N
gudn ndng Idgng than d d , d d u md c d ngudn g d c hda t h g c h truyen thdng d a n g n g d y c d n g c g n ki?t vd Id d g n g ndng lddng khdng the tdi tgo.Mdt trong sd nhdng ngudn nhien li?u d a n g tim kie'm de thay the d d Id nhien li?u ethanol sinh hgc. Vdi c d c du diem nhd: c d the d d n g de pha xdng d d g n g E5, ElO; gid nhien li?u t h d p , c d n g ngh^ sdn xud't khdng ddi hdi ky thugt g u d cao;
ngudn nguy§n ligu de sdn xudt de tim kie'm...
Tren the gidi c u n g nhd trong nddc, nhu c d u sd dgng ethanol sinh hgc thay the mdt phdn xdng ngudn gdc d d u hod Id vd c u n g Idn.
Khdng nhdng gidm d p ldc ve ngudn ndng Idgng t d nhien li?u hod t h g c h hi?n tgi n g d y c d n g c g n ki?t md c d n gidm 6 nhiem mdi trddng vl bioethanol gidm Idgng phdt thdi khi CO2 trong gud trinh d o t hdn xdng nhieu Idn.
Do guon h0 cung c d u nen gid d d u xang se ngdy c d n g tdng, sdn p h d m ethanol sinh hgc c d n g thugn Igi de c g n h tranh. Vd'n de c u a chdng ta Id phdt trien ethanol sinh hgc sao cho ben vdng khdng de dnh hddng an ninh Iddng thgc nhd c d c nddc phdt trien nhien li?u sinh hgc trddc Vi?t Nam ndi chung vd Binh Thugn ndi ri§ng.
Ld mgt tfnh c d nen kinh te ndng nghigp chie'm 27,35% tdng GDP vd loo d g n g ndng nghigp chiem 58,36% loo dgng xd hdi, ldc lddng loo dgng ddi d d o , nhd't Id d vdng ndng thdn. Vdi dien tich trdng my Id 25.704 ha cho 444.679 tdn khoai mi; C d y dieu vdi 26.902 ho cho 16.000 tdn hgt dieu vd g d p 10 Idn thjt gud dieu; Di?n tich trdng mia Id 3.700 ho cho 173.900 tdn mia nguyen li?u, Nhd mdy dddng Binh Thugn vdi c d n g sudt e p tdi da Id 160.000 tdn mia cho mgt Idgng rf dddng khodng 3,5% den 4%. Cd the thdy lddng phe p h d m nhd mgt rf dddng, bd khoai mi, thjt trdi dieu,... tddng dd'i Idn. Ldgng chdt thdi ndy dang Id mdi de d g a cho mdi trddng do mdc d g 6 nhiem rd't Idn. Nhdng neu dddc dda v d o sdn xud't ethanol thi Igi Id ngudn ndng lddng phuc vu cho xd hgi Id het sdc c d n thiet vd mang lai hi?u gud cho c d y trdng, gidi guyet vi?c Idm tgi vung ndng thdn.
Mgc d u hi?n nay khu vdc mien Trung, Tdy nguyen vd E)6ng Nam bg c d 7 nhd mdy vdi c d n g sudt thiet ke khodng gdn 500 trigu lit/ndm sd d u n g nguyen li?u Id khoai mi d d vd dong d d u t d xdy ddng. Trong khi di?n tfch trdng khoai mi c d nddc chf c d ktiodng 500.000 ha vd khd c d the m d rgng t h e m (guy h o g c h c u a Bg Ndng nghigp). Nhdng tgi Binh Thugn, vdi ldi the vung nguyen li?u ehu ldc khoai mi Idt khodng 25.704 ha (ndm 2010) d d n g thd nhi ve di?n tich trdng trong khu vgc Ddng Nam bg 25,7 nghin ha - sou Tdy Ninh vdi dign tich 47,6 nghin ha - Neu so vdi vung Duyen hdi Nam Trung bg vd Tdy Nguyen thi di?n tieh khoai mi c u a Binh Thugn Idn thd t d sou Gia Lai: 56,4 nghin ha, Tdy Ninh 47,6 nghin ho vd Kon Tum 37,3 nghin ha (Thdng ke c u a Bg Ndng nghigp vd PTNN ndm 2009). VI v g y , so sdnh vdi ngudn nguyen li?u tgi chd c u a c d c tinh Binh Phddc, Ddng Nai... thi Ida chgn phddng dn d d u t d c d c nhd m d y sdn xud't Ethanol sinh hgc tgi Binh Thugn c d nhieu lgi the hdn do nhd d d u t d c d the chu d g n g vdi ngudn nguyen li?u tgi chd khodng 40% ngudn nguyen li?u (tddng dng khodng 35 den 40 trigu lit cdn/ndm). Phdn nguyen li?u c d n Igi, tinh todn thu muo d c d c vung khde Idn c g n hoge nhgp khdu.
1. Tinh hinh nguyen li#u, phu phdm de sdn xua't con (ethanol) tqi Binh Thugn:
C d n e d ket gud khdo sdt eua c d c huyen ve hien trgng vd gui hogch gioi d o g n 2010 den 2020 t d m nhin 2025 nhd sau:
a) Hien trgng vung nguyen lieu:
- C d y khoai mi: dien tich gieo trdng Id 25.704 ho, sdn lddng 444.679 tdn. Ndng sudt binh gudn cdy khoai mi Id 171,5 t g / h o ; Phdn d d u cdi tgo, dda gidng khoai ml eho ndng sudt c o o d g t 200tg/ha (vdo ndm 2015); 215 t g / h a (vdo ndm 2020).
- C d y mia: dien tieh gieo trdng Id 3,700 ho, sdn lddng 173.900 td'n;
- C d y dieu: dien tich gieo trdng Id 26.902 ho, dien tich thu hogch 21.517 ho, sdn Idgng 16,000 tdn (hgt); C d y dieu ndng sudt binh gudn 7,9 t g / h o . Phdn d d u cdi t g o , d d a gid'ng dieu cho ndng sudt c o o d g t 12 t g / h a (vdo ndm 2015); 16.7 t g / h o (vdo ndm 2020).
b) DU kien quy hoach vung nguyen lieu den ndm 2020:
- C d y khoai mi: dien tich gieo trdng Id 15,000 ha, sdn lddng 323,000 tdn.
- C d y mia: dien tich gieo trdng Id 7,500 ha, sdn lddng 487.500 td'n;
- C d y dieu: dien tich gieo trdng Id 27,826 ha, sdn lddng 34.083 tdn hgt;
(Nguon: DU thao quy hoqch tong the ngdnh Ndng nghiep giai doqn 2010 - 2020).
Ke't g u d khdo sdt cho thdy, tfnh Binh Thugn c d ngudn nguyen lieu sdn xudt cdn t d khoai ml, bd khoai mi, rf d d d n g , thit gud dieu khid phong phu, cho phep sdn xudt ethanol sinh hgc gdc E 10 nhd dinh hddng eua UBND tfnh tgi Ke hogch sd 4358/KH-UBND ngdy 8 thdng 9 ndm 2008 ve viec trien khoi thdc hien "Dd dn phdt trien nhien lieu sinh hgc den ndm 2015, t d m nhin d e n ndm 2025" vd Quye't dinh sd 177/2007/QD-TTg c u o Thu tddng Chinh phu phe d u y e t d d dn "Phdt trien nhien lieu sinh hgc den ndm 2015, t d m nhin den ndm 2025";
2. DU kien sdn lddng ethanol 95-96% V (goi tdt Id con) tren dja bdn tfnh Binh Thugn:
a) DU kien sdn luqng con son xud't tU khoai mi vd bd khoai mi:
Tgi Binh Thugn, c d y khoai mi Id c d y c d dien tich canh tdc Idn thd nhi sou c d y Ida. Tdp trung chu y e u d c d c huyen Tdnh Linh, Ddc Linh, Bdc Binh, Hdm Thugn Nam, Hdm Tdn. Theo guy hogch cua ngdnh Ndng nghiep, d d kien sdn lddng khoai mi nhd sou:
Ndm
2010 2015 2020
Dl#n tich (ngdn ha)
25.704 15,0
15
San lUdng khoai mi (ngdn tdn)
444,679 317.1
323
Ndng sudt bq (tq/ha)
171,5 200 215
Ghi chu
Dinh hddng se gidm ddn dien tich trdng do c d y Idm b g c m d u ddt, nhdng se chgn gidng cho ndng sudt coo (Ngudn Qui hoqch ngdnh NN&PTNT Binh Thudn thdi ky 2008 - 2020)
Theo sd lieu c u o d d dn sdn xud't Ethanol nhien lieu Dung Qud't, c d c d u tieu thu khoai ml khu vdc Nam Trung bg - Tdy Nguyen cho thdy khoai mi nguyen lieu d Viet Norn d d d c d u n g chd nhieu muc dich khde nhau, d d d c phdn chia nhd sou : Xudt khdu, chu y e u khoai ml Idt (34%), Che bien thdc dn gio sue (28%), Che bien tinh bgt khoai mi (37%); Cdc nhu c d u khde (1%).
Cung theo sd li?u khdo sdt t d c d c huy?n trong tfnh c d ngudn nguyen li?u khoai mi thi ndng ldc che bien tinh bgt mi chiem khodng 3(D% sdn Idgng. Phdn cdn Igi nhdn d d n edt Idt phdi khd, xud't bdn cho thddng Idi trong nddc phgc vu nhu c d u xud't khdu, sdn xud't thdc dn gio sue... Hi?n trong tinh chda c d nhd m d y che bien sdn phdm t d khoai mi (ngogi trd sdn p h d m bgt mi tinh).
Theo tinh t o d n , t u y theo c h d t lddng nguyen li?u, khodng 2,7kg khoai mi Idt khd cho 1 lit c d n 95% V; Khodng 15 kg b d khoai mi cho 1 lit cdn.
So sdnh gida gid trj sdn phdm khoai mi gua che bien thdnh c d n v d gid trj khoai mi Idt xudt b d n tho nhd sau (gid 2009):
- Iha khoai mi cho 16 tdn c u / n d m , tddng dddng 5,9 tdn c u khd.
Thu nhgp do bdn khoai mi I d t : 5900 kg x 2500ddng/kg = 14.750.0(X) d d n g / h a / n d m - Neu Che bien thdnh cdn: C d 2,7kg khoai mi Idt khd cho 1 lit cdn.
To c d : 1 lit X 5.900 kg/2,7kg = 2.185 lit x 12000d/l = 26.220.000ddng/ha/nam
Rd rdng, gua che bien c d n Idm nguyen li?u sdn xud't c d n khan pha xdng sinh hgc. thu nhgp t d 1 ha khoai mi d d tdng len g d n 2 Idn.
Nhd v g y chung ta c d the mgnh d g n ndng c a o gid trj sdn phdm khoai mi gua che bien cdn de sdn xud't cdn pha xdng sinh hgc thay vi xud't bdn nguyen li?u thd cho c d c nddc vd c d c tfnh trong khu vgc. Ddng thdi tgo them vi?c Idm cho ngddi lao dgng c u n g nhd tdng thu ngdn sdch qua c d c khodn thue.
De thu mua ddgc nguyen li?u cho nhd m d y c d n sdn xud't c d n c d gidi phdp gdn ke't Igi ich gida nhd ndng vd nhd sdn xud't. Neu d d u t d nhd m d y sdn xud't cdn Idm nguyen li?u sdn xud't cdn khan pha xdng sinh hgc tgi Binh Thudn, nhd d d u t d c d chdc chdn vung nguyen li?u tgi chd d d p dng khodng 40% - 50% nhu c d u cho sdn xud't vdi gui md hieu gud (100 tri?u lit/ndm).
Dd kien sdn Idgng c d n t d khoai mi sou khi trd Idgng khoai mi d d che bien bgt mi tinh, gid sd chi thu mua ddgc 70% lddng khoai mi trong d d n , lddng b d mi sou sdn xud't thu ddgc khodng 40%
so vdi Idgng c u tddi chdo sd d g n g vd d d kien Idgng b d sou sdn xud't tinh bgt c d the thu mua cho nhd mdy sdn xud't cdn khodng 65% - 70% (30 - 35% sd d u n g cho nhu c d u chdn nudi hodc Idm phdn vi sinh).
Nhd vdy, sdn Idgng c d n 95% - 96%V t d khoai mi vd b d khoai mi trong gioi dogn 2010 - 2020, t d m nhin den ndm 2025 nhd sou:
Nam
2010 2015 2020 Tdm nhin 2025
Sdn luqng con tCr khoai mi vd bd khoai mi (BKM) (tri#u lit)
34 33,75
20,9 20,9 b) DU kien sdn luqng con san xudt tU thjt qud dieu:
Tgi Binh Thudn, c d y dieu d d d c xdc dinh Id c d y ldi the c u d tfnh Binh Thugn. Hi?n tgi, todn tfnh c d 26.902 ngdn ha. Dja bdn sdn xud't t g p trung d Ddc Linh, Tdnh Linh, Bdc Binh, Hdm Tdn, Hdm Thugn Nom, Hdm thugn Bdc. Ndng sudt binh gudn 7,9 tg/ha. Phdn d d u cdi t g o , ddo gid'ng dieu cho ndng sudt coo dgt 12 tg/ha (2015); 16.7 t g / h a (2020).
Quy hogch gioi d o g n 2010 den 2020 dien tieh vd sdn lddng dieu nhd sou:
Ndm
2010 2015 2020
Di#n tich (ngdn ha)
27,826 27,826 27,826
sdn lddng hqt dieu (ngdn td'n)
17,085 24,715 34,083
Ndng sudt bq (tq/ha)
7,9 12 16,7 (Ngudn Qui hoqch ngdnh NN&PTNT Binh Thudn thdi ky 2008 - 2020)
Thit gud dieu ddc bdng 8 den 9 idn lddng hgt dieu. Sdn lddng thjt gud dieu hien noy khdng dddc sQ dung, nhd vddn chi sd dung 01 sd it de bdn c d y , phdn con Igi khdng sd dung, gdy d nhiem mdi trddng.
Sdn phdm cdn t d trdi dieu se sdn xud't nhieu sdn p h d m xd hdi c d n nhd : cdn ndu ldu, cdn y te . Ddc biet Id nguyen lieu de sdn xud't cdn khan 99,8% V de pho xdng sinh hgc ElO nhu c d u hdng trieu t d n / n d m . Nhd vdy, t d thit gud dieu guo che bien se Id ngudn nguyen li?u sdn xud't ethanol sinh hgc vd xdng gd'c ElO,
Theo tinh todn thdc t e , c d 20 td'n thit gud dieu cho 1 trieu lit c d n c d n c d lddng thit gud dieu, cho rdng Idgng gud thu hdi d d d c khodng 80%.
Sdn lddng c d n sdn xudt t d thit gud dieu gui h c g c h nhd sou:
Ndm
2010 2015 2020 Tdm nhin 2025
Sdn lUdng thit qud dieu
(ngdn td'n)
144.000 222,435 306,747 306,747
Sdn lddng thjt qud dieu dUa vdo SX con
(ngdn tdn) 115,200 177,948 245,397 245,397
Sdn lUdng con 95% -96%
(tri#u lit)
5,76 8,9 12,269 12,269
Ghi chu
c) DU kien sdn luqng cdn tU ri dUdng:
Tgi Binh Thudn, c d y mia c u n g Id c d y cho hieu g u d t h d p nen dien tich trdng mia gidm lien tuc, Djnh hddng Quy hogch ndng nghiep den 2020, t d p trung dn dinh nguyen lieu cho Nhd mdy Dddng Binh Thudn c d n g sudt 1,000 tdn mia/ngdy (khodng 160,000tdn/ndm). Bd tri vung nguyen li?u d cdc huygn: Hdm Tdn, Hdm Thudn Bdc, Hdm Thudn Nam, Bdc Binh.
Quy hogch vung nguyen lieu mia c u a tinh den ndm 2020 nhd sou:
Ndm
2010 2015 2020
Di#n tich (ngdn ha)
3,7 6 7,5
Sdn lddng mia (ngdn td'n)
173,9 353 487,5
Ndng sudt bq (tq/ha)
469,8 588,3 650 (Ngudn Qui hoqch ngdnh NN&PTNT Binh Thudn thdi ky 2008-2020)
Theo c d n g ngh?, chf gui trinh sdn xudt dddng tinh luyen mdi c d rf dddng. Ldgng rf dddng chie'm td 3,5% den 4% so vdi lddng mia. Quy trinh sdn xud't dddng thu c d n g khdng cho rf dddng.
Nhd vdy, ve tiem ndng nguyen lieu mia chung ta c d the ed lddng rf dddng Idn g d p ddi. Nhdng ldgng rf dddng ed nhieu hoy it tuy .thudc v d o cdng sud't c u o c d c nhd m d y sdn xud't dddng tinh luy?n. Cdn c d Quy hogch phdt trien kinh te xd hgi c u o tfnh dong trinh Thu tddng Chinh phu phe duy?t vd Quy hogch huy?n Hdm Thudn Bdc, trong giai dogn t d ndm 2010 d e n ndm 2020 tgi Tfnh chf cd Cdng ty TNHH MK SUGAR Viet Nam sdn xudt dddng tinh luy?n (tgm ggi Id nhd mdy Dddng). Qui hogch Sdn Idgng ethanol 95%-96%V sdn xud't t d rf dddng gioi d o g n 2010 d e n 2020, t d m nhin den 2025 nhd sou:
De c d lit cdn c d n 3,5 kg rf d d d n g , sdn ldgng cdn t d mdt ri c d the c d d d g c nhd sou :
Ndm
2010 2015 2020 Tdm nhin 2025
Sdn lUdng dudng tinh luy^n
1500 2500 16.000 16.000
LUdng mgt ri (tdn/ndm)
600 1000 6400 6400
Sdn lUdng con 95% -96% V (tri^u lit/ndm )
0,170 0,285 1,825 1,828
Ghi chu
d) DU kien tong luqng cdn 95% - 96% V se cd trong gioi doqn 2010 den 2020 tdm nhin den 2025 nhu sau:
Nguyen li^u
Khoai ml vd BKM Thit gud dieu
Rf dddng Tdng cgng :
Nam 2010 Sdn lUdng con 95%- 96%V
(tri#u lit)
34 5,76 0,17 40,32
Ndm 2015 Sdn lUdng con 957.- 967oV
(tri^u lit)
33,75 8,9 0,285 42,935
Nam 2020 Sdn lUdng con 957.- 967.V
(tri#u lit)
20,9 12,69 1.828 35,418
Tdm nhin 2025 Sdn lUdng con 957o- 967.V
(tri#u lit)
20,9 12,69 1,828 35,418
Nhd vgy, vdi dieu kien d d c thu ve thd nhddng, tinh Binh Thugn c d vung nguyen li?u phu hdp vdi cdng ngh? sdn xudt ethanol sinh hgc de pho xdng sinh hgc gd'c E5 vd ElO. Dd Id c d c vung nguyen li?u khoai ml, dieu, mia d c d c huy?n Bdc Binh, Hdm Thugn Bdc, Hdm Thudn Nam, Hdm Tdn, Ddc Linh vd Tdnh Linh.
Tfnh Binh Thudn, vdi vung nguyen li?u d d khdo sdt nhd tren Id khd thi vdi ndng ldc sdn xud't ethanol 95 - 96% V d giai dogn 2010 - 2020 t d m nhin 2025 Id 34 tri?u lit, Ben cgnh d d khi du nhdp cdng ngh?
Idm cdn khan 99,7% V vd c d n g ngh? phd'i trgn xdng chung to se c d khodng 318 tri?u lit xdng sinh hgc t^
j^=. g d c ElO tham gio thi trddng nhien li?u e u a c d nddc, thay the mdt phdn nhien ligu hod thgch nhd muc tieu c u a Thu t d d n g Chinh phu tgi Quye't dinh so 177/2007/QD-TTg n g d y 20/11/2007 ve vi?c phe d u y ? t "Dd dn phdt trien nhien li?u sinh hgc d e n n d m 2015, t d m nhin den ndm 2025'.
Binh Thugn Igi Id tfnh phdt trien nhien li?u sinh hgc sou e d nddc, vi v d y c h d n g to c d dieu ki?n de Idg chgn edng ngh? phu hgp de sdn xud't nhien lieu sinh hgc - ethanol 95 - 96%V mgt c d c h hi?u g u d , b d o d d m sdc c g n h tronh sdn phdm tren thj trddng ve c h d t lddng v d gid thdnh. L/ng dung thdnh g u d nghien c d u c u d c d c nhd khoa hgc trong nddc d e sdn xud't c d n khon vd xdng sinh hgc gd'c E 10.
Hien nay, gid xdng d d u tren the gidi rd't c a o , nhien li?u hda t h g c h n g d y c d n g c g n ki?t. Vi?c phdt trien edng nghigp nhien li?u sinh hgc gd'c ethanol tgi tfnh Binh Thudn nhdm m u c tieu tgn dgng phu phdm ndng nghigp de vdo c d ndng lddng vda g d p phdn gidi g u y e t d nhiem mdi trddng bdo v? mdi trddng, tgo viec Idm cho vung ndng thdn vd d e m Igi higu q u d kinh te cao./.
CO 6 LOAI TIN BAO BAO VA 3 LOAI TIN BAO LU
Theo Quy che' bdo dp thdp nhiet ddi, bdo, lu dd duqc Thu tUdng Chinh phu ban hdnh trong Quyet dinh so 17/201 l/QE>TTg ngdy 14/3/2011, se cd 6 loqi tin bdo bdo vd 3 loqi tin bdo 10.
Cu the, 06 logi tin b d o b d o gdm: tin b d o gdn Bien Ddng, tin b d o tren Bien Ddng, tin b d o g d n b d , tin b d o khdn cd'p, tin bdo tren d d t lien vd tin cud'i eung ve cdn b d d (theo g u y djnh trddc d d y , chi c d 05 logi tin b d o b d o Id:
tin b d o xa, tin b d o tren Bien Ddng, tin bdo g d n b d , tin bdo khdn cd'p, tin cudi c u n g ve bdo).
Trong d d , tin b d o g d n Bien Ddng dddc phdt khi b d o hogt d d n g ngodi Bien Ddng vd c d khd ndng di chuyen v d o Bien Ddng trong 48 gid tdi. Tin b d o khdn cd'p d d d c phdt khi vi tri t d m b d o c d c h diem g d n nhd't thupc b d bien ddt lien nddc to t d 300-500 km vd c d khd ndng di chuyen ve phia d d t lien nddc to trong 48 gid tdi, hodc vi tri t d m b d o c d c h diem g d n nhd't thudc b d bien d d t lien nddc to dddi 300 km,
Cung theo Quy che ndy, c d 03 logi tin b d o lu Id: tin cdnh b d o Id, tin Id vd tin lu khdn c d p
(theo g u y djnh trddc d d y , chf e d 2 logi tin bdo Id Id thdng b d o Id vd thdng b d o lu khdn cdp).
Trong d d , tin c d n h b d o Id d d d c phdt khi phdt hien mdo to hodc rd't to c d khd ndng g d y Id; hodc khi xud't hien Id b d t thddng. Tin lu d d d c phdt khi mdc nddc trong sdng dgt mdc b d o d g n g II v d c d n tiep tuc len, hodc khi mdc nddc trong sdng d d xudng, nhdng vdn cdn c o o hdn mdc b d c d g n g II. Khi mdc nddc trong sdng d g t mdc b d o d d n g III vd c d n tiep tuc len, hodc khi mdc nddc trong sdng d d xudng, nhdng vdn c d n c o o hdn mdc b d o dgng III thi phdt tin Id khdn cd'p.
Tin d p thdp nhiet ddi g d n b d , tin d p thdp nhiet ddi tren d d t lien, tin b d o tren bien Ddng, tin b d o g d n b d , tin b d o khdn cd'p, tin b d o tren d d t lien mdi n g d y ra 8 bdn tin chinh v d o 3 gid 30, 5 gid 30, 9 gid 30, 11 gid 30, 14 gid 30, 17 gid 30,21 g i d 3 0 vd 23 gid 30.
Thu tddng y e u c d u Ddi Tieng ndi Viet Nam, Ddi Truyen hinh Viet Nam, he thdng Ddi thdng tin Duyen hdi Viet Nam khi nhdn d d d c tin d p t h d p nhiet ddi g d n Bien Ddng, tin b d o g d n Bien Ddng,.,. phdi t d chdc phdt tin theo g u y dinh.
Quyet djnh ndy cd hieu iuc thi hdnh ke tU ngdy 04/5/2011 vd thay the Quyet dinh sd' 245/2006/QD-TTg ngdy 27/10/2006.
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