Tgp chi Ddn lgc hgc sd 4 - 2009 73
DIEM SACH
NHAN HOC PHAT TRIEN:
LY THUYET, PHlTOTVG PHAP VA KY THUAT NGHIEN ClTU DIEN DA *
NGUYEN ANH TUAN
Vii thap ky gin diy, trong tien trinh hdi /. Cdc phuong phdp dieu tra dien dd nhap, nhan hgc phit triln la linh vuc dugc Irong nhdn hoc dugc trinh bi)' khi cd dgng, nhilu ngudi quan tam. Dap ung su quan tam dinh cho ddi tugng sinh vien, gdm 3 tilu muc:
eiia dde gii. Vien Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam, Dai su quin Phip tai Viet Nam da chuyen ngu vi xuat bin cudn sich "'Nhdn hpc phdt trien: Ly thuyet, phuang phdp vd ky- tliucil nghien cim dien da' eua .lean Pierre Olivier De Sardan. nghien ciru vien cao cap thude Trung tam qudc gia nghiin euu khoa hgc (CNRS), giao su tai Trudng eao cap khoa hgc xa hdi (EHBSS) a Marseille, Phip. Cudn .sich la tiip hgp bii viet da cdng bd bing tiing Phip cua .lean Pierre Olivier De Sardan tu nam 2001 din nam 2003. Theo nhung ngudi tuyen chgn, bien tap cudn sach niy hirdng tdi hai muc dich: I) Gicii thilu nhung kinh nghiem nghien ciru cua GS. .lean Pierre Olivier De Sardan thdng qua nhflng bii viet dien hinh;
2) Vdi trai nghiem nghiin ciru v i giing day cua minh, tic gii chia se ddi dieu ve phuong phip nghiin euu xa hdi hgc v i nhan hgc. Day cflng Ii ket qui trinh biy cua GS. Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan tai khda hgc mua he td chirc d Tam Dio nim 2007.
"Nhdn hoc phdt trien: Ly thuyet.
phuang phdp vd k\' tliiigl nghien ciiu dien dd". nhu tua d l eua cudn saeh. gdm cd ba phiin ngi dung cd liln quan vdi nhau. eti the gdm:
1.1. Mdt sd hudng dan cin ban: Bii viet ni)' li tii lieu cua chuong trinh tap huin phuong phip phdng van v i diln da, Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan dinh cho sinh vien cao hgc trudng Abdou Moumouni v i Abomey-Calavi. Ong ggi y mdt sd dieu can chuan bj eho cudc dieu tra dien da, chia se phuong phip tiln hinh phdng van. quan sit,
\ u Iy du lieu, ghi chep nhung thuat ngu thucic ngdn ngu dia phircmg, hay trong ting xii giua cac ddng nghiep v i cdng sir.
1.2. Mdt bin phic thao dilu dieu tra tap the tic-n hanh tren nhieu dia ban:
Tie gia cho rang trong nghien ciru nhin hgc, cudc dieu tra tip the - nhdm cae c i nhan phdi hgp vdi nhau - cd mdt vai trd quan trgng. Nd cd the eho ehung ta ca hdi eg xit )'• ien trong qua trinh dien da. dit lai vin de ngi .}n cuu ed chieu sau hon. nhin dien van de rd ring hon. Iuu tam din nhflng vi du nguge chieu, giup nha nghien ciru can trgng hon trong viec thu thap du lieu... Theo dng, can thiet phii tien hinh cic cudc dilu tra tap the dan xen vdi dilu tra c i nhan eua nha nhan hgc vcii nguyen tie: "Sau giai doan tap thi ludn ludn phii cd mgt giai doan dilu tra
•* .lean I'icrrc ()li\ icr De Sardan |200Sl. \hdn hoc I'hdi Iricn l.y ihiiycl. phin/ni: phdp vd ky ihiidl Ui^hien cuu diin eld. N \ b Khoa hoc \ a hiii. llii Ni'i. 327 trang. khi) 14.5cni \ 20.5cni.
74 Nguyin Anh Tudn
mang tinh ci nhan de di vao chieu sau va quan sat tham dir". Ba tu' khda can bin nhat dugc dng xie djnh la: "xung dot", "dau trudng" va "nhdm chien luge".
1.3. Chinh sach dilu tra dien da - trinh biy ve cae van de nhu quan sat tham du, phdng van. nhflng ky thuat kiem ke, each thu thip ngudn tii lieu chfl' viet; ddi chieu dfl' lieu nhan hgc da thu thap dugc tu nhieu gde do. Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan nhan manh tam quan trgng eua su trao ddi gifl'a nha nghiin euu va ngudi cap tin. Bdi cinh va do tin cay, chat lugng thdng tin quyet djnh mue do thinh cdng eua mdt nghien ctiu. Vi vay, dng khuyen nha nhan hgc can cd cai nhin phe phin ddi vdi cdng cu va phuong phip nghiin euu minh ip dung.
2. Nghien cicii ve ngn tham nhiing Irong (tdi sdng thudng nhdt. Iricdng hap nhdn vii'ii lip sinh vd nhim vien ihiii' quan
Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan vi cdng sir dua ra nhflng bai viet vi du cu the, phin tich ve sir tham nhflng trong ddi sdng cua nhan vien hd sinh va nhan vien thul quan.
Cudn sich eung cap hai bii vilt, bai vilt diu cd sir tham gia eua Giorgio Blundo, cdng bd nim 2001, bii viet thu' hai la cdng bd dgc lap cua Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan.
2.1. Nan tham nhflng thudng ngay, md dau bang Idi dan nhap de vdn xua nay bj nginh chinh trj hgc vi kinh te chinh tri thdng trj. trd thinh van de nghien cuu nhan hgc hap din ed du ea sd ve phuang phap luan va khung Iy thuylt. Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan chgn lira each phan tieh nhflng lin hieu hgc dan gian vl nan tham nhung la nhfl'ng ldi phat bieu va tir ngu lgc ra tir eic
cudc phdng van vdi hai cap do dien ngdn dugc xay dung xuat phit tu' each thire lap luan va tu ngu.
Phan tich dien ngdn nan tham nhflng chi ra 8 loai hinh die trung ma Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan ggi la nhung phat bilu bien minh. tham nhflng nhu li : 1) Mdt sir thu hdi; 2) Cich xir su dung mue; 3) Mdt die an; 4) Ap lire xa hdi; 5) Sir tii phin phdi; 6) Mdt su bat ehudc; 7) Thich thire; vi 8) Su vay mugn.
Nhung dd chua phai Ii dieh den ciia bii viet, dng va cdng su tien tdi phan tich cac trudng tu vung ed lien quan, cdn dugc ggi la "dja hat ngu' nghia" gdm ed cac tu' nhu: "an", "giao djch", "xin xd", "giao du than mat", "cudng doat", "bi mat" dl truy nguyen "gii dd ciia bilu tugng tham nhflng"
dl dem den eho ban dgc mgt kit luan so sinh day Iy thu ve mdi quan he gifla "tham nhung" va "ma thuat".
2.2. Nhan viln hd sinh vi nhan vien thue quan. Nhung nen van hda nghi nghiep dja phuong va nen van hda bin giiy quan liiu tu nhan tai vung Tay Phi.
Day la mdt trinh bay thii vj ddi vdi hai hoan canh tham nhung khi phd biln khdng ehi d Chau Phi mi cdn d Ddng Nam A. Qua hai nhdm ddi tugng cu the li eic nhan viln hd sinh vi thue quan, nghien ciru niy mudn phin anh mdi quan he giua ngudi dan va nhfl'ng ngudi nim quyen cung cip djch vu.
Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan chgn cich phan tieh quan he gifla nhung ngudi dan vdi nhung ngudi nim quyin chir khdng phai tren cic loai hinh. kieu dang tham nhung, dl truyen tii thdng diep sir thay ddi quan trgng
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd 4 - 2009 75
cua nganh nhan hgc hien nay la sir tip trung nghiin cuu nhieu han vao cic mdi quan he.
cic tuong tie. cic phuong thu'c trao ddi, eae mdi liln he x i hdi hon li v i o cic pham tru ha) nhung thugc tinh cua tic nhin.
3. Ba Idi tiep can trong ngdnh nhdn hgc ve sicphdl trien
Bai viet nay cua Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan dugc dinh gii la bai viet cd gii trj ve mat ly luan vdi mdt thii do phe phin v i tinh than xiy dung nginh nhan hgc phit trien.
Theo dng, den nay ehung ta ed ba xu hudng tilp can trong nganh nhan hgc phit trien.
Loai thu nhat dua tren nhung "thio dd ddi vdi su dien ngdn ve phit trien". Nd cho phep ngudi ta dua ra nhflng Idi khing djnh. chic njch. ip dit m i khdng can quan tam den nhflng sic thii tinh te. cflng nhu khdng he ban tam din nhflng trudng hgp trii ngucic cd the cd. Ngudi ta da thudng ehi liy ra tu
"dien ngdn" nhung cii luan diem cua minh.
Cii mi dng nhan dien tu nam 1990 din nay trd nen khi phd bien vdi cac phuang phip tiep can menh danh li "tham du" hay cich tilp can tu dudi len theo anh hudng cua hau hiln dai luan, hau eiu true luan.
Loai thir hai dng ggi li loai "dan tuy"
mang nhung miu sic rit khae nhau nhan manh "phirong phap luan" hoic "y thire he"
nhung cluing mdt die diem binh vue mdt each cd he thdng cic tri thirc va cic hoat dgng dan gian. khi ning nhan thirc va hanh dgng cua cu dan ban dja.
Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan phi phan liai hudng tiep can trin cin trd vile nhan ra sir da dang cua cic vj tri, cic Idi van hinh chien Iircic cua cac tic nhan khic nhau. Ong d l xuat ingt Idi tiep can thu ba. quan tam din sir dan
xen va su dj biet giua nhflng tie nhan ddi diu nhau trong eic hoat ddng phit trien. Cich tiep can nay dugc dng ggi Ii "Idi tiep can dan xen cic Idgic xa hdi" cd die diem "khdng tdn thd tuyet ddi su tuong tic m i sir dung nd nhu Ii mdt nhin td phin tieh phu hgp vdi cic hien tugng cd tim vdc Idn, bang cich tha) ddi cic quy md". Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan dit nilm tin nd se la "Idi v i o " de khim phi ra chien luge cua cic tic nhan hay nhung eudng che cua cic bdi cinh: dd li cich de den eic thuc tien xa hdi cflng nhu cic quan nilm xa hdi, phit hien ra eic hien tugng xa hdi mang tinh thdi su nhat hien na)' ha)' nhflng hien tugng mang tinh ciu true.
Ca nhan tdi cho ring cudn sich niy se hoin thien v i thinh cdng hon neu cd thim cdng viec hilu dinh cic bin djch. Viec chu)'ln ngu cudn sach bo qua khau hieu dinh gay ra mdt sd khd khin nhit djnh khi tilp can bin dieh tiing Viet, die bilt li trong cic thuit ngu chuyen nginh v i quan dilm eua Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan khi trinh bay vlehung.
Nhin ehung, "Nhdn hoc plidl trien: Ly lliiiyi'l. phu'img phdp vd ky lliiicit nghien cim dii'ii dd' cua Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan
li mdt cudn sich thinh cdng trong viee trinh biy da dang c i ve 1)/ thuyet, phuong phip v i ky thuat nghien cuu diln d i trong Iinh vue nhan hgc phit trien. Cudn sich cdn truyen tai thdng diep ve hudng nghiin cuu hien nay eua mgt khdi hgc gii Phip m i Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan li dai dien trong nginh nhan hgc phit trien. Day li mdt an phim quan trgng giup cho cae ban sinh viln v i eae nhi khoa hgc, cic nhi quin \y xa hdi hilu rd hon vl nhan hgc phat trien va y nghTa cua nd trong bdi cinh hien nay.
