K^T CAU - CONG NGHE XAY DUNG
NGHIEN CLFU THUC NGHlEM DANH GIA KHA NANG CHIU LU'C CUA D A M BE T 6 N G COT THEP SCP DUNG
C H A T K E T DiNH GEOPOLIME
TS. NGUYEN HdNG HAI, TS. NGUYiN NAM T H A N G Vien KHCN Xay du-ng
Tom tat: Nghien cifu (eng dung tro bay, bun do de Chi tao ch§t kit dinh Geopolime urig dung trong xay dirng thay thS xi mang giiip giai quyit Itmng phi thai Ian, giam thiiu 6 nhiem moi trwang la mot trong nhCrng nhiem vu trong tarn cCia nganh xay di/ng hien nay. Tuy vay, de sij dung rang rai vat lieu nay trong kit cau be tong c6t thep can c6 nghien ciru diy du ca ly thuyet va thi/c nghiem v4 tinh chit CO- ly cua be tong su" dung chit kit dinh Geopolime.
Vai ly do tren, bai bao trinh bay kit qua thi nghiem kiem tra kha nang lam viec cua dim be tong cot thep SLF dung chit kit dinh Geopolime nhim tCrng birac (rng dung ly thuyit tinh toan theo TCVN 5574:
2012.
Tiy khoa: Geopolime, GPC, OPC
Abstract; Research on the application of fly ash and red mud to produce Geopolymer applied in the construction area substituting traditional cement to help solve large amounts of waste, reduce environmental pollution is one of the key tasks of construction industry today. However, in order to widely use this material in reinforced concrete structures, need to research on physical and mechanical properties of Geopolymer concrete. For the above reason, the paper presents the results of testing the reinforced concrete beams using Geopolime to gradually apply the theory of calculation based on TCVN 5574: 2012.
Key words' Geopolymer, GPC, OPC.
1. Dat v i n de
Tro XI va bun do la hai chlit ph^ thai cong nghiep gay nguy hai den moi tru'ong neu khong c6 SLf quan ly cCing nhu* s i j dung hcrp ly. Rieng voi tro xl, hang nam cac nha may nhiet dien thai ra khoang 12,2 trieu t i n , d i / kien d§n nam 2020, lycmg tro, xi thai ra ti> cac nha may nhiet dien than dat khoang 30 trieu t i n (Ngu6n Bo Cong thu-ong). Cung nhu tro xi, bun do la c h i t phe thai ti> cac day chuy^n khai tuyen nhom tCf quang bauxite tai Tay Nguyen cung gap phai cac van 6k lien quan den 6 n h i l m moi tru'ong tin bai chii'a, ham \uang kirn loai nang,...
Khoi luffng thai ra t i j qua trinh san x u l t nhom la r i t Ian 0,4 d i n 2 t i n bun do cho m6i tan nhom thanh pham. Hien nay bun do tai Cong ty Alumilium Lam Oong CO lu'ang k i i m trong c h i t kho len d i n 2 % la ngu6n cung d p k i l m va alumina cho c h i t k^t dinh Geopolime r l t t6t. Trong khi do, tro bay VTnh Tan voi ham lu-gng MKN la 12 % c6 the cho phep ch§
tao chat ket dinh (CKD) Geopolime de tu' do c h l tao gach khong nung va cau kien be tong diic s i n . Co the t h i y viec ch§ tao c h i t k§t dinh Geopolime c6 cu'ong dp tU'O'ng tu- xi mang pooc lang thu'ong (OPC), la h i t stFC c i n thilt va c6 y nghTa kinh t l r I t Ion, khong chi tan dung du'gc khoi lu'ang Ion c h i t thai ran ma ve lau dai con lam giam lu'ong khi thai do qua trinh san xuat xi mang tao ra. TLF chat k i t dinh Geopolime c6 the che tao ra nhieu san pham khac nhau, trong khudn kho cua nghien cCfu nay 6e cap den san pham c l u kien be tong cot thep diic san CO cu'ong do nen cua be tong 30-40 Mpa, ddng thoi nghien ci>u danh gia sy lam viec cua d i m be tong cot thep (BTCT) nay voi dam BTCT thong thu'ong n h i m tCfng bu'O'c su' dung c h i t k^t dinh Geopolime thay the xi mang pooclang thu'd'ng.
2. Vat lieu va phifcyng phap nghien cu'u 2.1 Phwong phap nghien cu'u
D& tai da si> dung phu'ong phap phan tich tong hap va thuc nghiem du-a tren co sa phan tich hoa ly, CO ly theo phu'ong phap tieu chuan hien hanh (TCVN, TCN, ASTM,...) va cac phu'ong phap phi tieu chuan de danh gia, lira chgn nguyen vat lieu va nghien CLCU tinh c h i t cua h6n hap c h i t ket dinh.
Ngoai ra sir dung phu'ong phap quy hoach thu'c nghiem de tim va giam t6i da s6 lu-ong nghien cu'u thu'c nghiem de tim ra cap phoi toi u'u cho be tong Geopolime,
Trong nghien CLFU nay, nhom dk tai da sir dung cac phu'ong phap tieu chuan dung de xac dmh cac tinh c h i t ky thuat cua vat lieu su' dung trong nghien CU'U cung nhu' cac tinh c h i t cua h6n hop c h i t k i t dinh va phu'ong phap phi tieu chuan de nghien ciju c h l tao hSn hop chat k i t dinh Geopolime.
Tap chi KHCN Xay dang - so 1/2019
K^T CAU - CONG NGHg XAY DUNG
2.2 Vat lieu su- dung trong nghien cu'u 2.2.1 Tro bay Cong ty nhiet dien VTnh Tan 2
Lu'ang sot tren sang 0,045mm; 24%.
Thanh p h i n hoa' SiOs; 54,98%; FSjOa; 5,03%;
AI2O3: 23,10%, Chi s6 k i l m M^ = 0,042; thuoc loai sieu axit. Lu-ang IVIKN cua tro bay deu trong mire qui dinh cho phep.
Theo tieu chuan TCVN 6882:2001, tro bay VTnh Tan 2 thuoc loai phu gia hoat tinh
2.2.2 Bun do Cong ty TNHH MTV nhom Lam Ding Thanh p h I n hat: tO 0,375pm d i n lOOpm.
Thanh p h I n hoa; Si02. 6,74%; Fe203. 59,48%;
AI2O3; 12,42%; pH; 12,04.
Do am: 39,61 %.
2.2.3 Xilo cao Nha may thep Hoa Phat Thanh phan hat: Xi 16 cao c6 co hat Ian, vi vay d§ tham gia phan ling Geopolyme hoa c i n nghien min d i n ca hat sot sang nho hon 10% tren sang 0,08mm.
Thanh p h I n hoa. SiOs. 32,93%,; FeaOs. 0.96%;
AbOa: 14,49%; CaO: 37,95%.
2.2.4 C/ia(/ioaf/76a
Trong nghien cu'u nay, 6e tai sO dung c h i t hoat hoa dang tinh the rln'^^ du-ac cung d p boi Trifang Dai hoc Melbourne - Australia. Ban c h i t g6m c6;
thuy tinh long Natri va k i l m vay cong nghiep NaOH Thuy tinh long NasSiOa dong vai tro cung d p moi truong k i l m cho phan ieng geopolime hoa, ngoai ra no con cung d p thanh phan Si(OH)4 khi thuy phan CO tac dung lam tang t i c qua trinh geopolime hoa.
Kiem NaOH lam tang n l n g do cua moi tru'ang k i l m , lam cho qua trinh geopolime hoa d i i n ra nhanh va tnet de.
2.2.5 Nu^c
Nhin Chung, c6 the sCr dung nu'oc sinh hoat de che tao c h i t k i t dinh Geopolime. Ty le nu'ac/chit ket dinh anh huang Ian d i n tinh cong tac va cu'ong dp cua c h i t ket dinh Geopolime. Trong nghien cu'u nay, lu'a chpn tim ra ti le N/CKD t l i u'u de dam bao tinh cong tac va cu'ong do be tong.
2.2.6 C6tlieu
C6t lieu mjn su' dung la cat vang Song L6. Cat Song L6 c6 the SLK dung de c h i tao vOa va be tong theo yeu c l u ky thuat TCVN 7570; 2006.
C6t lieu tho su dung la da dam Hoa Binh kich thuac ca hat du'gc tuyen chon la 5mm - 10mm, Dap ung yeu c l u ky thuat TCVN 7570: 2006.
3. C h i tao chat ket d i n h Geopolime va be tong GPC
3.1 Nghien cu'u che tao chat kit dinh Geopolime Muc tieu cua nghien ctfu \a tim ra cap phoi c h i tao c h i t ket dinh Geopolime cd cu'ong dp chju nen 28 ngay tuoi > 50MPa tu' nguon vat lieu tro bay, bun do, xi 16 cao, c h i t hoat hoa moi tru'ang k i l m (dang bgt).
Trong lya chon d p phoi d l tai s i i dung tro bay voi ham lu^gng tU' 42% d i n 90%, xi lo cao ham lu'ang ti> 20% d i n 40%. bun do tCf 10% d i n 50%, chat hoat hoa 6ua vao voi ham lu'ang c6 djnh theo khuyin cao cua nha san x u l t 6%-8%CKD, C i p p h l i s6 01 cd diing them 16% silicafume. Cac d p p h l i nghien ci>u d u g c trinh bay trong bang sau:
Bang 1. Cap phoi chat ket dinh Geopolime
STT
1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8
Ki hieu
F1 F2 F3 SI S2 S3 84 S5
Chat ket dinh Tro bay
%
42 90 50 40 60 60 60 50
Xi id cao
%
0 0 0 40 20 20 20 30
Silicafume
%
16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Biin do
%
42 10 50 20 20 20 20 20
N/CKD
0 43 0.43 0.43 0.38 0.38 0 35 0.33 0.3
K^T CAU - C 6 N G N G H E X A Y DU'NG
Kit qua kiim tra cuung do nen R^ 28 ngay cua cac miu cho thay:
Lu'ang nu'O'c tham gia trong qua trinh phan img anh hu'ang d i n do pH cua h6n hap c h i t k i t dinh.
Cac d p phoi F 1 . F2 va F3 c6 tinh kiem t h i p {pH thap) khong du d i l u kien moi tru'o'ng k i l m de dong ran. C i p p h l i F2 va F3 chi su' dung tro bay va bun do, tro bay c6 vai tr6 tang tuoi mugn nhang khong phat huy du'gc a tuoi sam. Do do cac m l u S I , S2, S3, S4, S5 du'oc SLC dung them xi 16 cao de tang cu'O'ng do sam, TLF k i t qua kiem tra cu'O'ng dp chju nen cho t h I y d p p h l i S4 va S5 se thich hgp cho cac irng dung yeu cau cu'ong do cao (60 MPa - 70 MPa)
Lu'ang biin do si> dung khong du'gc nhieu qua vi ham lu'ang Fe203 trong bun do kha cao (>50%).
Lirgng Fe203 nay trong moi traang k i l m cung tham gia phan ang chiem cho AI2O3 gay giam cu'O'ng do kha nhilu. Tren ca so' ket qua kiem tra, chgn d p p h l i S4 CO cu'O'ng do chju nen > 60MPa de c h i tao be tong geopolime.
3.2 Nghien cu'u che tao be tong Geopolime Ju phu'ong phap c h i tao c h i t k i t dinh va lu'a chgn thanh p h I n c i t lieu t i l n hanh c h i tao be tong geopolime Trong nghien CLHU da ap dung phu'ong phap do thj thilt k l thanh p h I n hat va dung phu'ong phap s6 hoc kiem tra k i t qua t h i l t k l
K;^ hieu mau CPB1
Bang 2.
Tro bay (kg) 298
Thanh phan vat lieu cho 1rr Xi 16 cao
(kg) 149
BiJn do (kg) 110
^ be tong geopolime lam cau kien BTCT Chat hoat
hoa (kg) 48
Cat vang
(kg) 760
Ba dam
(kg) 1050
Nu'O'c (lit) 189
Minh 1. Che tao va nen kiim tra cimng do miu be tong o d i i y
Ky hieu to m l u B1 B1 83
Cu'O'ng do keo khi uon 28 ngay, MPa
4,1 5,8 4,4
Cu'ong do nen 28 ngay, MPa
35,2 41,1 39,5 Tren ca so' chat ket dinh Geopolime dugc che
tao 0 tren va d p p h l i be tong du'gc nghien CLKU, nhom tac gia da c h i tao 03 d i m be tong c I t thep SLK dung c h i t k i t dinh Geopolime (GPC), nham nghien CU'U SU' lam viec cua d i m nay, dong tho'i so sanh vo'i d i m be tong c6t thep thong thu'ang{OPC). danh gia kha nang chiu Ii/c cua be tong Geopolime.
4. Thi nghtem nghien c u n sir lam viec cua dam GPC Mo ta miu dim thi nghiem:
D i m thi nghiem la d i m don gian c6 c h i l u dai
2,2m, t i l t dien mat cat ngang cua dam la 120x200mm. C6t thep dgc la 4 thanh D12. CB300V, Rs = 260 MPa. E^ = 21 x 10^ MPa. thep dai la D4.
Dam du'gc goi len 2 goi tu-a, khoang each g l i tya la 2m, Hai tai tap trung daoc dat vao d i m vo'i khoang each nhu' hinh 1, Cac tai tap trung du'gc gia tai bang he thong ki'ch thuy luc theo tung d p tai.
D i m chiu luc P nha hinh ve, tai trpng thi nghiem du'oc dai vao khoang gii>a d i m vo'i 2 tai tap trung (hinh 2).
Tap chi KHCN Xay dung - so 1/2019
JSiLCAlJjLCGNG NGHE XAY DUNG
P/2 P/2
, '
L=.j;;:::::r;: U'4,,r^ ..:;i::::;
I 1
1 IP
-o
A D A M D 1 - 1 2 X 2 0 (SO C O THU NGHIJM): i.
i——-I
M 2-2
Hinh 2. Si? di5 c/j/'u (a; cua dam Lap dat miu thi nghiem:
Gia tai dam du'gc thifc hien thong qua he khung gia tai thuy ILFC vo'i kich thuy lifc 30T Enerpac - My va he t h i n g t h i l t bj do bao gdm:
- He khung gia tai thuy lu-e;
- Kich thuy lye 30T Enerpac - My;
- Load cell do lu'c KGE 500KNA va may nhan diJ lieu SDA-810A- Nhat Ban
S o do lap dat dam thi nghiem du'gc the hien tren hinh 2, d i m thi nghiem du'gc thi nghiem du-o-i dang d i m chiu uon. Hai d i u dam du'gc giCr bo'i 2
goi tya, mot dau cd djnh, mot dau khop, Hai lye tac dung len d i m duac dat a khoang gi&a d i m thong qua kich thuy lye,
Thiit bj do dac:
T h i l t bj do dac bao gom;
- Dau do ehuyen vi CDP 25 k i t n i l may nhan du- lieu SDA-810A - Nhat Ban;
- Kinh do v l t nu't ehuyen dung ed gia tri vgch ehia b l n g 0,05 mm;
- Thaoc !a kim loai;
- May anh va cac dung cu, thiet bi phu trg khac.
Hinh 3. Sa do thi nghiem dam
_ K | T C A U - C 6 N G N G H E X A Y DU'NG
Ket qua thi nghiem:
Mau thi nghiem du'gc thyc hien voi 03 d i m , cuong do nen mau sau 28 ngay trung binh dat 38,6 Mpa.
K i t qua thi nghiem cho thay voi cac dam x u l t hien v l t nu't khi tai tac dung len dam tir 12 kN voi ehuyen vj day d i m tCf 1,67mm, chieu rgng vet nut 0,04mm, ed vai v l t nirt x u l t hien trong khoang giija dam {hinh 3).
Cac vet n&t xuit hien khi tai tac dung len dam 12kN V4t n&t rong 0.35mm, tuvng Cmg v&i cap tai 20 kN Hinh 4. Sw xuat hien vet n&t cua dam GPC
Khi tang lye tac dung, cac v l t nut cua ca ba d i m CO c h i l u rong Ian luat 0,35mm ( d i m 1).
0,35mm ( d i m 2) va 0,3mm ( d i m 3) t u a n g i^ng vol l y e tac dung len d i m la 20kN, 24kN va 20kN, C h i l u rong v l t nut cua cac d i m lu'ang u-ng vo'i l y e tac dung len d i m kha t a a n g d i n g
vo'i viec tinh toan dam be tong cot thep thong thu'ong c6 cung dac trung vat lieu vo'i lye tinh toan Ian n h i t theo kha nang chju lye cua dam la 18kN. Cac d i m bi pha hoai khi !yc tac dung len d i m l l n l u g t la 40kN, 37kN va 36kN (hinh 4).
Vit nui rong 1mm tuung u-ng vai li/c P=40kN Vet n&t rong 1,1mm. twang Cmg v&i cap tai 37kN Hinh 5. DSm bi pha huy khi chi4u rdng vet n&t la 1,1mm
K i t qua chi t i l t so lieu thi nghiem cac d i m duge the hien trong cac bang tir bang 4 den bang 6. Cac mau d i m d u a c fhu nghiem khi da du 28 ngay tuoi.
Tap chi KHCN Xay dung - so 1/2019
K^T CAU - CONG NGHE X A Y DU'NG
Bang 4. Ket qua do ehuyen vi tmng thu- nghiem d§m s6 1
STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Tai trong (daf^)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 36 38 40
Chuyen vj tai vj tri do {mm) Dau "-" bieu thj sy vong xuong VI
0.00 -0.30 -0 37 -0.49 -0.71 -1.11 -1.67 -2 31 -2.82 -3.33 -3.91
Ghichii
Nirt v6i a=0.04mm Nu't vol a=0 08mm Nut v(^ia=0.12mm Nut vai a=0.20mm Nut vol a=0.35mm
Pha hoai, nut 1mm Bang 5. Ket qua do chuyen vi trong thCf dam so 2
STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tai trong (dai^)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Chuyen vi tai vj tri do (mm) Diu "-" bieu thj sy vong xuong VI
0 00 -0.13 -0.40 -0.73 -1.19 -1.62 -2.10 -2.60
Ghi chu
Nut vai a^0.03mm
Nut vai a=0.15mm
Tap chi KHCN Xay dung - so 1/2019
KfiT CAU - CONG NGH6 XAY DU'NG
STT
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Tai trpng (daN)
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 37
Chuyen vi tai vj tri do (mm) Dau "-" bieu thj sy vong xuong V1
-3 10 -3.40 -3.80 -4.30 -4.80 -5-20 -5.80 -6.30 -6.80 -7.20 -8 00 -9 30
Ghi chij Nut vai a-0.16mm
Nut VO'I a=0.2mm
Nut vai a-0.35mm
Nut vai a=0.5mm
Nut vc^i a-0.55mm
Pha hoai, nut 1mm
STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Bang 6. Kit qua do chuyen vi trong fftu' dSm s6 3 Tai trong
(kN) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Chuyen vj tai vj tri do (mm) Dau "-" bieu thi sy vong xuong VI
0 00 -0.10 -0.50 -0.80 -1 40 -2.00 -2 50 -2.90 -3 40 -3.90 -4.60 -5-10 -5.60 -6.00 -6.60 -6.90 -7.20 -8.40 -12.80
Ghi chu
NCrt vai a=0 1mm
Ni>t vai a-0 20mm
Nut vol a-0 3mm
Nul vai a-0.5mm
Pha hoat, vol 1 1mm
Tap chi KHCN Xay dung - so 1/2019
KiT CAU - C 6 N G NGHE XAY DU'NG
Tren hinh 6 the hien quan he giu'a tai trgng va chuyen vi cua cac d i m D 1 , D2, va D3 Theo do daang cong quan he lye va chuyen vi chia lam 3 doan tru-ac khi nut, sau khi nut va truae khi pha hoai.
0 00 if Quan he Lu'c - 06 vong
10 13 15 18 20 23 25 28 30 33 35 38 40
- D i m D1 - Dam D2
- D l m D 3 , „ .,.
Luc (kN)
Hinh 6. Quan he do vong va luv civa cac dSm D1, D2 va 03 Theo k i t qua thi nghiem, cac v l t nLct x u l t hien
trong giai doan lye P = 8 ^12 kN.
So sanh voi k i t qua tinh toan be rong v l t vut doi vol dam OPC ( d i m d u a c due cd kich thuoc, ham luang thep va c y o n g do be tong nha d i m GPC d l cap a tren, tuy nhien dung xi mang pooc lang thong thuong de che tao be tiSng D i m nay d u a c thi nghiem de so sanh d l i chung), vai tai thi nghiem P = 19,22kN, b l rgng vet nut la 0,15, d l i c h i l u voi k i t qua thi nghiem khi b l rong vet nut la 0,15mm, gia tr; tai trpng thi nghiem lu'ang urng dao dong tu' 12kN den 17kN, D6ng thai so sanh voi k i t qua thi nghiem d i m OPC c6 the nhan xet kha nang x u l t hien vet nut cua d i m GPC nhanh han, Khi be rong v l t nut rgng 0,35mm thi lye P dao dong ti> 20 kN den 24 kN, nhu vay kha phu hgp vai kha nang chiu lye cua d i m theo tinh toan vdi dam be tong c6t thep thong thu'ong, Theo k i t qua quan he lye - chuyen vi cua d i m , d i m bi pha hoai a lye P = 34kN, do vong cua d i m ~ 7mm (day la giai doan thep bj chay deo truac khi pha hoai).
5. Ket luan K i t luan;
• Til' ngudn nguyen lieu phe thai cong nghiep trong n u o c k i t hgp vo'i c h i t hoat hoa kiem
dang kho d l tai da nghien cuu c h i tao du'gc be tong Geopolime cb cuong dp nen 28 ngay Rn28
> 30 MPa;
Du'ong cong tai trong - do vong nhan duge tLT cac thi nghiem cd mot dang tuang ty, ehia lam ba giai doan (i) truo'c khi nut, (ii) sau khi nut - trude khi c l t thep chay deo, (iii) va sau khi c I t thep chay deo;
Tai trgng gay nat va tai trgng pha hoai cua d i m GPC va d i m OPC voi cu-ong do chiu nen taang t y la khong khac biet nhieu. Cac gia tri thyc nghiem tuang ung kha g i n voi cac gia tri tinh toan theo tieu chuan TCVN 5574-2012'^';
C3 giai doan lam viec dan h i i , kha nang lam viec cua d i m GPC cho k i t qua tuang doi t i t , so sanh vai dam OPC cd cung tinh c h i t thi d i m GPC CD kha nang (am viec trong giai doan dan h l i kem han so vai dam OPC. Tuy nhien, s y khac nhau nay la khong nhieu;
Tai tho'i diem xuat hien khe nut dau tien va khi c6t thep b i t dau chay deo. gia tn dp vong thyc nghiem cua d i m GPC la kha khac biet. Ion han khoang 40% so vdi k i t qua tinh toan d i m OPC theo tieu c h u i n TCVN 5574-2012, Do do, c l n
10
Tap chi KHCN Xay dung • so 1/201K^T CAU - CONG NGHE X A Y DU'NG
nghien CLFU them de cd mot so dieu chinh cho cong thuc tinh toan dp vong theo tieu chuan TCVN 5574-2012 cho d i m be tong GPC.
K i l n ngh|;
De cd the ung dung be tong GPC doi vai cac ket c l u cong trinh, can c6 nhOng nghien cuu chuyen sau n h I m ap dung ly thuyit tinh toan doi vai be tong sCi' dgng c h i t k i t dinh Geopolyme.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ^ _ ^ [1] TCVN 5574-2012, Ket cau be tong va be tong c6t
thep - tieu chuan thilt ke
[2] Bao cao tong ket d l tai B2016-XDA-04 Nghien CU'U dac tripng ca hoc va kha nang ap dung tieu chuan TCVN 5574,2012 cho dam be tong c l t thep dung be tong FA va BFS trong dilu kien Viet Nam
[3] Davidovits J (2012), "Geopolime chemistry and sustainable development"
[41 Palomo A Fernandez Jimenez A (2003).
"Characterisation of fly ashes. Potential reactivity as alkalinecements".
[5] J, L Provis va cac cong sy (2005), "The Role of Mathematical Modelling and Gel Chemistry in Advancing Geopolime Technology", Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 83(7), pp. 853- 860.
[6] Chnstopher R, Shearer va cac cong su' (2016),
"Alkali-activation potential of biomass-coal co-fired fly ash", Cement and Concrete Composites.
73(Supplement C), pp. 62-74.
[7] Caijun Shi va Robert L, Day (1995), "A calorimetnc study of early hydration of alkali-slag cements", Cement and Concrete Research. 25(6), pp. 1333-1346.
[8] Zhaohui Xie va Yunping Xi (2001), "Hardening mechanisms of an alkaline-activated class F fly ash". Cement and Concrete Research 31(9), pp.
1245-1249.
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Tap chi Vat lieu Xay di/ng Viet Nam, Vol 4, tr 44- 48
Ngay nhan bai: 16/4/2019.
Ngay nhan bai siea Ian cuoi: 06/5/2019.
Tap chi KHCN Xay dung - so 1/2019
