thffe thdnh mot edi Myet ddi, tdch rdi khdi vat chai, khdi gidi tff nhien, than thdnh hod""'.

Tha hai nghiin eihi lieh sa trii't hoe ed y nghla thii't thuc ddi vdi viec boi dudng phucmg phdp

'" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd.. t 20, tr.491.

'•" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen Sdd. t 20, tr.487 '*' V.I.L6nin. Toan tdp, t.29. Nxb Tie'n bp, Matxcdva, 2006, tr.385.

ludn biin chdng duy vdt. Triet hpc khdng cM la the gidi quan, ma edn Id phffdng phdp Man ehung nhdi. Id he thd'ng nhffng quan diem, nhffng nguyen tac xuai phdt, eW dao cu the trong viec xdc dinh phffdng phap cflng rMff xdc dinh pham vi, kha nang dp dung phffdng phdp. Mot ly Man triet hpc, kM ly giai cdc sff vat. Men Mdng theo mdt quan diem iMai dinh, da ddng thdi the Men mdt phffdng phap xem xet nhdi dinh; hdn nffa, edn Id mdt quan diem cM dao ve phffdng phdp, la ly Man ve phffdng phdp. Do do, mdt hpc thuyet triet bpc khdng chi the bien ra Id mdt the gidi quan nhai dinh, ma edn la mdt phffdng pbdp luan rMai dinh cua viec xem xet the gidi.

Qua trinh van ddng, phdt trien ciia heh sff tff Mdng triet bpc eho thdy, mac du cd nhieu quan diem khac rMau ve cdch thffc tdn tai eiia cdc sff vat, hien tffdng trong the gidi, nhffng suy cho cflng, deu quy ve hai quan diem chirM ddi lap nhau la bien chffng va sieu WrM. Thdng qua viee tim hieu, nghien cffu cde bpc thuyet, cdc trdo lffu triet hoc trong lich sff, ngffdi bpc ed the tiep thu dffdc rMffng M Mdng bien chffng ed gid tri, rMd dd lam cho M duy eua iMnh trd nen sdu sac hdn, hieu rd hdn nhffng nguyen ly, pham trfl, quy Mat cua phep bien chffng eflng nhff nhffng nguyen tdc, pham tru eiia logic bien chffng, tff dd van dung vao qua trirM hpc tap, ngMen cffu, trau ddi chuyen mdn, nghiep vu ciia minh.

Heghen la ngffdi rai chu trpng viee tim bieu, ngMen eiM lich sff triei bpc, dae biet la M Mdng bien chffng ciia cac triei gia tieu bieu, rMff Lao Tff, Heracht, v.v... Tren cd sd ngMen euh vd tie'p thu mot each cd chpn Ipc, cd phe phdn nhffng M Mdng triet bpc bien chffng trong heh sff, dae biet Id phep bien chffng eua Heghen, C.Mde vd Ph.Angghen da xay dffng phep bien chffng duy vat thanh mdt hpc thuyet khoa hpc va each mang bet sffc sau sac va triet de tharM hpc thuyet "ve sff phdt trien, dffdi Mnh thffe hoan bi nhdi, sau sac nhdi vd khdng pMen dien"'*'.

Vdi thdi dp ngMem Me, khdch quan, khoa hpc ddi vdi nhflhg M Mdng bien chffng trong heh sff, C.Mde vd Ph.Angghen da ed dffdc mdt "cdng cu Mian thffc vi dai", nhd dd dat dffdc nhffng ket qua to Idn ttong ngMen euh khoa bpc. Cdng lao eua C.Mde la d eho, "dng Id ngffdi dau tien phuc

<^' V.I.Lenin. Sdd, t.23, tr.53.

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T R A N VIET QUANG - NGHIEN CUU LICH SL/ TRIET HQC

hdi lai phffdng phdp bien chuhg da bi bd quen.."

vd trong bd "Tu bdn", "dng da dp dung phffdng phap do vao nhffng sff kien cua mdt khoa hpc Mffe ngMem xdc dinh, khoa kinh te chinh tri"''''.

Theo V.I.LeMn, logic ma C.Mde da suf dung de viei bd "Tu bdn", ve thffc chai, la ket qua cua sff ke thffa cd phe phdn, ddng thdi eai tao vd phdt trien logic bpc cua Heghen. Do vay, "khdng the bodn toan hieu dffdc "Tu bdn" ciia C.Mac va dac biet la chffdng I cua sdch do, neu chffa ngMen cffu ky vd chffa h i e u todn bp logic ciia Heghen"*«'.

Tha ba, ngMen clJu qua trinh van ddng, phdt trien cua M Mdng triei hpc qua cdc giai doan lich sff edn giup chung ta thdy duge mdi liin hi khdng khit giaa sU phdt trien cda tu duy trii't hge vd sU phdt trien cda khoa hgc, tii do nhan thffc dffdc

sff can tMei, mdi hen he, sff ket hdp giffa tri Mffe triet hpc vdi tri thffc khoa hpc chuyen ngarM tiong viec bdi duOng, ren luyen nang life M duy bien chffng.

Cdc rMa bien chffng thdi ed dai da nMn tha'y cae srf vat. Men tffdng cua vfl tru sinh thdnb, bien hda ttong nhffng sdi day hen he vd tan. Tff duy cua cdc iMa triet hpc ed dai nWn chung la dung, nhffng mang tinh ngay thd, chai phde, vi ehu ye'u dffa vdo quan sat tnfc tie'p, chff chffa dffa vao thaiM tifu cua cdc mdn khoa hpc chuyen ngdnh.

Qua ngMen cfM chu ngMa duy vat Tdy Au the ky XV-XVIII, chung ta Meu dffdc nguyen rMdn kMen cho triet bpc thdi ky nay mang tirM chai sieu Wnh, mdy mdc, tha'y dffdc nhflhg ddng gdp, cflng nhff nhflng ban che nhai dinh eua phffdng pbdp sieu WrM. Tbife te cho May rang, "chl tff nffa cudi the ky XV hd di mdi cd mdt nen khoa hpc tff nhien that sif". Khoa hoc ttf nhien lue bay gid di sau vao phan tich, cMa gidi tff nMen ra thanh cdc bd phan rieng biet, ed' dinh de nghien cffu. Phffdng phdp nghien cffu ndy da dffa den rMffng ket qua rai Idn trong viee nhan Mffe the gidi, rMffng eflng de lai mdt thdi quen xem xet sff vat mdt each sieu Mnh. Ddng thdi, sff phdt trien eua ed hpc kMen cho quan diem xem x6t Me gidi Meo kieu may mdc cMem vi tri Mdng tri vd tac ddng marM me de'n cdc nha triet

hpc luc ba'y gid. Theo Ph.Angghen, phffdng phdp sieu MrM "cM nMn tha'y nhufng sif vat rieng biet ma khdng nWn tha'y mdi hen he qua lai giffa iMffng sff vat ay, chi iMin tha'y sif tdn tai ciia nhffng sff vat ay md khdng nhin tha'y sif phdt sinh vd sff tieu vong eiia nhffng sff vat ay, chi nMn May ttang thai Gnh cua iMiihg sff vat ay md quen mai sff van ddng cua nhffng sff vat ay, cW nMn tha'y edi cay ma khdng thay rffng"'". Noi each khac, phffdng phap sieu binh la phffdng pbdp xem xet sff vat trong trang thai biet lap, ngffng dpng vdi mdt M duy cffng nhac.

NhiMg Map Men dau the ky XIX, cac phdt minh Idn cua khoa hpc tff nMen (dinh Mat bao todn va chuyen hda nang Iffdng, hpc thuyet te bao va thuyei tien hda eua Ddc-uyn) da lam bde Id ro tinh ban che, chat hep va sff bai life cua phffdng pbdp M duy sieu MrM trong viec rMan thffc Me gidi, ddng Mdi eung cap cd sd khoa hpc de phdt trien M duy bien chffng, MrM tharM phep Men chffng duy vat. Nhffng phdt miiM Idn eua khoa hpc da lam cho "quan Mem mdi ve gidi tif nMen da dffdc hoan thdtM tten nhffng net ed ban: tai ea nhffng gi ddc biet ma ngffdi ta eho la tdn tai vinh cffu tW da trd tharM rMai thdi; vd ngffdi ta da chffng minh rang todn bd gidi hf nMen deu van ddng theo mot ddng vd mdt Man hoan vinh cffu""*". De'n Iffdt minh, khoa hpc tff nMen khdng the tiep tiie phdt trien neu khdng "tii bd M duy sieu Wnh ma quay ttd lai vdi M duy bien chffng".

A.Anhxtanh da nhan xet rdng, cde khdi qudt tiiet bpc can dffa hen cdc kei qua cua khoa hpc. Tuy nMen, khi da xuai Men vd dffdc truyen bd rdng rdi, triet hpc thffdng anh hffdng de'n sff phdt tiien eua khoa hpc.

Nhff vay, cd the ndi, viee nghien cffu, ndm vffng mdi hen he giffa sff phdt trien cua M duy triet hpc va sff phdt trien ciia khoa hpc ttong lich sff giup ngffdi hpc nhan thffc sau sac rang, hinh dp M duy triet hpc phu thudc vao trinh dp phdt trien cua khoa hpc va kei qua dat dffdc trong ngMen cuh khoa hpc lai phu Mupc vdo ndng life van dung phffdng pbdp Man ttiei hpc, do dd, de bdi dffdng, ren luyen nang life M duy bien chffng, can chu trpng lien he, ddi chieu giffa tri thffc ttiet hpc vdi hi Mffe khoa hoc chuyen nganh va

<^ C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr.493-494.

(» V.I.Lenin. Sdd., t.29, tr.190.

<^' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr37.

*'°> C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr471.

TRAN V|£'T QUANG - NGHIEN C U U LICH Sl^ TRIET HOC

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can cd sif hdp tac chat che giffa rMffng ngffdi ngWen cfM, giang day triei hoc vdi nhffng ngffdi hoat ddng hong cdc hub vffc khde, nhff khoa hpc, gido due, chinh tri, xd hpi, v.v...

Tha tu, nghiin eiJCu lich sa triet hgc edn ed the giup ngudi hgc hiiu dugc bdn chd't cua tu duy bien chdng mpt cdch day dd han, sdu sdc hem.

Heghen - rMa triet hpc bien chffng loi lac ngffdi Dffe dd ed 15^ khi xem lich sff triei hpc khdng phai Id sff xep dat hon ddn, chdng chai. My tien eiia cac hpc thuyet triet bpc trong lich sff, ma Id sff phdt trien hdp quy Mat cua M duy triet bpc.

Cde hpc thuyet, ede pham tru trong lieh sff triei hpc cM Id rMiMg rMarM cua eflng mdt chinh the, cW la nhffng vdng khdu nhai dmh trong sff phdt tiien cua M duy iMan loai. He thd'ng triet hpc d mot giai doan lich sff ndo dd la vdng khau Idn nhdi, la sff tdng ket, ke thffa, la kei qud phdt tiien cua todn bd M Mdng triet bpc trffdc dd. Neu dffdc ldm sach khdi nhffng ngau nhien tW ede he thdng, cdc pham trfl triei hpc se tao thdnh nhflng bac Mang ttong qud trirM phdt trien cua M duy.

Sff ra ddi cua triei hpc Mdc la suf phdt trien hdp quy luat cua lich sff M Mdng nhdn loai. Chu ngMa Mdc khdng cd gi Id gidng vdi "chu ngMa tdng phdi" hieu theo nghia Id mdt bpc thuyet ddng kin vd cffng nhac, nay sinh d ngodi con dffdng phdt trien lich sff eua van mirM the gidi. Triet hpc Mdc ra ddi la sff ke Mffa va phdt trien rMiihg

tff Mdng, bpc thuyei triet hpc ciia cdc dai bieu xudi sac trong lieh sff. Sff ra ddi eua triei hpc Mae la cudc each mang trong lieh sff phdt trien cua triet hpc. Id bffde ngoat can ban trong ddng chay cua lich sff M Mdng nhan loai. Ph.Angghen cho rang, "M duy ly Man cua moi Mdi dai, eung cd ngMa Id ca thdi dai ehung ta. Id mdt sdn pham lich sff mang nhflhg WrM thffc rai khde rMau hong iMffng thdi dai khde nhau vd do dd, ed mot npi dung rdi khde rMau. The nen, eflng rMff bai ky khoa hpc nao khde, khoa hpc ve M duy Id mdt khoa hpc lich sff. Id khoa hpc ve sff phdt trien lich sff cua M duy eon ngffdi"'"'.

Nhff vay, cd the ndi, ngMen eiM lich sff triei hpc cd tam quan trpng dae biet ddi vdi viec bdi dffdng, ren luyen nang life M duy bien chffng.

Song, cM cd tren cd sd quan Mem duy vat bien chffng, mdi cd the phan tich, daiM gid mdt cdch khach quan, khoa bpc ve tMffng tff tffdng, hpc thuyei triei bpc trong lich sff va M dd, mdi ed the ldm gidu tri me cho rmnh bang todn bp nhflhg tff Mdng tien bd, nbiMg "hat nhan hdp ly", ddng thdi thodt ra khdi anh hffdng tff phdt ciia nhffng quan diem ly Man vd phffdng phdp sai lam, khdng khoa bpc. De nghien cffu lieh sff triei bpc mdt cdch dung ddn nham bdi dffdng, ren luyen tff duy bien chffng, ngffdi hpc nhai thiet phai dffng vffng tren lap trffdng duy vat bien chffng.

MJJM

MIIM

C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr487.